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This thesis reports case studies of students working with context rich problems (CRP) and mini projects (MP) in physics in an upper secondary school class and in a physics teacher education class at university. The students report a big shift from physics in secondary school as fun and easy, to physics in upper secondary school as boring, difficult and with lack of time for reflections and physics talking, but they also found physics as interesting in itself. In order to study how group discussions in physics influence the students learning and to study the phenomena of students’ ownership of learning (SOL) we introduced CRP and MP. We video recorded five groups with 14 teacher students at university in the end of 2002, and five group with 15 students at upper secondary school during the beginning of their second physics course in the spring term in 2003. MP and CRP in physics were used as instructional settings in order to give students possibility to strengthen their holistic understanding and their possibilities to ownership. When students get the opportunity to manage their own learning and studying by open-ended tasks in physics, without the teacher determining all details of the performance, this gives more ownership of learning. The advantage of MPs and CRPs from the student’s point of view is more freedom to act, think and discuss and from the teacher’s view, to get insights of the students’ ability and how they really think in physics. The ownership is found to be crucial for motivation and development of competence. Students’ ownership of learning (SOL) is the students’ influence/impact to affect tasks and the learning environment in such a way that the students have a real opportunity to achieve learning of physics. Students’ ownership of learning (SOL) is found at two levels: Group level: At the start of a task the SOL is determined by the design of the task. The choice of task, the performance (when, how, where), the level of result and presentatio n and report have to be determined by the students themselves. Individual level: A person’s experiences and anomalies of understanding have created unique questions that can create certain aspects of the task that drive this person to be very active and highly motivated. This gives the person a high individual ownership. We developed hypotheses concerning the relation between ownership, motivation and competence and we see some evidence in the cases reported in this thesis. The importance of exploratory talks to enhance learning, and to see aspects of communication as part of the motivation are discussed in the model of ownership, motivation and competence that is proposed.

Background: This study examined the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and C-reactive protein (CRP) with postoperative medical complications and one year mortality of elderly patients sustaining a low-energy cervical hip fracture scheduled for surgery. We hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency and CRP in these patients might be associated with an increased 1-year mortality. Methods: The prospective single-center cohort study included 209 patients with a low-energy medial femoral neck fracture; 164 women aged over 50 years and 45 men aged over 60 years. Referring to 1-year mortality and postoperative medical complications multiple logistic regression analysis including 10 co-variables (age, sex, BMI, ASA, creatinine, CRP, leukocytes hemoglobin, 25(OH)D, vitamin D supplementation at follow-up) was performed. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in 87 % of all patients. In patients with severe (<10 ng/ml) and moderate (10–20 ng/ml) vitamin D deficiency one year mortality was 29 % and 13 %, respectively, compared to 9 % in patients with > 20 ng/ml 25(OH)D levels (p =0.027). Patients with a mild (CRP 10–39.9 mg/l) or active inflammatory response (CRP ≥ 40 mg/l) showed a higher one year mortality of 33 % and 40 % compared to 16 % in patients with no (CRP < 10 mg/l) inflammatory response (p = 0.002). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified CRP (OR 1.01, 95 % CI 1.00- 1.02; p = 0.007), but not 25(OH)D (OR 0.97, 95 % CI 0.89-1.05; p = 0.425) as an independent predictor for one year mortality. 20 % of patients suffered in-hospital postoperative medical complications (i.e. pneumonia, thromboembolic events, etc.). 25(OH)D (OR 0.89, 95 % CI 0.81–0.97; p = 0.010), but not CRP (OR 1.01, 95 % CI 1.00-1.02; p = 0.139), was identified as an independent risk factor. Conclusion: In elderly patients with low-energy cervical hip fracture, 25(OH)D is independently associated with postoperative medical complications and CRP is an independent predictor of one year mortality.

