Unfortunately, people die and get injured due to accidents in the traffic. Furthermore, statistics of road accidents is limited and mostly composed of serious accidents, making it difficult to draw conclusions about how to improve the safety in the traffic. Thus, there is an interest in obtaining information about critical events in the traffic, i.e. potential accident situations, since they occur much more frequently. One way of detecting critical events is to use sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes. As the usage of cellphones with built-in sensors increases, it would be interesting to examine whether these sensors are good enough to detect critical events. This is where the focus of this thesis lies. An application that collects data from the cellphone’s built-in accelerometer, gyroscope and GPS was developed and tested. The data was then analysed and compared to data from accurate sensors, represented by a VBOX coupled to an IMU. The conclusions made in this thesis are that the sensors in the cellphone perform almost equivalent results compared to the VBOX. It is possible to use data from the sensors in orderto detect critical events.

This dissertation investigates how political instability is related to the probability of civil war. According to the literature in comparative politics, regime breakdown is caused by critical events such as economic decline, defeat in interstate war, death of a leader in office, or changes is the international balance of power. Drawing on Powell (2004, 2006), I conceptualize such critical events as shifts in the domestic distribution of power that can lead to a bargaining breakdown and, in consequence, military conflict. Following a shock to government capabilities, current leaders and the opposition are bargaining for a share of authority. The government has incentives to grant concessions to other groups within the state, yet such promises are not credible given that the leadership may regain its strength. Similarly, opposition groups lack the ability to make credible commitments as they expect to be more powerful in the future. Both the government and opposition groups could benefit from striking bargains, but cannot credibly commit because of incentives to renege on agreements in the future. Unable to commit, both actors may use force to achieve their preferred outcome. The dissertation then shifts the focus to solutions to such commitment problems. I expect that (1) the institutional structure of government and opposition groups and (2) the distance between groups have important consequences on the range of feasible agreements during this bargaining process. The arguments are tested in a statistical study of all countries for the 1960-2004 time period and in a small-sample analysis of democratization processes in Algeria and Chile. Findings show that critical events increase the probability of civil war as hypothesized and empirical evidence also provides strong support for the proposed solutions to the commitment problem.

In recent time Hemnet has faced an intensified criticism because of the latest introduction of ad-fees, and not least because of the take-over regarding Swedbank Fastighetsbyrån and Svensk Fastighetsförmedling. There is a growing concern amongst real estate agents about the development for which the Swedish real estate advertising market is taking. Many of the competitors on the market that have previously experienced difficulties in establishing on the market now see their opportunity to make use of the situation that has emerged regarding Hemnet. By offering better and more lucrative terms they could potentially bring in enough real estate agencies to pose a real threat on the advertising market. Hemnet is part-owned by four organizations, Fastighetsbyrån, Svensk Fastighetsförmedling, Mäklarsamfundet and Fastighetsmäklarförbundet. All of which have a 25 percent share in Hemnet. With Fastighetsbyrån now possibly taking-over Svensk Fastighetsförmedling, their share would rise to 50 percent. Many are those who have expressed their worry and anger with the whole situation and within the real estate industry a sigh of disappointment is spreading given the way Hemnet is developing. The vision was never to become a profit-driven platform, but a fair and just platform owned by the real estate agents, to escape the dependency-state and growing ad-costs for which they otherwise would have to pay the newspapers. It proved important to use the internet in its early stages to build a good platform from where they could compete with the newspapers. It turned out to be a successful move and Hemnet soon became a leader on the market, by some regarded as nothing short of a monopoly. Hemnet is now being challenged perhaps for the first time from all sides in form of competitors, but even by its own organization. A tough period awaits Hemnet with their over a decade long market leading position at stake

