Aquaculture represents a sustainable alternative to natural fisheries for provision of high quality, animal protein. Crustaceans make a significant contribution to global aquaculture production, of which decapods are the most economically important group. Among freshwater crayfish, the genus Cherax includes several species that have emerged as important culture species. A suite of favourable biological attributes, including fast growth and an omnivorous feeding habit, have contributed to establishment of successful culture of Cherax quadricarinatus (redclaw) in many countries. Aspects of redclaw production, however, remain relatively undeveloped, in particular feed formulation. To better understand the digestive processes and nutritional requirements of redclaw, this study examined the relationship between diet composition and digestive enzyme activity, growth performance and diet digestibility coefficients. The extent to which redclaw can efficiently utilise complex polysaccharides, such as cellulose, has been speculated on by authors who reported endogenous cellulase activity in this species. I evaluated the use of insoluble α-cellulose by redclaw, demonstrated that high dietary levels (30%) can significantly reduce the specific activity of selected digestive enzymes (amylase and cellulase), while also lowering apparent digestibility coefficients. Inclusion of α-cellulose above 12% also significantly reduced survival rate, specific growth rate and feeding efficiency in this organism which corresponds with low tolerance for insoluble fibre by other decapods. Even though redclaw possess endogenous cellulases, they appear to have only a limited capacity to utilise insoluble fibre in their diets. Further, I assessed the impact of different nutrient profiles on digestive enzyme activity, growth and tail muscle composition in redclaw. Purified diets containing varying levels of dietary protein significantly affected activity of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and cellulase) and the composition of the tail muscle tissue. Redclaw have a relatively low protein requirement, which was reflected here, as little significant difference was observed in growth rates and the feed conversion ratio was only significantly affected by the lowest protein diet. Manipulation of the non-protein energy component in purified diets (protein to lipid ratio) had no effect on growth performance indices in redclaw. Digestive enzyme activity (protease) was however, strongly influenced by both the amount of protein and lipid in the diet and a significant correlation was observed between protease activity and growth performance indices. The findings here, provide preliminary data for consideration of digestive enzymes such as proteases as potential growth indicators for freshwater crayfish. These enzymes are already recognised as reliable biological indicators for comparison of digestive efficiency and potential growth rate in fish. The relationship between diet composition and digestive enzyme expression observed here, stress the need for further empirical evaluation of specific ingredients in artificial diets for redclaw. A range of single cell, plant and animal-based, agricultural products were assessed for their potential use in diets formulated for redclaw. Analysis of dietary supplements revealed that apparent digestibility of crude protein was generally higher for diets containing plant-based ingredients. A similar outcome was observed for digestibility coefficients of test ingredients. Ingredient type also had a significant effect on digestive enzyme activity. Importantly, a significant correlation was observed for enzyme activity and apparent digestibility coefficients. It appears that redclaw have the capacity to utilise nutrients from a broad range of dietary ingredients successfully including animal, single cell and in particular, plant matter in their diet. Taken together, the results presented here demonstrate that digestive enzyme activities in redclaw are significantly influenced by diet composition. I show clearly that the ability of redclaw to utilise various nutrients (measured as digestibility coefficients) is highly correlated with digestive enzyme activity. Finally, protease activity demonstrated a potential for use as an indicator of redclaw growth performance. The data presented here will contribute to development of better and cheaper feed formulations for use in redclaw aquaculture and have broader applications to freshwater crustacean culture. In particular, the potential for use of plant-based ingredients in aqua-feeds for redclaw will contribute to a more economically and environmentally sustainable redclaw culture.