Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The pollution from anthropic activities has produced a pronounced alteration in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, because of the position that they occupy in the landscape, limnic environments are susceptible to receive large amounts of pollutants, such as pesticides. This factors combined with the low capability of dilution enhance the harmful effects of toxic substances to the organisms within this habitat. Moreover, the increasing temperature, consequence of global climatic changes, also has a direct and indirect influence on ecological studies, once it affects especially ectothermic organisms which live within continental water bodies. The decrease of water’s oxygen, generally associated with a higher temperature, for example, is responsible for the lower quality of some aquatics habitats, threatening more sensitive organisms. The pollution and variations of temperature have restricted the habitat of many species of crustaceans of the genus Aegla to water springs since they prefer clean and well-oxygenated waters. These variables have influenced the metabolism and behavior of Aegla and might modify its oxidative state and consequently the survival of this species in case of environment alteration. In this way, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of temperature variation, water quality and the oxygen concentration under behavioral and oxidative stress parameters (using biomarkers) on gills, hepatopancreas and muscles of Aegla longirostri. Thus, animals were exposed to 18ºC, 21°C, 24°C and 26ºC for 48 hours under laboratory conditions; analysis of behavior’s feedback, lethality and antioxidant defense system were made. Beyond, we verified the alterations in the antioxidant system induced by moderated (2.5 ppm OD) and severe (1.5 ppm OD) hypoxia and different qualities of water (Anthropized and natural) and also the behavioral responses and lethality. The increase of temperature has affected significantly not just the behavioral response, but also the levels of almost all the antioxidants tested in different tissues. We have demonstrated that the variation of temperature, even in a short-term experiment, can induce an alteration of behavior both on activity and reaction’s time of the crustaceans. The antioxidant activity in animals exposed to moderate and severe hypoxia have increased in relation to those who had constant oxygenation. These results demonstrate that the animals need well-oxygenated waters to survive, and a lower oxygenation affected their antioxidant system and consequently the survival, which could have an impact on populations of A. longirostri. Worst quality waters have the potential of changing the behavior, by decreasing activity at night, which could compromise foraging behavior, for example. It is evident, by the increase in activity and level of most biomarkers evaluated, that these animals are sensitive to the presence of pesticides even in very small quantities. / A poluição consequente de atividades antrópicas tem causado alteração dos ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos. Porém, devido a posição que ocupam na paisagem, ambientes límnicos estão propensos a receber grandes cargas de poluentes, como por exemplo pesticidas. Isto, aliado a menor capacidade de diluição, potencializa os efeitos nocivos de substâncias tóxicas aos organismos que ali habitam. Além disso, a temperatura em ascendência, reflexo da alteração climática global, também exerce influência direta e indireta em estudos ecológicos, uma vez que afeta especialmente organismos ectotérmicos que vivem em corpos d’água continentais. A diminuição de oxigênio na água, geralmente associada à temperatura mais alta, por exemplo, é responsável pela baixa qualidade de alguns habitats aquáticos, ameaçando organismos mais sensíveis. A poluição e variações na temperatura têm restringido o hábitat de muitas espécies de crustáceos do gênero Aegla às nascentes, visto que possuem preferência por água límpida e bem oxigenada. Estas variáveis influenciam o metabolismo e o comportamento de Aegla, podendo alterar o estado oxidativo e consequentemente a sobrevivência desta espécie caso seu ambiente seja alterado. Desta forma, avaliaram-se os efeitos da variação de temperatura, da qualidade da água e da concentração de oxigênio sob parâmetros comportamentais e de estresse oxidativo (através de biomarcadores) em brânquias, hepatopâncreas e músculo de Aegla longirostri. Os animais foram expostos, em condições laboratoriais, a temperaturas de 18ºC, 21°C, 24°C e 26ºC durante 48 horas; foram analisadas as respostas comportamentais, letalidade e o sistema de defesa antioxidante no crustáceo de água doce A. longirostri. Além disso, verificamos as alterações no sistema antioxidante induzidas por hipóxia moderada (2,5 ppm OD) e grave (1,5 ppm OD) e em águas de diferentes qualidades (antropizadas e naturais) e também as respostas comportamentais e a letalidade. O aumento da temperatura afetou significativamente não só a resposta comportamental, mas também os níveis de quase todos os antioxidantes testados em A. longirostri em diferentes tecidos. Nós demonstramos que a variação na temperatura, mesmo em um experimento a curto prazo, é capaz de induzir uma alteração no comportamento de atividade e no tempo de reação dos crustáceos. A atividade antioxidante em animais expostos à hipóxia moderada e grave aumentou em relação àqueles com oxigenação constante. Esses resultados demonstram que esses animais realmente exigem águas bem oxigenadas para sobreviver e que uma menor oxigenação afetaria o seu sistema antioxidante e consequentemente a sua sobrevivência, podendo assim impactar as populações de A. longirostri. Águas antropizadas têm o potencial de alterar o comportamento desses eglídeos, diminuindo sua atividade durante à noite, podendo comprometer o seu comportamento de forrageio, por exemplo. Além disso, fica evidente, através do aumento da atividade e do nível da maioria dos biomarcadores avaliados, que esses animais são sensíveis à presença de pesticidas mesmo que estes estejam presentes em quantidades muito pequenas.