<p>This thesis reports case studies of students working with context rich problems (CRP) and mini projects (MP) in physics in an upper secondary school class and in a physics teacher education class at university. The students report a big shift from physics in secondary school as fun and easy, to physics in upper secondary school as boring, difficult and with lack of time for reflections and physics talking, but they also found physics as interesting in itself. In order to study how group discussions in physics influence the students learning and to study the phenomena of students’ ownership of learning (SOL) we introduced CRP and MP. We video recorded five groups with 14 teacher students at university in the end of 2002, and five group with 15 students at upper secondary school during the beginning of their second physics course in the spring term in 2003. MP and CRP in physics were used as instructional settings in order to give students possibility to strengthen their holistic understanding and their possibilities to ownership. When students get the opportunity to manage their own learning and studying by open-ended tasks in physics, without the teacher determining all details of the performance, this gives more ownership of learning. The advantage of MPs and CRPs from the student’s point of view is more freedom to act, think and discuss and from the teacher’s view, to get insights of the students’ ability and how they really think in physics. The ownership is found to be crucial for motivation and development of competence.</p><p><em>Students’ ownership of learning (SOL) is the students’ influence/impact to affect tasks and the learning environment in such a way that the students have a real opportunity to achieve learning of physics.</em></p><p>Students’ ownership of learning (SOL) is found at two levels:</p><p><strong>Group level:</strong> At the start of a task the SOL is determined by the design of the task. The choice of task, the performance (when, how, where), the level of result and presentatio n and report have to be determined by the students themselves.</p><p><strong>Individual level:</strong> A person’s experiences and anomalies of understanding have created unique questions that can create certain aspects of the task that drive this person to be very active and highly motivated. This gives the person a high individual ownership. We developed hypotheses concerning the relation between ownership, motivation and competence and we see some evidence in the cases reported in this thesis. The importance of exploratory talks to enhance learning, and to see aspects of communication as part of the motivation are discussed in the model of ownership, motivation and competence that is proposed.</p>

<p>The cardiac troponins are the biochemical markers of choice for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and risk prediction in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this thesis, the role of early serial cardiac troponin I (cTnI) testing was assessed in fairly unselected patient populations admitted because of chest pain and participating in the FAST II-study (n=197) and the FASTER I-study (n=380). Additionally, the importance of cTnI testing in stable post-ACS patients from the FRISC II-study (n=1092) was studied.</p><p>The analyses in chest pain patients demonstrate that cTnI is very useful for early diagnostic and prognostic assessment. cTnI allowed already 2 hours after admission the reliable exclusion of AMI and the identification of low-risk patients when ECG findings and a renal marker such as cystatin C were added as conjuncts. Other biomarkers such as CK-MB, myoglobin, NT-pro BNP or CRP did not provide superior clinical information. However, myoglobin may be valuable in combination with cTnI results for the early prediction of an impending major AMI when used as input variable for an artificial neural network. Such an approach applying cTnI results only may also furthermore improve the early diagnosis of AMI.</p><p>Persistent cTnI elevation > 0.01 μg/L was detectable using a high-sensitive assay in 26% of the stable post-ACS patients from the FRISC II-study. NT-pro BNP levels at 6 months were the most important variable independently associated to persistent cTnI elevation besides male gender, indicating a relationship between adverse left ventricular remodeling processes and cTnI leakage. Patients with persistent cTnI elevation had a considerable risk for both mortality and AMI during 5 year follow-up. </p><p>These analyses thus, confirm the value of cTnI for early assessment of chest pain patients and provide new and unique evidence regarding the role of cTnI for risk prediction in post-ACS populations.</p>

Background and aims: Most respiratory tract infections (RTI) are self-limiting. Despite this, they are associated with high antibiotic prescription rates in general practice in Sweden. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the management of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) with particular emphasis on acute otitis media (AOM). Methods: Paper I: A prospective, open, randomized study of 179 children presenting with AOM and performed in primary care. Paper II &amp; III: Study of 6 years data from primary care in Kalmar County on visits for RTI, retrieved from electronic patient records. Paper IV: Observational, clinical study of 71 children presenting with AOM complicated by perforation, without initial use of antibiotics. Results: Children with AOM who received PcV had some less pain, used fewer analgesics and consulted less, but the PcV treatment did not affect the recovery time or complication rate (I). Between 1999 and 2005, 240 445 visits for RTI were analyzed (II &amp; III). Antibiotics were prescribed in 45% of visits, mostly PcV (60%) and doxycycline (18%). Visiting rates for AOM and tonsillitis declined by &gt;10%/year, but prescription rates of antibiotics remained unchanged. For sore throat, 65% received antibiotics. Patients tested but without presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics in 40% of cases. CRP was analyzed in 36% of consultations for RTI. At CRP&lt;50mg/l antibiotics, mostly doxycycline, were prescribed in 54% of visits for bronchitis. Roughly 50% of patients not tested received antibiotics over the years.Twelve of 71 children with AOM and spontaneous perforation completing the trial received antibiotics during the first nine days due to lack of improvement, one child after 16 days due to recurrent AOM and six had new incidents of AOM after 30 days (IV). Antibiotics were used more frequently when the eardrum appeared pulsating and secretion was purulent and abundant. All patients with presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics. Results: Children with AOM who received PcV had some less pain, used fewer analgesics and consulted less, but the PcV treatment did not affect the recovery time or complication rate (I). Between 1999 and 2005, 240 445 visits for RTI were analyzed (II &amp; III). Antibiotics were prescribed in 45% of visits, mostly PcV (60%) and doxycycline (18%). Visiting rates for AOM and tonsillitis declined by &gt;10%/year, but prescription rates of antibiotics remained unchanged. For sore throat, 65% received antibiotics. Patients tested but without presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics in 40% of cases. CRP was analyzed in 36% of consultations for RTI. At CRP&lt;50mg/l antibiotics, mostly doxycycline, were prescribed in 54% of visits for bronchitis. Roughly 50% of patients not tested received antibiotics over the years.Twelve of 71 children with AOM and spontaneous perforation completing the trial received antibiotics during the first nine days due to lack of improvement, one child after 16 days due to recurrent AOM and six had new incidents of AOM after 30 days (IV). Antibiotics were used more frequently when the eardrum appeared pulsating and secretion was purulent and abundant. All patients with presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics.

