Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka hur Ryssland framställs diskursivt i Aftonbladet i samband med den svenska återmilitariseringen av Gotland och om en orientalistisk diskurs kan skönjas i Aftonbladets nyhetsförmedling. Detta i sin tur bidrar till teoretisering kring rådande världshegemoni och om den kan påverka hur journalister genomför sitt arbete. För att kunna utläsa Aftonbladets konstruktioner används kritisk diskursanalys (CDA) som teori och metod. Det teoretiska ramverket utgår ifrån kritisk diskursanalys som teori och Edward Saids postkoloniala teori orientalism. Studiens frågeställningar är ställda för att ta reda på hur Ryssland konstrueras diskursivt i Aftonbladet, hur olika språkliga resurser används i konstrueringen av Ryssland och inom vilka diskursiva teman Ryssland framställs ur ett orientalistiskt perspektiv. Studiens metod grundar sig i analysbegrepp hämtade från CDA som gör det möjligt att analysera det empiriska materialet utifrån Aftonbladets språkanvändning. De analyserade språkliga resurserna i materialet delas in i fyra olika diskursiva teman. Det första temat är Ryssland som militärt överlägsna, det andra temat är Ryssland som provokativa, det tredje temat är Ryssland som oberäkneliga och det fjärde och mest prominenta temat är Ryssland som motpol till Väst. Studiens resultat antyder att en orientalistisk diskurs kan skönjas genom dessa fyra teman. / This study aims to examine how Russia is constructed discursively in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet in connection to the re-militarization of the Swedish island Gotland, and if an Orientalistic discourse can be discerned in the coverage. This in turn contributes to theorizing about how the current global hegemony may affect the journalistic profession. To find semiotic patterns in Aftonbladet we used critical discourse analysis (CDA) as the theory and method. The theoretical framework is based on critical discourse analysis theory and Edward Said's postcolonial theory of Orientalism. The questions in this study are asked to find out how Russia is constructed discursively in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet, how different linguistic resources are used in constructing Russia and in what discursive themes Russia is fabricated from an oriental perspective. The study's methodology is based on analysis concepts drawn from CDA that makes it possible to analyze the empirical material based upon Aftonbladet’s use of language. The analysed linguistic resources in the material fall into four different discursive themes. The first theme is Russia as militarily superior, the second theme is Russia as provocative, the third theme is Russia as erratic and the fourth and most prominent theme is Russia as the antithesis of the West. The study's results suggest that an oriental discourse may be discerned through these four themes.

Pupil influence is supported by UN convention and legal text, yet it seems to be difficult to realize in school practice. Meaning and purpose of pupil influence appears unclear and can be understood and interpreted in different ways. The aim of this study is to examine, describe and thereby contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of pupil influence. The method used is Fairclough’s three- dimensional model for critical discourse analysis. The empirical data consists of focus group interviews with 9th grade pupils and the curriculum, Lgr 11. Four discourses are identified and discussed in relation to the results-driven and market-oriented Swedish school; a learning discourse, an individual discourse, a responsibility discourse and a conditional discourse. The results show that the pupils look upon pupil influence in school in relation to subject knowledge here and now and not as skills to acquire for a future active democratic citizenship. Contrary to the curriculum the pupils articulate pupil influence as a prerequisite for learning. Pupil influence seems to be regarded as individual and personal, and equated with having opportunities to make decisions. Areas possible to practice pupil influence on are characterized by being measurable and to provide a basis for comparison.

Beginning in September 2010, seismic events shook the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, resulting in significant losses for the tourism sector, most notably the devastated Central Business District. Tourism had to adjust especially following two major earthquakes, with visitors able to partake in disaster-themed tourist attractions or viewing the destruction as part of a self-guided tour of the city. Such activities fall into the realm of ‘dark tourism’, or travel to sites of death, disaster or destruction. Following a major disaster with significant media coverage, tourism organizations often scramble to alter the outsider’s perception of the disaster-struck destination. Using a qualitative case study, this thesis explores two dominant themes associated with post-disaster tourism. First, it gathers perspectives of disaster tourism experiences and tourism industry recovery from multiple stakeholders to explore how tourism following a major disaster is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. Second, it investigates how tourism advertising campaigns represented Christchurch, New Zealand and its inhabitants following the earthquakes. / Graduate / 0366