Every so often, education is marked by critical events that invoke profound changes in both teachers and students. This study proposes that the “Boscars” -Brockton Oscars- a local presentation of student film and dance is a critical event for those involved. In contrast to conventional routine processes and accumulation of learning, these events represent a flashpoint in our educational lives. Critical events pertain to deep personal meaning and agency. This research investigates the Boscars. This retrospective study is one of interactive ethnography which has strong affinity with symbolic interactionism using a range of qualitative techniques on an event in the recent past. The work was collaborative. Teachers, pupils and other critical agents worked with the researcher to reconstruct and analyse the event with the general purpose of informing and improving local educational practice. It is a celebratory account focused on expressive outcomes, drawing in large measure on teacher and pupil articulations. Respondent validation was important within the context of other tests of validity. One of these tests is the ability of the research to strengthen the participants in their work and to influence other practitioners – in other words for the research to share the criticality of the event. These criteria apply to the extent to which the account facilitates the drawing of inferences that may have application in other contexts or situations. For the student and teacher authors in this research it is an exercise in writing historical memory.

This research is focused on driver behavior in traffic, especially during car-following situations and safety critical events. Driving behavior is considered as a human decision process in this research which provides opportunities for an artificial driver agent simulator to learn according to naturalistic driving data. This thesis presents two mechine learning methodologies that can be applied to simulate driver naturalistic driving behavior including risk-taking behavior during an incident and lateral evasive behavior which have not yet been captured in existing literature. Two special machine learning approaches Backpropagation (BP) neural network and Neuro-Fuzzy Actor Critic Reinforcement Learning (NFACRL) are proposed to model driver behavior during car-following situation and safety critical events separately. In addition to that, as part of the research, state-of-the-art car-following models are also analyzed and compared to BP neural network approach. Also, driver heterogeneity analyzed by NFACRL method is discussed. Finally, it presents the findings and limitations drawn from each of the specific issues, along with recommendations for further research. / Master of Science

A significant number of scientific projects pursuing large scale, complex investigations involve dispersed research teams, which conduct a large part or their work virtually. Virtual Research Environments (VREs), cyberinfrastructure that facilitates coordinated activities amongst dispersed scientists, thus provide a rich context to study organizational evolution. Due to the constantly evolving nature of technologies, it is important to understand how teams of scientists, system developers, and managers respond to critical incidents. Critical events are organizational situations that trigger strategic decision making to adjust structure or redirect processes in order to maintain balance or improve an already functioning system. This study examines two prominent VREs: The United States Virtual Astronomical Observatory (US-VAO) and the HathiTrust Research Center (HTRC) in order to understand how these environments evolve through critical events and strategic choices. Communication perspectives lend themselves well to a study of VRE development and evolution because of the central role occupied by communication technologies in both the functionality and management of VREs. Using the grounded theory approach, this study uses organizational reports to trace how critical events and their resulting strategic choices shape these organizations over time. The study also explores how disciplinary demands influence critical events.

Under de senaste åren har en del förändringar skett inom det specialpedagogiska området, bland annat på hur man ser på stödinsatser inom skola och rådgivning. Yrkesrollen som rådgivare på Specialpedagogiska skolmyndigheten innebär ett stödjande arbete som utgår från ett av regeringen utformat myndighetsuppdrag. Arbetet har ett specialpedagogiskt fokus där det handledande samtalet utgör ett av de främsta verktygen. Det är också en yrkesroll som utifrån skolpolitiska uppdrag och samhällsutveckling ständigt är i förändring.Inom forskningsfältet specialpedagogik och skola pågår studier internationellt såväl som i Sverige kring handledning och samtalspraktiker. Ett centralt tema i dessa är perspektivval, i meningen vems lärande som är i fokus för samtalen. Fortsatt forskning kring ämnet efterfrågas och i dagsläget saknas studier kring rådgivares yrkesroll i förhållande till uppdrag och en samtalande praktik.Syftet med undersökningen är att studera yrkessocialisation bland rådgivare inom en statlig myndighet. Utgångspunkten tas i deras berättelser och beskrivna erfarenheter.Undersökningen har yrkeslivsberättelser och ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv som utgångspunkt där ämnet beaktas utifrån individ såväl som grupp, kollektiv och organisation. Den innefattar ett språkligt såväl som kollektivt lärandeperspektiv. I första hand har undersökningen ett hermeneutiskt och livsberättelsegrundat förhållningssätt med utgångspunkt i narrationsforskningsteorier.Resultatet visar på en komplex verksamhet där rådgivare beskriver ett spänningsfält mellan de egna och organisationens förväntningar ur ett kunskapsutvecklingsperspektiv. Kollaborativt och kollegialt lärande utgör en viktig faktor för arbetet inom organisationens samtliga nivåer.