Overlooked for a long time, wood falls on the deep oceanic floor are now recognized as extreme, reducing ecosystems based on chemosynthesis, in the same way that hydrothermal vent, cold seeps and whale falls with which they share important physicochemical and faunistic similarities. In these ecosystems, bacterial chemosynthesis using reduced compounds (H2S, CH4) and/or digestion of refractory organic compounds (cellulose and lignin in wood, organic matrix of bone) by heterotrophic bacteria play an essential trophic role, and appear to promote establishment of mutualistic symbioses between bacteria and metazoans for the exploitation of environmental resources. Beyond the description of the taxonomic composition of fauna associated with these sites, current studies aim to understand the functioning and evolutionary links of these ecosystems. Digestive and/or chemoautotrophic associations with microorganisms that could be the key to survive in these habitats have been described in a number of molluscs and annelids but only few crustaceans. The latter distinguish from the other groups by the fact they do not realize intracellular symbioses (endosymbioses) but mainly carry ectosymbioses on their integument (epidermis and cuticle) even in the digestive tract that is partly lined by epidermis (in stomodeum and proctodeum). Moreover, up to now, nothing was known about crustaceans from deep-sea wood falls, their feeding habits and associations with microorganisms. The present work focused on the crustaceans and especially 15 species of decapods from wood falls in the South Pacific Ocean. The specimens were recovered during several French cruises (Salomon2, BOA1, SantoBOA, SalomonBOA3) organized near the Vanuatu, Solomon Island and New Caledonia by the Muséum National dHistoire Naturelle of Paris. The investigation of the feeding biology and microbial associations of the decapod species combined three complementary approaches : 1) a morphological approach using light and electron microscopy to describe the external and gut structures as well as the gut content and microflora, 2) a trophic approach based on stable isotopes analyses (C and N) together with the nature of the gut content and 3) a molecular approach based on 16S rRNA gene analyses and FISH labeling to identify and locate the bacteria in the gut content (ingested bacteria) and on the gut lining (resident bacteria or symbionts). Taxonomic identification and morphological observations of the species provided a first non-exhaustive inventory of the best represented decapod species in wood accumulations in the deep South Pacific and point out three interesting informations. 1) Most decapods from the sunken woods belong to Reptantia. 2) Some species (e.g. Munidopsis spp.) belong to deep sea taxa and exhibit typical characteristics while others (e.g. Xylopagurus) much more resemble shallow-water species, indicating that the colonization of wood falls by decapods may have occurred from both deep and coastal habitats. 3) Association degree with sunken wood could be important for some species that appear endemic (e.g. Pylochelidae, Xylopagurus) or which probably have their complete life cycle on wood falls (most of the gravid females having big eggs with a direct larval development). From a trophic point of view, morphological observations of the digestive system, examinations of gut contents and stable isotope analyses carried out on 15 species, allow us to classify the decapod crustacean from deep-sea sunken woods into two major groups, detritivores and predators/scavengers, and four trophic guilds (trophic levels) depending on two primary food sources, the wood and the particulate organic matrix (marine snow). The four guilds were identified as bacteriovorous detritivores (M. nitida, M. pilosa, M. bispinoculata, Munidopsis sp.1), xylophagous detritivores (M. andamanica, R. amboinensis), omnivores (X. caledonicus) and predators/scavengers (pylochelid species, Munida spp, Axiidae sp.1, M. cylindrophthalma). A fifth guild could be represented by limivorous detritivores (C. acutirostella, Alpheidae sp.1). This breaks with the widespread idea that decapod crustaceans from wood falls are all scavengers or predators. In addition, these results have evidenced of some special dietary