Submitted by FLAVIANE SMANIOTTO null (flavi.esa@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T14:56:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flaviane Smaniotto.pdf: 1913605 bytes, checksum: 1a28a5e684effafd1a52d6186c7e9d6e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-13T16:39:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 smaniotto_f_me_ilha.pdf: 1913605 bytes, checksum: 1a28a5e684effafd1a52d6186c7e9d6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T16:39:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 smaniotto_f_me_ilha.pdf: 1913605 bytes, checksum: 1a28a5e684effafd1a52d6186c7e9d6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A busca de alternativas para melhorar a qualidade dos efluentes de estações de tratamento de esgotos domésticos lançados corpos d´água, aliado a busca de alternativas econômicas e de baixo custo que o uso de macrófitas aquáticas da subfamília Lemnaceae, e o seu potencial de despoluição de águas contaminadas, atuando principalmente na remoção de nutrientes, como nitrogênio e fósforo relacionados a processo de eutrofização. Visando dar destino a biomassa de lemna produzida, este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar sua composição química, a produção de biomassa, e quantificar o amido e a proteína bruta acumulada. Ao avaliar seu crescimento obtido em tanques em escala piloto, cultivadas em efluente de lagoa de estabilização o crescimento relativo alcançado com 12 dias de cultivo foi de 5,29g/m²dia, o que equivale a 19,3 t/ha.ano matéria seca. O amido contido no período de crescimento foi de 3,2±0,9%, e no enriquecimento 4,7±1,5% de amido, o equivalente a 0,61t/ha.ano de amido disponível e a quantidade de proteína bruta disponível equivale a 8,07t/ha.ano. Esta biomassa pode ser utilizada para diversos fins, como para o preparo de rações animais devidos sua alta quantidade de proteína bruta, ou a produção de etanol devido sua quantidade de amido e hemicelulose. / The search for alternatives to improve the quality of domestic effluents emitted into water bodies, coupled with the search for economic alternatives and cost that the use of aquatic weeds of Lemnaceae subfamily, and its potential for contaminated water pollution, mainly in removal of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus related to eutrophication. Aiming to target biomass duckweed produced, this study aims to evaluate their chemical composition, biomass, and quantify starch and crude protein accumulated. When evaluating growth achieved in tanks on a pilot scale, grown in stabilization pond effluent relative growth reached 12 days of cultivation was 5,29g/m²day, equivalent to 19.3t/ha.year dry matter. The starch in the growth period was 3.2 ± 0.9% and 4.7 ± 1.5% enrichment starch, equivalent to 0,61t / ha.year available starch and the amount of protein gross available equals 8,07t / ha year. This biomass can be used for various purposes such as for the preparation of animal feeds due to their high amount of crude protein, or the production of ethanol because its amount of starch and hemicellulose.

Submitted by Erica Machado Fernandes (erica_mfernandes@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-09T19:52:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final 28.03.2018.pdf: 1342928 bytes, checksum: b52b9c8590b17e12fb1042b386a5b056 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-10T11:08:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_em_me_jabo.pdf: 1342928 bytes, checksum: b52b9c8590b17e12fb1042b386a5b056 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T11:08:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_em_me_jabo.pdf: 1342928 bytes, checksum: b52b9c8590b17e12fb1042b386a5b056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar os aspectos produtivos do pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus e do híbrido tambacu (♂ pacu x ♀ tambaqui) cultivados em viveiros escavados. O ex-perimento foi conduzido em Pariquera-Açú, no setor de Piscicultura do Pólo Regional do Vale do Ribeira (APTA). 