This study examines the ways in which men who relate sexually to children, identified in the press as paedophiles, are represented in four leading newspapers in the Republic of Ireland in the period from 2003-2005. Utilising a qualitative research methodology namely critical discourse analysis, a social constructionist approach and informed by post-structural perspectives, this research examines the ways in which the masculinities of the man represented as 'the paedophile' are constructed. This research demonstrates how the normative is reinforced through the delegitimation of the masculinities of these men. The discursive regimes and cultural scenarios drawn upon in representations of 'the paedophile' reflect degrees of deviation from hegemonic masculinity in an always already 'deviant' group of men. Inactive heterosexuality and homosexuality are not hegemonic masculine practices, and the masculinity of supposedly, celibate clergymen and homosexual men is discursively subordinated. A consideration of the material dimensions of these discourses, illustrates how the media representation of men who relate sexually to children, confirms the normative contours of society and strategically excludes hegemonic masculinity and the wider society from association with adult male sexual interaction with children.

Our aim with this study is to examine Swedish tabloid press and how football supporters of the Stockholm teams; Hammarby, AIK and Djurgården are represented. The method used in the study is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA); Van Dijks model of micro and macro analysis. We have analyzed three different events for the three teams searching for how the textual language represents the team’s supporters and trying to find patterns for supporters in Stockholm. The result shows similarities between the tabloids using textual language dramatizing the supporters and the events due to theories explained in the essay.

The aim of this study is to gain a greater understanding of how companies use the social media platform Instagram to represent and promote a place. More precisely, it is of interest to analyze the media production of luxury tourism and how communication tools are applied in order to affect the consumers’ perceptions and increase tourism. In this study we examine the city Dubai’s official tourism account Visit Dubai on Instagram. We focus our research on how the social actors are represented in both image and text, but also the environments in which they are located. In order to investigate how the marketing company Visit Dubai uses semiotic tools to portray its city as a luxury city, we apply a multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA). The theoretical framework is therefore based on research regarding social semiotics and place branding. To achieve the aim of the study, the following questions are formulated: In what ways are social actors and the environments in which they are visually represented? In what ways are social actors and the environments they are placed represented linguistically? In what ways are visual and linguistic resources combined to create performances of Dubai as a tourist destination in the material? What discourses are articulated in Visit Dubai´s material and which relevant discourses are excluded? The result of the analysis shows that all 18 images examined can be related to either luxury, power or status. It is clear that Visit Dubai via their Instagram account, encourages and reinforces the need to achieve high social status, financial status and also to promote luxury consumption.

Although prevalence rates of gay intimate partner violence (IPV) appear to equal heterosexual IPV rates, gay male IPV does not feature strongly in public anti-­‐violence messaging. This relative silence appears to hold even within the LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) community. This study addresses this silence. In-­‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted and a critical discourse analysis informed by Ian Parker’s (1992) perspectives, was used to analyse the results. A review of mainstream and critical discourses of violence show that IPV is usually constructed as an exclusively heterosexual phenomenon and these influenced participants’ constructions. Findings indicated that a range of discourses intersect to produce constructions of gay IPV as ‘not violence’, normative, un-­‐ harmful, unintimidating, ‘anti-­‐gay’, erotic, cathartic and intimate. All of these formations can result in gay IPV being silenced and it was shown that gay mens’ constructions of IPV were inextricably bound in gendered, power asymmetry. The study demonstrates how particular configurations of discourse are necessary for violence to become intelligible at all. The implications of these findings are discussed and possibilities for important community intervention suggested.