strategies and highlight the importance of xylophagous decapods in the ecosystem, by their mechanical degradation of the substrate and their production of feces which should enrich the sediment and have a significant impact on the composition of wood and sediment microbiota (bacteria and fungi). Microscopic observations also allowed us to identify potentially symbiotic associations with resident (and transient) microorganisms (bacteria and/or trichomycetes) in the hindgut of five detritivorous species. Owing that, three of these species have a wood-based diet (M. andamanica, M. nitida, R. amboinensis) and considering the location of these microflora, it is strongly suggested that the resident microorganisms are directly related to the xylophagous diet of the host and most particularly involved in the digestion of wood. More detailed in two xylophagous species, M. andamanica and R. amboinensis, not only these microflora can be distinguished on the basis of their morphology, location and probable genetic differences but also by their roles and involvement in the digestion of the woody substrate. The digestive bacteria of M. andamanica could act as trophic intermediates while those of R. amboinensis probably only help in its digestion. From the stable isotopes ratio, it is likely that R. amboinensis directly assimilates the wood digestion products while M. andamanica feeds on wood with a trophic intermediate. Cloning and sequencing 16S rRNA gene from the gut bacteria of M. andamanica revealed its resident hindgut microflora is largely dominated by two phylotypes (OTUs) of possibly symbiotic bacteria that belong to Firmicutes and Alphaproteobacteria. Surprisingly, these OTUs are very close to gut bacteria isolated from a coastal thalassinid shrimp N. californiensis and from the Chinese crab E. sinensis. The results raise the question of the development and evolution of digestive symbioses in decapods and crustaceans in relation to the diet and/or adaptation to a special habitat, owing that among galatheid crabs the symbiotic relationships appear closer in certain species (M. andamanica) than in others (M. nitida, M. bispinoculata) and that similar differences appear between taxonomic groups. On the other hand, the genetic proximity of bacteria from distant crustacean species raise the question of an eventual co-evolution of linked hosts and symbionts contrasting with the permanent re-acquisition of symbionts from the medium.

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, represents an ecologically and economically important component of marine and estuarine ecosystems. In Florida, blue crab landings accounted for $9.6 million dollars during the 2010 fishing season. Accurate stock assessments for this valuable fishery are essential. Age is a critical biological component of accurate stock assessments; however, blue crabs and other crustaceans are especially difficult to age because of the complex nature of discrete growth. Biochemical extraction of an aging pigment, lipofuscin, was developed using blue crab eyestalks. The current study investigated the effects of freezing preservation on lipofuscin extracts and examined whether the extraction methodology, developed by Chesapeake Bay researchers, was useful for aging Tampa Bay blue crabs populations. Significant differences in lipofuscin index were found between samples frozen (2 weeks at -80°C) prior to analysis and those processed and assayed immediately (p < 0.001). Quarterly assays of the cohort of known-age individuals revealed a negative linear trend (y = -0.12x + 0.49, p < 0.001) in lipofuscin index over a 12-month period. This result suggests that extraction of lipofuscin is not appropriate for age determination of Florida blue crabs. Investigations into possible causes of the negative trend in lipofuscin suggest this method deserves further examination and refinement before it is acceptable as a reliable method for age determination in Florida blue crabs. Growth data of the known-age population collected during this study revealed that blue crabs in Tampa Bay can reach exploitable size in under sixth months and female crabs can reach sexual maturity within seven months of hatching. These growth patterns have the potential to enhance future Florida stock assessments.