150 peixes de cada grupo genético com peso médio inicial de 128±4g (pacu) e 125±5g (tambacu) foram estocados em 6 viveiros escavados divi-didos em duas partes em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x3 (grupos genéticos x planos nutricionais). Os peixes foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia (ad libitum), com rações comerciais extrusadas de acordo com três planos nutricionais: plano nutricional 1 (P1), oferta de ração com 24% de proteína bruta (PB) durante todo o cultivo; plano nutricional 2 (P2), oferta de ração com 28% e 24% de PB na primeira e segunda fase de cultivo; plano nutricional 3 (P3), oferta de ração com 32%, 28% e 24% de PB na primeira, segunda e terceira fase. Após 163 dias de cultivo, foram avaliados os parâmetros zootécnicos: taxa de sobre-vivência, peso final, ganho de peso médio diário e conversão alimentar aparente. Tam-bém foram avaliados os rendimentos corporais e a composição química do filé. Adici-onalmente, foram realizadas análises econômicas do desempenho e dos rendimentos corporais. O híbrido tambacu foi superior (p<0,05) a espécie pura pacu apresentando maiores médias de peso final e ganho de peso médio diário. Para as características de carcaça, foi observado maior (p<0,05) rendimento de filé com costela do pacu. Em relação à composição química do filé, o tambacu apresentou maiores (p<0,05) teores de PB e cinzas, enquanto o pacu apresentou um filé com maior (p<0,05) teor lipídico. Os indicadores econômicos e a análise de viabilidade econômica apontam que o hí-brido tambacu submetido ao plano nutricional constituído inicialmente com o maior teor proteico mostrou ser a atividade mais rentável dentre todos os tratamentos avaliados / The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive aspects of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus and tambacu (♂ pacu x ♀ tambaqui) reared in ponds. The experiment was carried out in Pariquera-Açú, in the fish farming of São Paulo Agribusiness Tech-nology Agency (APTA). 150 fish of each genetic group with initial mean weight of 128 ± 4g (pacu) and 125 ± 5g (tambacu) were stored in 6 ponds divided into two parts in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments in a 2x3 factorial scheme (genetic groups x nutritional plans). Fish were fed twice a day (ad libitum), with commercial diets according to three nutritional plans: nutritional plan 1 (P1), feed with 24% crude protein (PB) during the experimental period; nutritional plan 2 (P2), feed with 28% and 24% of CP in the first and second phases; nutritional plan 3 (P3), feed with 32%, 28% and 24% CP in the first, second and third phases. After 163 days of cultivation, the growth pa-rameters were observed: survival rate, final weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion. It was also determinated the body yields and chemical composition of fillet. In addition, economic analyzes of performance and body yield were performed. The hybrid tambacu was superior (p <0.05) to the purebred pacu, presenting higher average of final weight and daily weight gain. For the carcass traits, pacu presented higher (p <0.05) yield of fillet with rib. In relation to the chemical composition of fillet, tambacu presented higher (p <0.05) CP and ash contents, while pacu presented a fillet with higher (p <0.05) lipid content. The economic indicators and the economic viability anal-ysis show that the hybrid tambacu submitted to the nutritional plan initialy constituted with the highest protein content showed to be the most profitable activity among all evaluated treatments. / FAPESP: 2014/26339-7

Orientador: Liliane Lazzari Albertin / Resumo: A busca de alternativas para melhorar a qualidade dos efluentes de estações de tratamento de esgotos domésticos lançados corpos d´água, aliado a busca de alternativas econômicas e de baixo custo que o uso de macrófitas aquáticas da subfamília Lemnaceae, e o seu potencial de despoluição de águas contaminadas, atuando principalmente na remoção de nutrientes, como nitrogênio e fósforo relacionados a processo de eutrofização. Visando dar destino a biomassa de lemna produzida, este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar sua composição química, a produção de biomassa, e quantificar o amido e a proteína bruta acumulada. Ao avaliar seu crescimento obtido em tanques em escala piloto, cultivadas em efluente de lagoa de estabilização o crescimento relativo alcançado com 12 dias de cultivo foi de 5,29g/m²dia, o que equivale a 19,3 t/ha.ano matéria seca. O amido contido no período de crescimento foi de 3,2±0,9%, e no enriquecimento 4,7±1,5% de amido, o equivalente a 0,61t/ha.ano de amido disponível e a quantidade de proteína bruta disponível equivale a 8,07t/ha.ano. Esta biomassa