Anestesisjuksköterskan hamnar i sitt yrkesutövande i många svåra situationer och utsätts ibland för kritiska händelser. Ofta är tid till reflektion och återhämtning knapphändig och stress kan uppstå. Vid brist på stöd kan omvårdnaden påverkas negativt. Få studier finns som belyser just denna yrkeskategori och dess behov. Syftet med studien var att undersöka anestesisjuksköterskors uppfattning om debriefing efter händelser som upplevs som kritiska. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där sju intervjuer genomfördes med anestesisjuksköterskor, på tre operationsavdelningar i Skåne. Intervjuer analyserades utifrån Elo och Kyngäs induktiva innehållsanalys, och resultaten presenterades i fem huvudkategorier: betydelse av debriefing, behov av debriefing, alternativ till debriefing, organisationens betydelse samt debriefingens utformning. Resultaten visade att betydelsen och behovet av debriefing är stort då många situationer då debriefing behövs kan uppstå. Det är viktigt att debriefingen är rätt strukturerad och att arbetsledningen ger det stöd som krävs. Även negativa aspekter av debriefing belystes och vissa fall så kan alternativa stödsystem vara tillräckligt. I diskussionen integrerades resultaten med Antonovskys känsla av sammanhang (KASAM). Fler studier på just denna yrkesgrupps uppfattningar och upplevelser behövs för att belysa fler aspekter i ämnet, men även för att undersöka förekomst och grad av behov på fler operationsavdelningar på fler sjukhus. Även alternativa stödformer är av intresse att belysa. / Working as a nurse anaesthetist could mean getting involved in many difficult and critical events. There´s usually not much time to reflect and recuperate and sometimes stress could be experienced. A potential lack of support could have a negative impact on the caregiving. There are few studies about the nurse anaesthetist´s requirements regarding this topic. The purpose of the study was to explore nurse anaesthetist´s perceptions of debriefing after the events that are perceived as critical. The study had a qualitative approach where seven interviews with nurse anaesthetist´s were carried out in the setting of three surgical wards in Skåne. The interviews were analyzed following the inductive content analysis of Elo and Kyngäs, leading to five main categories: The importance of debriefing, the need of debriefing, alternative to debriefing, the importance of the organization, and the structure of the debriefing. The result showed a great importance and need of debriefing since many situations where debriefing is needed could arise. The structure of the debriefing is important, as well as the support of the staff management. Some negative aspects of debriefing emerged and sometimes alternative support systems could be sufficient. During the discussion the theory of Antonovsky´s Sense of coherence (SOC) was integrated. There´s a further need to explore more aspects of this precise group of nurses and their perceptions and experiences and also to examine the prevalence and degree of need of debriefing at other surgical wards and hospitals. It would also be of interest to illuminate alternative support systems.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Antalet transporter mellan sjukhus, som kräver medföljande anestesipersonal, har ökat i region Jönköpings län från 135 stycken 2015 till 247 transporter 2016. Anestesisjuksköterskans arbetsuppgifter är bland annat att övervaka, observera, dokumentera och följa upp patientens ventilation, cirkulation, anestesidjup och temperatur. Att vårda patienter i ambulans är en stor utmaning eftersom situationen är komplex och oförutsägbar. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva anestesisjuksköterskors erfarenheter och agerande i samband med kritisk händelse under ambulanstransport av svårt sjuk patient. Metod: Kvalitativ design med hjälp av intervjuer utfördes med Critical Incident Technique (CIT). En incident liknas vid en situation, ett dilemma eller enskild händelse som i efterhand betraktas som kritisk. Kritiska händelser definieras i  denna studie som händelser eller specifik situation med positiv eller negativ utgång. Resultat: Tre huvudområden söktes i resultatet, trygghet, kontroll och utsatthet. Anestesisjuksköterskorna upplevde att transportsituationen var en utsatt uppgift, trots flera år som anestesisjuksköterskor och mångårig yrkeserfarenhet utöver det. Det beskrevs som det värsta med jobbet och var inget som någon längtade efter. Slutsats: Anestesisjuksköterskor känner sig ofta otrygga, utsatta och har svårt att behålla kontrollen över situationen under ambulanstransporten.