<p>The focus of this dissertation is the extension of the innate immune response in wound healing and non-wound healing contexts. I am interested in interactions at the interface between macroorganisms and microorganisms from marine/aqueous environments. This dissertation explored two aspects of the interactions: 1) the presence and function of macroorganism secretions and 2) the role of secretions in managing microfouling on macroorganism surfaces. Particularly of interest are how barriers are biochemically reinforced to mitigate microfouling and the potential consequences of a breach in those barriers. The innate immune response, an evolutionary conserved system in vertebrates and invertebrates, provides an evolutionary context for developing the hypotheses. </p><p>In this dissertation the biochemical composition and uses of crustacean secretions are explored for barnacles, fiddler crabs and blue crabs. Fluids of interest were secretions released during barnacle settlement and metamorphosis and those collected from living adult barnacles, fluids on fiddler crab sensory appendages including dactyl washings and buccal secretions, and fluids from blue crab egg masses. The biochemical composition was determined using a combination of fluorescent probes and confocal microscopy, proteomics, and enzyme-specific substrates with a spectrophotometer. </p><p>I demonstrated that self-wounding is inherent to the critical period of settlement and metamorphosis, in barnacles. Wounding occurs during cuticle expansion and organization and generates proteinaceous secretions, which function as a secondary mode of attachment that facilitates the transition to a sessile juvenile. I showed extensive proteomic evidence for components of all categories of the innate immune response, especially coagulation and pathogen defense during attachment and metamorphosis. This work provides insight into wound healing mechanisms that facilitate coagulation of proteinaceous material and expands the knowledge of potential glue curing mechanisms in barnacles. </p><p>In order to test macroorganism secretions in a non-wound healing context, I examined fluids sampled from body parts that macroorganisms must keep free of microorganisms. I showed that two types of decapod crustaceans can physically manage microorganisms on most parts of their body, but certain parts are particularly sensitive or difficult to clean mechanically. I examined sensory regions on the fiddler crab, including dactyls that are important for chemoreception and the buccal cavity that is used to remove microorganisms from sand particles, and blue crab egg mass fluids that protect egg masses from fouling through embryo development. </p><p>This dissertation explores organismal interactions across scales in size, space, and time. The findings from the barnacle work inform mechanisms of attachment and glue curing, both central to understanding bioadhesion. The work on fiddler crabs and blue crabs contributes to our understanding of chemoreception of feeding and reproductive behaviors.</p><p>The work presented here highlights how biological secretions from macroorganisms serve multifaceted roles. In cases of physical breaches of barriers, or wounding, secretions coagulate to obstruct loss of hemolymph and have antimicrobial capabilities to prevent infection by microorganisms. In non-wounding cases, secretions remove microorganisms from surfaces, whether that is on the body of the macroorganism or in the immediate environment.</p> / Dissertation

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No. of bitstreams: 1 mota_acr_me_svic.pdf: 2255639 bytes, checksum: 7309d22b13dde72f7ce71c534d028c64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Acidificação oceânica, processo resultante das emissões de gás carbônico (CO2) na atmosfera pelas atividades de natureza antrópica, vem causando nas últimas décadas uma modificação no equilíbrio químico do sistema bicarbonato/carbonato e consequentemente uma diminuição do pH dos oceanos. Estimativas apontam que esta diminuição pode ser de 0,7 unidades até ano de 2300, o que pode afetar o crescimento, reprodução e até mesmo a sobrevivência das espécies. Nesse sentido, são necessários estudos que avaliem o impacto da acidificação oceânica ao nível fisiológico e molecular nas diferentes espécies marinhas. O siri Callinectes danae é um importante recurso ecológico e econômico da Região da Baixada Santista e habitante de diferentes faixas de salinidade. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da acidificação oceânica no siri C. danae sobre um conjunto de parâmetros fisiológicos (consumo de oxigênio, excreção de amônia, razão O:N, índice hepatossomático e capacidade osmo-e ionorregulatória da hemolinfa), e a expressão gênica da Na+/K+- ATPase, enzima importante no processo de osmorregulação e equilíbrio ácido base. Os animais foram mantidos em diferentes salinidades (20, 25, 30, 35 e 40) e nos pHs 8,0 (controle) e 7,3 (acidificado) por um período de três e trinta dias. Foi observado aumento no consumo de oxigênio nas salinidades 25 (3 dias), 20 e 40 (30 dias) provavelmente devido a uma maior necessidade energética para a manutenção de sistemas relacionado a regulação ácido-base. Também foi observada depressão metabólica na salinidade de 30 (30dias). A excreção de amônia sofreu redução nas salinidades 30 (3 dias), 25, 30 e 35 (30 dias) possivelmente devido a competição entre os transportadores Na+/H+ e Na+/NH+4. O índice hepatossomático teve aumento nas salinidades de 30 (3 dias) e 40 (30 dias) devido a uma possível necessidade acumulo de reservas em situações estressantes. O substrato energético e o padrão osmorregulatório permaneceram inalterados em todos os tratamentos. Já a concentração de Cl- e Na+ foram reduzidas nas salinidades de 25 e 35 (30dias), provavelmente devido a alguma alteração nos seus transportadores. Molecularmente, foi observada uma regulação da expressão da Na+/K+ ATPase, com diminuição nas salinidades de 35 e 40 (3 dias), e posterior aumento no período de 30 dias. O trabalho foi o primeiro a avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos e moleculares de C.danae em diferentes salinidades. Os animais que permaneceram por mais tempo sobre a exposição de alta pCO2 são mais afetados negativamente do que os animais que foram expostos em 3 dias. As alterações observadas podem indicar que apesar de C. danae ser um animal eurialino e habitar diferentes ambientes, a acidificação oceânica pode alterar seus padrões fisiológicos e moleculares, tirando os organismos de sua homeostase, tendo consequências no crescimento, no desenvolvimento e na distribuição da espécie. / Oceanic acidification, a process resulting from the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere by activities of anthropic nature, has been causing in recent decades a change in the chemical balance of the bicarbonate / carbonate system and consequently a decrease in the pH of the oceans. Estimates indicate that this decrease can be 0.7 units per year of 2300, which can affect the growth, reproduction and even survival of the species. In this sense, studies are needed to evaluate the impact of oceanic acidification on physiological and molecular levels in different marine species. The Callinectes danae crab is an important ecological and economic resource of the Region of the Baixada Santista and inhabitant of different ranges of salinity. The present study evaluated the effects of ocean acidification on C. danae crab on a set of physiological parameters (oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, O: N ratio, hepatosomatic index and osmo-and ionoregulatory capacity of hemolymph), and gene expression of Na + / K + - ATPase, an important enzyme in the process of osmoregulation and acid base balance. The animals were kept at different salinities (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40) and at pHs 8.0 (control) and 7.3 (acidified) for a period of three and thirty days. It was observed an increase in the oxygen consumption in salinities 25 (3 days), 20 and 40 (30 days) probably due to a greater energy requirement for the maintenance of systems related to acid-base regulation. Metabolic depression was also observed at the salinity of 30 (30 days). Ammonia excretion decreased in salinities 30 (3 days), 25, 30 and 35 (30 days) possibly due to competition between Na + / H + and Na + / NH + 4 transporters. The hepatosomatic index had an increase in salinities of 30 (3 days) and 40 (30 days) due to a possible accumulation of reserves in stressful situations. The energy substrate and the osmoregulatory pattern remained unchanged in all treatments. However, the Cl- and Na + concentrations were reduced at the salinity of 25 and 35 (30 days), probably due to some changes in their transporters. Molecularly, a regulation of Na + / K + ATPase expression was observed, with a decrease in salinities of 35 and 40 (3 days), and a subsequent increase in the period of 30 days. The work was the first to evaluate the physiological and molecular parameters of C.danae in different salinities. Animals that remained longer on exposure to high pCO2 are more negatively affected than animals that were exposed in 3 days. The observed changes may indicate that although C. danae is an eurialan animal and inhabits different environments, ocean acidification can alter its physiological and molecular patterns, taking organisms out of their homeostasis, having consequences on the growth, development and distribution of the species .