pode ser utilizada para diversos fins, como para o preparo de rações animais devidos sua alta quantidade de proteína bruta, ou a produção de etanol devido sua quantidade de amido e hemicelulose. / Abstract: The search for alternatives to improve the quality of domestic effluents emitted into water bodies, coupled with the search for economic alternatives and cost that the use of aquatic weeds of Lemnaceae subfamily, and its potential for contaminated water pollution, mainly in removal of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus related to eutrophication. Aiming to target biomass duckweed produced, this study aims to evaluate their chemical composition, biomass, and quantify starch and crude protein accumulated. When evaluating growth achieved in tanks on a pilot scale, grown in stabilization pond effluent relative growth reached 12 days of cultivation was 5,29g/m²day, equivalent to 19.3t/ha.year dry matter. The starch in the growth period was 3.2 ± 0.9% and 4.7 ± 1.5% enrichment starch, equivalent to 0,61t / ha.year available starch and the amount of protein gross available equals 8,07t / ha year. This biomass can be used for various purposes such as for the preparation of animal feeds due to their high amount of crude protein, or the production of ethanol because its amount of starch and hemicellulose. / Mestre

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da suplementação de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), associada à redução do nível de proteína bruta (PB) da dieta de frangos de corte. No primeiro ensaio, o período experimental transcorreu dos 21 aos 41 dias, quando 1440 machos da linhagem Ross, com mesmo peso inicial, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo três níveis de CLA (0%, 0,5% e 1,0%) e três níveis de PB (19%, 17%, 15%). Houve redução do ganho de peso e aumento da conversão alimentar apenas em função do decréscimo de PB e ambos os fatores elevaram o índice econômico mensurado. Os rendimentos de carcaça inteira e peito diminuíram proporcionalmente a PB da dieta. Houve interação entre CLA e PB para o tamanho do fígado, ambos os fatores elevaram a gordura abdominal. Em relação aos parâmetros analisados em amostras de peito, o pH elevou-se proporcionalmente, em relação a PB, as intensidades de vermelho e amarelo foram modificadas ou pela PB, ou pelo CLA e para a luminosidade houve interação. Quanto ao perfil de ácidos graxos, a PB elevou somente o ácido esteárico e o CLA aumentou os ácidos graxos saturados e reduziu os monoinsaturados. Houve incorporação crescente dos isômeros de CLA, em função da maior inclusão do produto nas dietas com 19% ou 17% de PB. Nas dietas com 15% de PB, ocorreu um limite máximo para a incorporação do CLA. No segundo experimento, utilizando 144 aves Ross e mesmo delineamento e modelo experimental, houve efeito quadrático da PB para o balanço de nitrogênio e interação entre CLA e PB para a digestibilidade da PB dietária. / The objective of this research was to study the effects of the conjugated linoleic acid, known as CLA, associated with reduction of crude protein (CP) level in broiler diets. At first assay, the period of experiment was conducted from 21 to 41 days, when 1440 male broilers from Ross line, with the same weight initial, were allocated in accordance to a completely randomized design, with factorial model 3x3, corresponding in 3 CLA inclusions levels (0%, 0,5% and 1,0%) and 3 CPs levels (19%,17%,15%). Weight gain reduction and increased feed conversion were only related to decrease of CP inclusion and both of factors, CP and CLA inclusion levels, elevated the economic index parameters. Carcass and breast meat yields decreased due to the reduction of CP addition in diets. The interaction between CLA and CP factors modified in liver size, and both elevated the abdominal fat percents. In relation to parameters analyzed in breast samples, the pH elevated proportionally to CP inclusion, the redness and yellowness were modified by CP or CLA addition and interaction of both were detected to luminosity parameter. About fatty acid composition, the addition of CP only elevated the stearic acid and CLA inclusion improved the saturated fatty acid levels and reduced the monounsaturated fatty acid levels. An improvement on incorporation of CLA isomers was verified due to more inclusion of this product in 19% or 17% CPs diets. In the case of 15% CPs diets, the incorporation of CLA isomers had a maxim limit. In the second assay, using 144 Ross line broilers with the same design and model, a quadratic effect for nitrogen balance was verified due to CP diets and an effect of interaction between CLA and CP inclusion was found to digestibility of dietary CP.