Bakgrund: För nystartade företag är vägen till framgång sällan okomplicerad. Resan präglas ofta av motgångar, hinder och utmaningar, framför allt för företag som växer snabbt. Många har bildenav att företag som växer mycket och snabbt enbart är förenade med framgång och att tillväxt ärvad alla entreprenörer drömmer om. Dock är det en komplex och krävande uppgift att styrasnabbväxande företag. Tidigare forskning har visat hur företag förändras när de växer, däremotsaknas forskning om vilka styrverktyg som är lämpliga vid snabb tillväxt, hur styrningen förändrasöver tid i snabbväxande företag samt hur företag bör styras när de växer snabbt med förvärv. Denna studie kommer därför att undersöka styrningens förändring på ett snabbväxande företag där tillväxten utgjorts av många förvärv. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för vilka styrverktyg som använts och hur styrningen förändrats över tid i ett snabbväxande företag där tillväxten utgjorts av många förvärv. Vidare ämnar studien identifiera vilka kritiska händelser som främst bidragit till styrningens förändring. Metod: Denna studie har använt sig av en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi, en induktiv forskningsansats samt en fallstudie som forskningsdesign. Insamlingen av empiriska data har baserats på primärdata från intervjuer samt sekundärdata ifrån års- och delårsrapporter, data från pressmeddelanden på företagets hemsida samt interna dokument. Slutsats: Studien visar att de kritiska händelser som påverkat styrningen mest i fallföretaget är börsnoteringen, ett ledningsbyte och en omorganisation. Bland de styrverktyg som har använts i studien har kulturkontroll varit det styrverktyg som förändrats mest och därmed haft störst påverkan på företagets tillväxtresa. Vidare har tre viktiga faktorer identifierats som i kombination med styrningen bidragit till en lyckad förändringsresa: dynamiken mellan grundarna och företagskulturen, dynamiken mellan grundarna och tillväxten och slutligen dynamiken mellan företagskulturen och tillväxten. / Background: For startups, the road to success is rarely straightforward. The journey is often characterized by setbacks, obstacles, and challenges, especially for fast-growing companies. Many people have the idea that fast-growing companies are only associated with success and that growth is the dream of all entrepreneurs. However, managing fast-growing companies is a complex and demanding task. Research has previously studied how firms change as they grow, but there is a lack of research on which management controls are appropriate for rapid growth, on how governance changes over time in fast-growing firms, and on how firms should be governed whenthey grow rapidly through acquisitions. Therefore, this study will investigate the change in governance in a fast-growing company where acquisitions have been a large part of the growth. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of which management controls have been used and how governance has changed over time in a fast-growing company,where acquisitions have been a large part of the growth. Furthermore, the study aims to identify the critical events that mainly contributed to the change in governance. Methodology: This study has used a qualitative research strategy, an inductive research approach and a case study as a research design. The collection of empirical data has been based on primary data from interviews and secondary data from annual and interim reports, data from press releases on the company's website and internal documents. Conclusion: The study shows that the critical events that most affected governance in the case company are the IPO, a change of management and a reorganization. Among the management controls used in the study, cultural control was the type of control that changed the most and thus had the greatest impact on the company's growth journey. Furthermore, three important factors have been identified that, in combination with governance, have contributed to a successful change journey: the dynamics between the founders and the corporate culture, the dynamics between the founders and growth, and finally the dynamics between the corporate culture and growth.