The cardiac troponins are the biochemical markers of choice for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and risk prediction in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In this thesis, the role of early serial cardiac troponin I (cTnI) testing was assessed in fairly unselected patient populations admitted because of chest pain and participating in the FAST II-study (n=197) and the FASTER I-study (n=380). Additionally, the importance of cTnI testing in stable post-ACS patients from the FRISC II-study (n=1092) was studied. The analyses in chest pain patients demonstrate that cTnI is very useful for early diagnostic and prognostic assessment. cTnI allowed already 2 hours after admission the reliable exclusion of AMI and the identification of low-risk patients when ECG findings and a renal marker such as cystatin C were added as conjuncts. Other biomarkers such as CK-MB, myoglobin, NT-pro BNP or CRP did not provide superior clinical information. However, myoglobin may be valuable in combination with cTnI results for the early prediction of an impending major AMI when used as input variable for an artificial neural network. Such an approach applying cTnI results only may also furthermore improve the early diagnosis of AMI. Persistent cTnI elevation &gt; 0.01 μg/L was detectable using a high-sensitive assay in 26% of the stable post-ACS patients from the FRISC II-study. NT-pro BNP levels at 6 months were the most important variable independently associated to persistent cTnI elevation besides male gender, indicating a relationship between adverse left ventricular remodeling processes and cTnI leakage. Patients with persistent cTnI elevation had a considerable risk for both mortality and AMI during 5 year follow-up. These analyses thus, confirm the value of cTnI for early assessment of chest pain patients and provide new and unique evidence regarding the role of cTnI for risk prediction in post-ACS populations.

Σκοπός. Η διαβητική κετοξέωση (ΔΚ) και η υπεργλυκαιμική υπερωσμωτική κατάσταση (ΥΥΚ) είναι δύο από τις πιο σοβαρές οξείες επιπλοκές του Σακχαρώδη διαβήτη, που εξακολουθούν να αποτελούν σημαντική αιτία νοσηρότητας και θνητότητας μεταξύ των διαβητικών. Οι λοιμώξεις, συχνός εκλυτικός παράγων και επιπλοκή της ΔΚ και ΥΥΚ, αποτελούν την κύρια αιτία θανάτου και η έγκαιρη διάγνωση και αντιμετώπιση της σήψης είναι κριτικής σημασίας για την επιβίωση των ασθενών. Διερευνήσαμε την επίδραση των ανωτέρω καταστάσεων στην ανοσοποιητική απόκριση, μελετώντας τους υποπληθυσμούς των Τ λεμφοκυττάρων – παραμέτρους οξείας φάσης και την ιντερλευκίνη 6 (IL-6) στο περιφερικό αίμα των ασθενών μας, σε μια προσπάθεια να διαπιστώσουμε τυχόν υποκείμενες διαταραχές και να προσδιορίσουμε πιθανόν διαγνωστικούς και προγνωστικούς δείκτες για τη σήψη. Μέθοδος. Η μελέτη μας περιέλαβε 61 διαβητικούς ασθενείς με ΔΚ ή ΥΥΚ. Ξεχωρίσαμε μια ομάδα ασθενών που είχαν συμπτώματα Συνδρόμου συστηματικής φλεγμονώδους αντίδρασης (SIRS). Προσδιορίσαμε στον ορό όλων των ασθενών τις συγκεντρώσεις των παραγόντων οξείας φάσης (συμπεριλαμβανομένης της C αντιδρώσας πρωτεΐνης ,CRP) και της IL-6 (ως κύρια κυτταροκίνη για την παραγωγή πρωτεϊνών οξείας φάσης), κατά την εισαγωγή και στην ύφεση (μετά τη βελτίωση των συμπτωμάτων και σε κατάσταση ευγλυκαιμίας). Σε μια ομάδα 28 ασθενών με ΔΚ ή ΥΥΚ (σε σύγκριση και με αντίστοιχη ομάδα ελέγχου) μελετήσαμε επιπλέον υποπληθυσμούς των Τ λεμφοκυττάρων, τα ολικά (CD3) / τα βοηθητικά (CD4) / τα κατασταλτικά (CD8) Τ κύτταρα και τα κύτταρα φυσικοί φονείς (ΝΚ) χρησιμοποιώντας μονοκλωνικά αντισώματα και μικροσκόπιο ανοσοφθορισμού, προ και αμέσως μετά τη διόρθωση της μεταβολικής διαταραχής. Αποτελέσματα. Παρατηρήσαμε ότι οι υποπληθυσμοί των Τ λεμφοκυττάρων ήταν σημαντικά ελαττωμένοι κατά την εισαγωγή, συγκρινόμενοι με τους υγιείς μάρτυρες (ενώ οι περισσότερες μελέτες διαβητικών τύπου 1 καταγράφουν αυξημένα βοηθητικά Τ κύτταρα) και παρέμειναν και αμέσως μετά τη διόρθωση της μεταβολικής διαταραχής. Οι ασθενείς που τελικά απεβίωσαν είχαν σημαντικά ελαττωμένους τους υποπληθυσμούς των Τ λεμφοκυττάρων (εκτός των ΝΚ κυττάρων) συγκρινόμενοι και με τους υγιείς μάρτυρες και με όσους ασθενείς επιβίωσαν. Από τους 61 ασθενείς της μελέτης με ΔΚ ή ΥΥΚ, οι 49 ασθενείς είχαν συμπτώματα SIRS. Οι 27 ασθενείς είχαν SIRS χωρίς στοιχεία λοίμωξης, ενώ οι 22 ασθενείς είχαν SIRS με αποδεδειγμένη λοίμωξη. Διαπιστώσαμε σημαντικά αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις CRP και IL-6 στον ορό των σηπτικών διαβητικών ασθενών συγκριτικά με όσους ασθενείς μας είχαν SIRS χωρίς λοίμωξη. Οι ασθενείς που τελικά απεβίωσαν είχαν σημαντικά πιο αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις CRP και IL-6 κατά την εισαγωγή, που μειώθηκαν σημαντικά στην ύφεση. Συμπεράσματα. Η διαβητική κετοξέωση και η υπεργλυκαιμική υπερωσμωτική κατάσταση προκαλούν συχνά κλινικό σύνδρομο που ομοιάζει με σύνδρομο συστηματικής φλεγμονώδους αντίδρασης. Διαταραχές στην ισορροπία των υποπληθυσμών των Τ λεμφοκυττάρων, κυρίως η ελάττωση των βοηθητικών Τ κυττάρων μπορεί να συμβάλλουν στην υψηλή θνησιμότητα αυτών των μεταβολικών διαταραχών. Οι μετρήσεις των συγκεντρώσεων C αντιδρώσας πρωτεΐνης και ιντερλευκίνης 6 στον ορό αυτής της ομάδας των διαβητικών ασθενών, είναι ένας χρήσιμος τρόπος αποκλεισμού λοίμωξης και επιβεβαίωσης και παρακολούθησης της σήψης. / Aims / hypothesis. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are two of the most serious acute complications of diabetes mellitus, being important causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes. Infection is a common precipitating event in DKA and HHS and the major cause of death. An early diagnosis of sepsis in patients with DKA and HHS is crucial and life saving. We studied the immune responses in these states, investigating the peripheral T lymphocyte subsets, acute phase reactants and interleukin 6 (IL-6) to find out how useful these might be for identifying sepsis. Methods. Sixty one diabetic patients with DKA or HHS were enrolled. Patients with signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) were identified. Acute phase reactants, including serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and IL-6, the main cytokine responsible for the induction of acute phase proteins, were measured (concentrations in peripheral blood) on admission and when patients were clinically improved and were euglycaemic. Peripheral T lymphocyte subsets including total (CD3), helper (CD4) and suppressor (CD8) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, were studied in twenty one patients with DKA plus seven patients with HHS and twenty eight healthy matched control (using monoclonal antibodies), prior to and after treatment of metabolic disorders. Results. Peripheral T lymphocyte subsets were decreased in the twenty eight patients with DKA and HHS in admission compared to healthy controls (while helper T cells are mostly increased in diabetics type 1), and remained so after treatment of metabolic disorders. Patients who finally died had significantly decreased T lymphocyte subsets (except NK cells) compared with both healthy controls and patients who survived. A total of forty nine out of sixty one patients with DKA and HHS had signs of SIRS. Twenty seven patients had SIRS and no signs of infection and twenty two patients had SIRS due to proven infection. We detected a significant increase in serum CRP and IL-6 values in patients infected compared to patients with no septic SIRS. Patients who finally died had much higher levels of these proteins, while there was a prompt reduction of serum CRP and IL-6 early during remission. Conclusion / interpretation. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state can often cause a clinical syndrome resembling systemic inflammatory response syndrome. An imbalance of subpopulations of T lymphocytes, especially decreased helper T cells (CD4), may be correlated with the high morbidity and mortality in these states. Determination of serum C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 is a useful way of early excluding an underlying infection as well as confirming and monitoring sepsis.