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do uso de sulfato de alumínio, da densidade de alojamento e de estratégias nutricionais sobre índices produtivos, econômicos e qualidade de carne na produção de frangos de corte. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, nos quais: Experimento I (EI) Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos das doses de sulfato de alumínio [Al2(SO4)3 18 H2O] - (0, 200, 400 e 600 g/m2) no tratamento da cama aviária e da taxa de lotação (8 e 9 aves/m2). Foi avaliadas na cama, a amônia volatilizada, pH, teor de matéria-seca e nitrogênio, além do desempenho das aves, rendimento de carcaça, cortes (peito e coxa-sobrecoxa), ocorrência de lesão de peito e pododermatite e qualidade da carne (pH, cor, perdas totais por cozimento, maciez objetiva e análise sensorial). No Experimento II (EII) os objetivos foram avaliar os efeitos da inclusão dietética de fitase (1.000 FTU/kg de ração) e da redução do nível de proteína bruta (um ponto percentual) nas dietas de frangos criados em cama tratada ou não com sulfato de alumínio (1.568 g/m2). Além das análises citadas anteriormente, objetivou-se avaliar o aspecto microbiológico das carcaças de frango e propor uma estimativa econômica do poder fertilizante da cama aviária. Foi realizada a análise da viabilidade econômica do uso do sulfato de alumínio, da fitase e da redução do nível proteico da dieta na produção avícola. (EI) As doses de sulfato de alumínio e as taxas de lotação influenciaram as características da cama, reduzindo os valores de pH e minimizando a quantidade de amônia volatilizada. A melhor dose de sulfato de alumínio foi de 400 g/m2 independente da lotação adotada. As doses de sulfato de alumínio avaliadas não influenciaram o desempenho das aves, que foi afetado negativamente pelo aumento da densidade. Observou-se efeito significativo da interação sulfato de alumínio × taxa de lotação (P = 0,0094) sobre o rendimento de carcaça. O teste afetivo mostrou que o sulfato de alumínio não influenciou a aceitabilidade dos consumidores pela carne de frango. A análise economica demonstrou que a margem bruta aumentou quando a lotação foi de nove aves/m2 já que o peso do lote é maior. (EII) A aplicação do sulfato de alumínio na cama aviária reduziu os valores de pH e consequentemente a amonia volatilizada. Além disso, a baixa PB e a fitase reduziram o pH e a amônia também. O sulfato de alumínio (1.568 g/m2) reduz a emissão de amônia e as perdas de N da cama. Valorar o dejeto avícola como fertilizante orgânico permite uma melhor decisão com relação às quantidades a serem aplicadas na lavoura, promovendo benefícios econômico e ambiental. A inclusão dietética de fitase (1.000 FTU/kg de ração) influenciou características de cor da carne e melhorou sua maciez segundo a percepção de consumidores não treinados. O uso de 1.568 gramas de sulfato de alumínio por m2 diminui a margem de comercialização, onerando os custos de produção. Além disso, pode-se concluir que as diferentes estratégias nutricionais não apresentaram diferenças nas margens de comercialização, indicando a viabilidade econômica na utilização de ferramentas nutricionais para manutenção do impacto ambiental da produção avícola. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of aluminum sulfate, stocking density and nutritional strategies on productive, economic indexes and meat quality on poultry industry. Therefore, two experiments were conducted. Experiment I (EI) the aim of study was to evaluate the effects of aluminum sulfate doses [Al2(SO4)3·18H2O] - (0, 200, 400 e 600 g/m2) to treated poultry litter and bird densities (8 and 9 birds/m2). It was evaluated volatilized ammonia, pH values, dry matter and nitrogen content from poultry litter. Furthermore, it was evaluated live performance, carcass, breast, drumstick and thigh yield, prevalence of breast skin lesions and foot-pad dermatitis, and chicken meat quality (pH, color, shear force, cook loss and sensorial analysis). Experiment II (EII) aims evaluate the effects of aluminum sulfate to treat litter (0 or 1.568 g/m2), including