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MELO, Marlon Aguiar. Desenvolvimento e morfologia funcional dos estômagos de larvas e pós-larvas dos crustáceos Decapoda. 2005. 88 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centor de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2005 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T12:22:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mamelo.pdf: 4901162 bytes, checksum: 30994437a546e54ea58000b86b7c52d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T12:23:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mamelo.pdf: 4901162 bytes, checksum: 30994437a546e54ea58000b86b7c52d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T12:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mamelo.pdf: 4901162 bytes, checksum: 30994437a546e54ea58000b86b7c52d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Food is considered critical for the successful culture of decapod larvae. Information on the development of larval mouthparts and foregut have contributed for identification of suitable foods and for rearing conditions to enhance survival and growth during the larval progress. The development of foregut structure and digestive function was examined in Litopenaeus vannamei, Lepidophthalmus siriboia, Callichirus major, Petrolisthes armatus, Sesarma curacaoense and S. rectum larvae and post larvae. The protozoeal foregut of L. vannamei is simple, lacking cardio-pyloric valve and rudimental filter press. In mysis, the filter press is developed and become functional. In the juvenile, groove and small lateral teeth arise. In L. siriboia, the zoeal foreguts have no apparently feeding function. But, the megalopa and juvenile have a complex foregut, with gastric mill well developed. The zoeal stages of P. armatus, S. curacaoense and S. rectum have a functional cardio-pyloric valve and filter press. The megalopa and juvenile stages of these species have an adult-type gastric mill. In C. major, the foregut of the zoeae is specialized, with appearance of some rigid structures, but no gastric mill was found. This calcified structure arises in megalopa and grows on the juvenile stage. The morphological features exhibited in each larval stage suggest the following food types in agreement with the capacity of processing of the foregut: gelatinous (microalgae) for the protozoeal stage; flexible (nauplii of Artemia and rotifers) for the zoeal and mysis stages; and flexible or hard (zooplancton, polychaets and mollusks) for megalopa and juvenile I. The foregut structure was also compared to other Decapoda and the relationship between morphology and feeding behavior was discussed / O conhecimento sobre o correto regime alimentar das larvas e póslarvas dos crustáceos Decapoda é considerado essencial para o sucesso no cultivo larval. Informações sobre o desenvolvimento e morfologia dos apêndices bucais e estômago destes crustáceos têm auxiliado na identificação de alimentos e condições de cultivo satisfatórias para o aumento da sobrevivência e do crescimento durante o desenvolvimento larval. O desenvolvimento da estrutura do estômago e da função digestiva foram examinados em larvas e pós-larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei, Lepidophthalmus siriboia, Callichirus major, Petrolisthes armatus, Sesarma curacaoense e S. rectum. O estômago do protozoea de L. vannamei é muito simples, sem válvula cárdio-pilórica e filtro pilórico rudimentar. Nos misis, o filtro pilórico se torna funcional. No juvenil I surgem calhas e dentes laterais pouco desenvolvidos. Em L. siriboia, os estômagos dos zoeae estão aparentemente despreparados para alimentação. No megalopa e juvenil I o estômago se torna complexo, com moinho gástrico. Nos zoeae de P. armatus, S. curacaoense e S. rectum, os estômagos possuem válvula cárdio-pilórica e filtro pilórico morfologicamente funcionais e nos estágios megalopa e juvenil I o moinho gástrico é complexo. Em C. major, os estômagos dos zoeae se mostram especializados exibindo algumas estruturas rígidas, mas não apresentam moinho gástrico. Esta estrutura surge no megalopa e juvenil I. A partir das características morfológicas presentes em cada estágio larval sugerem-se os seguintes tipos de alimento de acordo com a capacidade de processamento do estômago: gelatinoso (microalgas) para os protozoeae; flexível (náuplios de Artemia e rotíferos) para os zoeae e misis; e flexível e rígido (zooplâncton, poliquetas, moluscos) para megalopa e juvenil I. A organização dos estômagos é comparada entre outros representantes dos Decapoda e a relação entre a morfologia e o hábito alimentar é discutida