Minga, Katunga Joseph (0301525P) mingajose@yahoo.com MA translation 2005 School of Literature and language studies Dr Inggs, J jinggs@languages.wits.ac.za / The research presented here analyses translations of Ngugi wa Tshiong’o’s children’s books from the point of view of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), as outlined by Norman Fairclough (1989, 1992). The research investigates whether an approach taking into consideration ideological issues in translation is most appropriate in translating Ngugi’s children books for a francophone child reader by giving them access to Gĩkữyữ culture. To achieve this objective, the French translations of selected ideologically embedded extracts of Ngugi’s children books (Njamba Nene and the Flying Bus and Jamba Nene’s Pistol) are compared. The translations were carried out in different socio-cultural contexts by translators of different origins (France and Cameroon). The results of this research show that the translated texts read differently from one translator to another. This suggests that certain ideological and other social factors influence translators, resulting in differing translation products. In this way, translation cannot be considered as a one-to-one transfer between languages. Nor can translation theory draw on one linguistic theory alone, however complex it may be. What is needed is “a theory of culture to explain the specificity of communicative situations and the relationship between verbalised and non-verbalised situational elements” (Nord, 1997:11).

ABSTRACT This study compared selected commercial bank advertisements published in 1994 with those published in 2004.Its purpose was to establish whether advertising discourses found in these texts reflect the socio-political changes that occurred in South Africa between 1994 and 2004.It further sought to identify the features of the advertisements that appeared during these periods in order to determine if there have been any shifts in discourses during this time. This qualitative research relied heavily on Fairclough’s theory and method of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) for both its theoretical framework and data analysis. In the data analysis section, a need arose to employ some of the tools of semiotic analysis as provided by Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (1996) ‘grammar of visual analysis’ as well as a limited form of Thematic Content Analysis. Data analysis began with a thematic content analysis of all 36 advertisements collected for this study in order to gain a broader perspective of the range of themes covered by these advertisements. This was followed by a comparative detailed Critical Discourse Analysis of two representative pairs of advertisements from 1994 and 2004 to illustrate the behaviour of advertising discourses at these two distinctly different historical junctures. While the research has found some reproductions of discourses from the 1994 period in the 2004 advertisements, it has also revealed that there have been shifts in the discourses between 1994 and 2004.There is also evidence to suggest that in some instances the shifts have more to do with the ways in which the discourses are communicated rather than clear changes in the discourses as such. In the main, the study found that advertising discourses, because of their hybridism and social embeddedness, tend to mirror the sociopolitical context in which they are produced and distributed. As a result, they can be said to reflect the changes and challenges faced by society at the time of their production.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Education, 2011 / This study is a located in a foundational undergraduate mathematics course designed to facilitate the transition from school mathematics to advanced mathematics. The focus of the study is on two innovations in the course; the use of practical problems that make links to non-mathematical practices and a learner-centred pedagogy. While these innovations are part of the discourse of the mathematics education community in terms of access to school mathematics, this study investigates the relationship between these innovations and access to advanced mathematics. The texts of three practical problems from the course and texts representing the verbal and non-verbal action of 17 students as they worked collaboratively in small groups on these problems were analyzed. The analysis of these texts is used to describe and explain, firstly, how the practical problems in the foundational course represent the practice of foundational undergraduate mathematics and its relationship to other practices in the educational space (for example, school mathematics, calculus reform, advanced mathematics, and non-mathematical practices). Secondly, the students‟ enabling and constraining mathematical action on the practical problems is described and explained. Answering the empirical questions in this study has required theoretical work to develop a socio-political perspective of mathematical practice. This theoretical perspective is based on Fairclough‟s social practice perspective from critical linguistics, but has been supplemented with recontextualized theoretical constructs used by Morgan, Moschkovich and Sfard in mathematics education. These constructs are used to conceptualize the notion of mathematical discourse and action on mathematical objects in this discourse. The methodological work of this study has involved supplementing Fairclough‟s method of critical discourse analysis with Sfard‟s method of focal analysis to analyze mathematical, discursive, social and political action in a socio-political mathematical practice. The central finding of this thesis is that foundational mathematical practice represents both continuities and disruptions in its relationship to other practices in the space. As a result, participation in the foundational practice is complex, requiring control over the how and when of boundary crossings across practices, social events and texts. On the basis of this complexity, innovative foundational practice is positioned paradoxically in the higher education space. On the one hand, it represents an alternative to the dominant representation of mathematical practice and positioning of the foundational student in higher education. On the other hand, the complexity of foundational practice makes access to advanced mathematics problematic and foundational practice thus reproduces the dominant ordering.