phytase (1,000 FTU/kg of feed) in the diet and diets with low-crude protein (one percentage point of reduction). This study aims to evaluate the Microbiological Plate Counts on carcasses was evaluated and propose a method to value the manure in relation to its potential as fertilizer too. The economic analysis was also performed, considering the use of aluminum sulphate, phytase and diets with low-crude protein in the production of broiler chickens. The economic analysis the marketing margin increased when the density was 9/m2 because the sold broilers weight was higher. (EI) Aluminum sulfate doses and the stocking density influence poultry litter characteristics, lowering the pH values and reducing the amount of volatilized ammonia. The best dose of aluminum sulphate was 400 g/m2 regardless of the density adopted. The use of aluminum sulfate doses evaluated did not influence the broiler performance, which was negatively affected by the increase in the density. A significant effect of the interaction (P = 0.0094) was verified for carcass yield. The affective test showed that aluminum sulfate didnt influence consumers acceptability for chicken meat. The economic analysis showed that the contribution margin increased when the stocking was 9 birds/m2 since the lot weight is higher. (EII) Application of alum to the litter lowered pH values and consequently ammonia volatilization, moreover the low crude protein and phytase reduced this traits too. Aluminum sulfate (1.568 g/m2) reduces ammonia emissions and consequently nitrogen losses from litter. Valuing poultry manure as organic fertilizer allows the better decision in relation to the quantity to be applied to the crop, promoting economic and environmental benefits. It was concluded that the inclusion of phytase (1,000 FTU/kg of feed), influences chicken meat color characteristics, and improved meat tenderness in the perception of untrained panelists. The use of 1,568 grams of aluminum sulphate per m2 decreased the marketing margin, inflating production costs. In addition, it can be concluded that different nutritional strategies did not present differences in the margins of commercialization, indicating the economic feasibility in the use of nutritional tools to maintain the environmental impact of poultry production.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael D. Tokach / Eleven experiments using 5,434 growing-finishing pigs were performed in addition to the development of a model to predict dietary NE that yields the greatest economic benefit. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary phytogenics on growth and carcass performance of growing-finishing pigs. The addition of the combination of two phytogenics products (EOM 1+2) to diets improved ADFI, HCW, and carcass ADG. However, there was no evidence for treatment differences for growth or carcass performance in a second study. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with and without Ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, whereas increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio above 20% improved growth and carcass performance when diets contained RAC, pigs fed SID Trp:Lys ratios above 20% in diets without RAC had reduced growth and carcass performance. Contrary in Exp. 2, pigs fed increasing SID Trp:Lys in diet containing RAC did not provide further performance benefits. Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum dietary SID Lys and CP concentrations in finishing pigs over 100 kg. The SID Lys requirement to obtain 100% of maximum response was 0.55 to 0.63% depending on the response variable. Growth and carcass performance was maximized in diets containing at least 12% dietary CP. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of SBM concentration and whether dEB, choline, or K are the reasons that performance is reduced when pigs over 100 kg BW are fed low CP diets. Performance was reduced as SBM concentration was reduced in the diet. Choline, K, and dEB do not appear to be the reason that performance is reduced when SBM concentration is decreased in low CP diets fed to pigs over 100 kg BW. A Microsoft Excel®-based model to predict the value of dietary NE that yields the greatest economic return to the production system was developed. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted to incorporate the impact of NDF on carcass yield in the model.