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Maria Izabel Souza Camargo / Coorientador: Adriane C. Araújo Braga / Banca: Daniela Carvalho dos Santos / Banca: Aparecida do Carmo Zerbo Tremacoldi / Banca: Karina Ribeiro / Banca: Tatiana da Silva Souza / Resumo: O hepatopâncreas dos crustáceos, também conhecido como glândula digestiva, passa por modificações morfo-funcionais em resposta a fatores como dieta, variações de temperatura, ciclo de muda, estágio reprodutivo e contaminação. Este trabalho objetivou analisar, morfologicamente, através de técnicas de microscopia eletrônica e de luz, o hepatopâncreas de fêmeas adultas do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, em dois diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento gonadal, coletadas em Guarapari, Espírito Santo, Brasil, bem como relacionar esta espécie às condições ambientais, comparativamente ao camarão Xiphopenaeus kroyeri. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura evidenciou hepatopâncreas de tamanhos semelhantes nas fêmeas com gônadas desenvolvidas (DE) e naquelas esgotadas (ES), apresentando-se como um órgão não-lobado e recoberto por tecido conjuntivo com poros. Histologicamente, foram identificados cinco tipos celulares nos túbulos: células E (embrionárias), R (reabsortivas), F (fibrilares), B (vesiculares) e M (basais). Comparado às DE, o epitélio hepatopancreático das fêmeas ES mostrou-se mais escamoso, acidófilo, delimitando um amplo lúmen que contem partes das células B e R; nestas, ainda, as células M estiveram mais evidentes. As células R mostraram escassez em organelas, mitocôndrias apicais, vacúolos marcados para polissacarídeos ácidos, além de gotas lipídicas vistas principalmente nas fêmeas ES. As células F, fortemente marcadas pelo azul de bromofenol, apresentaram vesículas de secreção próximas às microvilosidades, retículo endoplasmático rugoso bem desenvolvido, em arranjo circular ou com cisternas dilatadas. As células B foram marcadas pela presença de grandes corpos digestivos com conteúdo polissacarídico neutro, sendo eliminado, posteriormente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The hepatopancreas of crustaceans, also known as the digestive gland, undergoes morphological and functional changes in response to factors such as diet, temperature variations, moult cycle, reproductive stage and contamination. This study aimed to analyze, morphologically, by means of electron and light microscopies, the hepatopancreas of adult females of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis at two different stages of gonadal development, collected in the southern coast of Espirito Santo, Brazil, as well as to relate this species to the environmental conditions, compared to Xiphopenaeus kroyeri shrimp. The scanning electron microscopy revealed similar size in the hepatopancreas of females with developed gonads (DE) and those with exhausted gonads (ES). It presents as a non-lobed organ covered by connective tissue with pores. Histologically, five cell types were identified in tubules: E (embryonic), R (reabsorptive), F (fibrillar), B (vesicular) and M (basal). Compared to those DE females, the hepatopancreas from ES females showed a more flattened epithelium, acidophilus and delimiting a large lumen which contains parts of R and B cells; in these, also, the M cells were more evident. R cells showed shortage in organelles, apical mitochondria, vacuoles marked for acid polysaccharides, and lipid droplets seen mainly in female ES. F cells were strongly marked by bromophenol blue and presented secretory vesicles near the microvilli, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in circular arrangement, or even with dilated cistern. B cells were marked by the presence of large digestive bodies with neutral polysaccharide content, being later eliminated inside the tubular lumen. The observed features also allowed us to infer the possible stages of moult in which the shrimps were. Although some... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SaniaMBA_TESE.pdf: 2511848 bytes, checksum: 97413b8278096d3ff64cc7f5138841e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Chitin and chitosan are nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers produced by renewable natural sources with applications in diverse areas such as: agriculture, textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and biomaterials, such as gels, films and other polymeric membranes. Both have attracted greater interest of scientists and researchers as functional polymeric materials. In this context, the objective of this study was to take advantage of the waste of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei and Aristeus antennatus) and crabs (Ucides cordatus) from fairs, beach huts and restaurant in Natal/RN for the extraction of chitin and chitosan for the production of membranes by electrospinning process. The extraction was made through demineralization, deproteinization, deodorization and deacetylation. Morphological analyzes (SEM and XRD), Thermal analysis (TG and DTG), Spectroscopy in the Region of the Infrared with Transformed of Fourier (FTIR) analysis Calorimetry Differential Scanning (DSC) and mechanical tests for traction were performed. In (XRD) the semicrystalline structure of chitosan can be verified while the chitin had higher crystallinity. In the thermal analysis showed a dehydration process followed by decomposition, with similar behavior of carbonized material. Chitosan showed temperature of maximum degradation lower than chitin. In the analysis by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) the curves were coherent to the thermal events of the chitosan membranes. The results obtained with (DD) for chitosan extracted from Litopenaeus vannamei and Aristeus antennatus shrimp were (80.36 and 71.00%) and Ucides cordatus crabs was 74.65%. It can be observed that, with 70:30 solutions (v/v) (TFA/DCM), 60 and 90% CH3COOH, occurred better facilitate the formation of membranes, while 100:00 (v/v) (TFA/DCM) had formation of agglomerates. In relation to the monofilaments diameters of the chitosan membranes, it was noted that the capillary-collector distance of 10 cm and tensions of 25 and 30 kV contributed to the reduction of the diameters of membranes. It was found that the Young s modulus decreases with increasing concentration of chitosan in the membranes. 90% CH3COOH contributed to the increase in the deformation resulting in more flexible material. The membranes with 5% chitosan 70:30 (v/v) (TFA/DCM) had higher tensile strength / Quitina e quitosana s?o pol?meros at?xicos, biodegrad?veis e biocompat?veis produzidos por fontes naturais renov?veis com aplica??es em diversas ?reas como: agricultura, t?xtil, farmac?utica, cosm?ticos e biomateriais, tais como g?is, filmes, membranas polim?ricas entre outros. Ambas t?m despertando grande interesse de cientistas e pesquisadores como materiais polim?ricos funcionais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi aproveitar os res?duos de camar?es (Litopenaeus vannamei e Aristeus antennatus) e de caranguejos (Ucides cordatus) proveniente de feiras, barracas de praia e restaurantes em Natal/RN para extra??o de quitina, quitosana e produ??o de membranas pelo processo de eletrofia??o. A extra??o foi realizada a partir das etapas de desmineraliza??o, desproteiniza??o, desodoriza??o e desacetila??o. An?lises morfol?gicas (MEV e DRX), an?lises das propriedades t?rmicas (TG e DTG), an?lise por Espectroscopia na Regi?o do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), an?lise de Calorimetria Explorat?ria Diferencial (DSC) e ensaios mec?nicos por tra??o foram realizados. Na an?lise de DRX pode-se verificar a estrutura semicristalina da quitosana enquanto a quitina teve alta cristalinidade. As an?lises t?rmicas demonstraram um processo de desidrata??o seguido da decomposi??o com comportamento similar de material carbonizado. A quitosana apresentou temperaturas de m?xima degrada??o mais baixas do que a quitina. Na an?lise por Calorimetria Explorat?ria Diferencial (DSC) as curvas foram coerentes aos eventos t?rmicos das membranas de quitosana. Os resultados obtidos com (GD) para quitosana extra?da de camar?es Litopenaeus vannamei e Aristeus antennatus foram (80,36 e 71,00%) e caranguejos Ucides cordatus foi 74,65%. Pode-se perceber que, com solu??es 70:30 (v/v) (TFA/DCM), 60 e 90% CH3COOH, ocorreu melhor facilita??o na forma??o das membranas, enquanto em 100:00 (v/v) (TFA/DCM) houve forma??o de aglomerados. Em rela??o aos di?metros dos nanofilamentos das membranas de quitosana, percebeu-se que a dist?ncia capilar-coletor de 10 cm e tens?es de 25 e 30 kV contribu?ram para a redu??o dos di?metros das membranas. Quanto ao m?dulo de Young diminui com o aumento da concentra??o da quitosana nas membranas. 90% CH3COOH contribuiu para o aumento da deforma??o, sendo um material mais flex?vel. As membranas com 5% quitosana 70:30 (v/v) (TFA/DCM) apresentaram maior valor de resist?ncia ? tra??o