This research was conducted in order to enable primary producers to maximize the use of cheap roughage sources while still maintaining body weight during dry winter months when the crude protein (CP) content of roughage sources are at a minimum. The data obtained from this study will give an economic advantage when formulating supplements to be used during this time of the year. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum level of non-protein-nitrogen (NPN) and fermentable metabolizable energy (FME) to increase microbial protein synthesis, optimize rumen fermentation and increase digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in sheep fed on poor quality forages. A metabolic trial was conducted where intake of DM, organic matter (OM), NDF and CP was recorded; rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was recorded as well as rumen pH over the different treatments. Microbial protein synthesis was determined by analysing purine derivatives in the urine. An in situ trial was also done to determine changes in ruminal digestibility of DM and NDF on different treatments. Five treatments were used. Treatment 1 consisted of NPN and FME balanced according to the NRC (2007) requirements for a 50kg whether, and served as a control. Treatment. Treatment 2 consisted 15% less NPN than control but the same amount of FME than control while treatment 3 consisted 15% more NPN than the control but the same amount of FME as the control treatment. Treatment 4 consisted of 15% less FME, but the same amount of NPN, than the control treatment, while treatment 5 consisted of 15% more FME, but the same amount of NPN than the control treatment. A 5 x 5 Latin square design was used in this study. Five Merino wethers were allowed to adapt to supplements which were infused directly into the rumen at 9:00 and 15:30 every day. After adaptation animals were placed in individual metabolic crates for three and given three day to adapt to crate environment. After the initial three days the sampling period commenced. Results obtained indicated that treatment had no effect on DM, OM, NDF and water intake but intake of CP was significantly increased for treatment 3 when compared to treatment 2. When intake of DM, OM, NDF and CP, related to metabolic bodyweight (W0.75) was calculated, treatment 5 resulted in lower intake of both water and NDF as compared to treatment 4. Differences between levels of FME and NPN in this study was insufficient to have an influence on DMD, OMD or NDFD however, CP degradability was increased for treatment 3 and treatment 5. Ruminal pH was unaffected by treatment. Increased levels of NH3-N for treatment 3 when compared to treatment 1 and 2, was observed. Both treatments 2 and 5 resulted significant decreases in rumen NH3-N. Treatments had no effect on the proportions of VFA produced or on the Acetate to Propionate produced ratio. Treatment 3 caused an improvement in CP an N balance when compared to treatment 1 and 2. Treatment 3, when compared to treatment 1 and 2, lead to an increase in N balance/kgW0.75. Treatment 5 caused a higher microbial protein synthesis in contrast to treatment 4. Results from the in situ trial showed a decreased a-value (solubility) for the NDF fraction of treatment 3 when compared to treatment 2. The rate of degradability (c) of both DM and NDF was increased for treatment 2 compared with treatment 3. The b, ED and PD values showed no response to treatment. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Joe D. Hancock / Six experiments were completed to determine factors influencing the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for nursery and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 105 nursery pigs were fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets with CP concentrations of 22.5, 25, and 27.5%. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by increasing CP (P > 0.19). In Exp. 2, 105 nursery pigs were fed excess CP from SBM and DDGS. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F for pigs fed the control diet were not different from those fed the high CP treatments (P > 0.12). However, pigs fed the DDGS treatment had lower G:F than pigs fed the corn-soy diet with similar CP content (P < 0.04). For Exp. 3, 176 finishing pigs were fed diets with CP concentrations increasing from 12 to 18%. Increasing CP had no effect (P > 0.20) on ADG, ADFI, G:F, and hot carcass weight (HCW). For Exp. 4, 180 finishing pigs were fed excess dietary CP from SBM and DDGS. Pigs fed diets with high CP had lower ADG, ADFI, and HCW, but these results were caused by the diet with 40% DDGS (SBM vs DDGS, P < 0.001). For Exp. 5, 224 nursery pigs were used to determine the effects of extrusion processing on the nutritional value of DDGS. Overall ADG and ADFI were greater for pigs fed the corn-soy control compared to the DDGS treatments (P < 0.02). Extruding the DDGS did not improve ADG or G:F (P > 0.11), but DM and GE digestibility were greater for diets with extruded DDGS vs. unprocessed DDGS (P < 0.04). In Exp. 6, 200 finishing pigs were fed DDGS-based diets formulated for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids. Feeding DDGS lowered ADG (P < 0.09) and ADFI (P < 0.05). Formulating for ME, NE, and digestible amino acids needs improved ADG and G:F (P < 0.002) to that of the corn-soy control diet. In conclusion, moderate excesses of dietary CP does not impact growth performance. Also, extruding DDGS can improve the nutritional value of diets for nursery pig and formulating for ME, NE and digestible amino acid needs can improve growth performance of finishing pigs fed diets with high levels of DDGS.

Foram avaliados o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte, machos e fêmeas, com diferentes pesos iniciais, e com diferentes relações energia metabolizável:proteína bruta na dieta. Foram empregadas 640 aves de cada sexo, criadas até 48 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, sendo empregados dois níveis de peso de pintos de 01 dia (38g e 46g) e dois níveis de relação EM:PB (Alto - 149,8; 174,4 e; 194,4 e, Baixo - 130,0; 150,0 e; 166,7, para ração inicial, crescimento e final, respectivamente) totalizando assim 4 tratamentos, cada um com 4 repetições de 40 aves. Foram avaliados o Consumo de Ração (CR), Ganho de Peso (GP), Conversão Alimentar (CA) e Mortalidade (Mort), nos períodos de 1 a 21 dias, 1 a 35 dias, e 1 a 48 dias de idade, e rendimento de carcaça e de cortes (asa, coxa+sobrecoxa, peito, cabeça, pé e dorso), no final do período experimental. Nas variáveis consumo de ração e ganho de peso, tanto para os machos quanto para as fêmeas, não foram observados efeitos significativos (P>0,05) em nenhum dos tratamentos e períodos. Para a mortalidade, houve efeito significativo apenas para as fêmeas (P>0,05), no período de 1 a 21 dias onde as aves de peso inicial leve, recebendo dietas com relação EM:PB alta apresentaram maior mortalidade (%). Foi observado efeito significativo na CA em machos (P<0,05), tanto no período de 1 a 35 dias quanto no período de 1 a 48 dias, onde as aves alimentadas com dietas contendo Rel EM:PB Alta apresentaram melhor CA. Para as fêmeas, observou-se efeito significativo para CA (P<0,05) no período de 1 a 35 dias de idade onde as aves alimentadas com a dieta com Relação EM:PB baixa apresentaram pior conversão alimentar, independente do peso inicial. Os machos que receberam dietas com Rel. EM:PB alta apresentaram significativamente (P<0,05) maior porcentagem de gordura abdominal, não sendo observado efeito nas fêmeas. Este resultado foi mais acentuado nas aves com peso inicial leve. Não foi observada diferença significativa em machos (P>0,05) para os tratamentos em relação ao rendimento de cortes. Por outro lado houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) para fêmeas com maior peso inicial, que apresentaram melhor porcentagem de rendimento quando receberam dietas com relação EM:PB alta. Pode-se concluir que o peso inicial dos pintos não influenciou nos resultados e que, rações com relação EM:PB baixa possibilita uma menor taxa de gordura abdominal, resultando em uma maior taxa de carne magra na carcaça, o que é vantajoso para o mercado consumidor e para o produtor no que diz respeito ao custo-benefício. / It was evaluated the broiler\'s performance and yeld of carcass, male and female, with differents initial weights, and with differents relationship metabolizable enerfy:crude protein in the diet. A completely randomized trial was applied, in factorial outline 2x2, with two levels of chicks\' weight (39g and 46g) and two levels of relationship ME:CP (High - 149,8; 174,4 e; 194,4 and, Low - 130,0; 150,0 e; 166,7, for the initial, growth and end ration, respectively), totalizing 4 treatments, each one of them with 4 repetitions of 40 chicks, ranging until 48 days of age. There were evaluated the Feed Intake (FI), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Conversion (FC) and Mortality, during all the experimental period and, performance and yield of carcass in the end of the experimental period. Feed intake and weight gain didn\'t show significant effect (P>0,05), in any treatments or periods, in the both sex. Mortality showed significant difference (P<0,05), where the low initial weight broilers fed with High Relationship ME:CP ration showed larger mortality, during the 1 to 21 days of age. FC showed significant difference (P<0,05) in males, where the broilers fed with High relationship ME:CP showed a better FC, during 1 to 35 days and 1 to 48 days of age. However, in females, there was significant difference (P<0,05) at the FC, when the broilers were fed with Low Relationship ME:CP ration and showed the worst result, independent of the initial weight, during the 1 to 35 days of age. There was significant difference abdominal fat (P<0,05), where the males broilers fed with high relationship ME:CP showed larger percentage of abdominal fat, during 1 to 35 days and 1 to 48 days of age. This result was more visible in chicks with low initial weight. Abdominal fat wasn\'t significant (P>0.05) in females. Yield carcass didn\'t show significant difference (P>0.05) in male broilers but, the female broilers there was significant effect (P<0,05), where the high initial weight broilers fed with High Relationship ME:CP ration showed better results. So, it is possible to conclude that the initial weight didn\'t influence the results and, the low relationship ME:CP ration makes possible a smaller percentage of abdominal fat, resulting in a larger percentage of thin meat in the carcass, what is an advantage for the consumer market and for the producer in what about cost-benefit.