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrieneRMO_DISSERT.pdf: 2776947 bytes, checksum: eac0920fe69a73ef2e18a04825a246dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Melanosis in crustaceans consists on the formation of black spots, gathered mainly in the cephalothorax. While not harmful to consumers health, this condition affects the sensory characteristics of food, reducing shelf life and product quality, and originating financial losses. To avoid such loss, one of the most common practices amongst fishermen and farmers is to use sodium metabisulphite (SMS) or other sulfites to prevent melanosis from happening. However, use of these substances should be cautious, for they are often related to respiratory problems in humans. So, organic alternatives, such as extracts from plant, seeds, herbs and fungi have been investigated as substitutes to sulphites in preventing melanosis. Acerola fruit is rich in vitamin C and phenolic compounds, and has antioxidant potential above average among tropical fruits, which makes it a potential antimelanosic agent. This study was aimed at investigating acerola spotential on inhibiting the formation of melanosis and preserving the quality of white shrimp (L. vannamei) longer when compared to SMS, and observe the combined effect of antimelanosic treatments with Modified Atmosphere Packaging, as well. For suchpurpose, samples of shrimp underwent immersion baths in solutions of acerola and SMS for 10 minutes and werethen packed in air,MAP 1 (7N2:3CO2:1O2),MAP 2 (3N2:7CO2:1O2) and vacuum. Every three days, during 21 days, microbiological (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic count, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and Salmonella spp.), physico-chemical (TVB-N, TMA and pH) and sensory (QIM) analyses were performed. Of all sample groups packaged in atmospheric air, the one treated with SMS had shelf-life of 10.5 days, while those treated with acerola solution and the control were acceptable up until 12.3 and 14.6 days, respectively. Samples immersed in acerolasolution, and then packed in MAP 1, MAP 2 or vacuum had shelf lives of 11.6, 11.8, and 14.0 days, respectively, the samples treated with SMS became unacceptable after 16.7, 15.4, and 20.6 days of storage, simultaneously. In most analyses, however, no significant difference was found between treatments, indicating that immersion in acerola solution for 10 minutes inhibitsmelanosisas efficiently as SMS, yet future studies are needed to precisely define the antimelanosiceffect of acerola / A melanose em crustáceos consiste na formação de pigmentos enegrecidos, acumulados principalmente no cefalotórax desses animais. Apesar de não causar prejuízos à saúde dos consumidores, essa condição afeta as características sensoriais do alimento, reduzindo a vida de prateleira e a qualidade do produto, gerando perdas financeiras. Para evitar tais perdas, a medida mais comumente adotada por pescadores e produtores é a utilização de metabissulfito de sódio (MBS) ou outros sulfitos. No entanto, o uso dessas substâncias deve ser cauteloso, tendo em vista que são frequentemente relacionadas a problemas respiratórios em humanos. Então, alternativas orgânicas, como extratos de plantas, sementes, ervas e fungos têm sido pesquisados visando substituir os sulfitos na prevenção da melanose. A acerola é rica em vitamina C e compostos fenólicos, com potencial antioxidante acima da média entre as frutas tropicais, o que a torna um agente antimelanósico em potencial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a capacidade da acerola em inibir a formação da melanose e preservar a qualidadede camarões brancos (L. vannamei) por mais tempo, em comparação com o MBS, e observar o efeito combinado dos tratamentos antimelanósicos associados à Embalagem em Atmosfera Modificada. Para tanto, 96 amostras de camarão foram submetidas a banhos de imersão em soluções de acerola e de MBSdurante 10 minutos e embaladas em ar atmosférico, ATM 1 (7N2:3CO2:1O2), ATM2 (3N2:7CO2:1O2) e vácuo. A cada três dias (durante 21 dias) foram realizadas as análises microbiológicas (contagem total de mesófilas e psicrotróficas, estafilococos coagulase positiva e pesquisa de Salmonella spp.), físico-químicas (N-BVT, TMA e pH) e sensoriais (MIQ). Dos grupos amostrais embalados em ar atmosférico, o grupo tratado com MBS apresentou vida de prateleira de 10,5 dias, enquanto que o grupo tratado com acerola e o controle estavam aceitáveis até os dias 12,3 e 14,6, respectivamente. . Amostras submetidas a banho com solução de acerola e, em seguida embaladas em ATM 1, ATM 2 e vácuo, tiveram vidas de prateleira de 11,6; 11,8; e 14,0, respectivamente, já aquelas tratadas com MBStornaram-se inaceitáveis depois dos dias 16,7; 15,4; e 20,6, simultaneamente. Na maioria das análises, entretanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, o que indica que o banho em solução de acerola por 10 minutos inibiu a melanose tãoeficientemente quanto o MBS, mesmo assim estudos futuros são necessários para definir precisamente o efeito antimelanósicoda acerola

Biodiversity of planktonic crustaceans, cladocerans and copepodans in southbohemian Naděje fishponds system were studied. Both fishpond and non-fishpond (pools, canals, sand-pits, river) localities were observed. Samples were taken from pelagic and littoral zones. Total of 21 species of copepodans and 44 species of cladocerans were recorded over whole area. Hypothesis {\clq}qA higher fish management intensity and higher fish stock cause a lower diversity of zooplankton in a pelagic zone`` was proven. Suppressed species are able to survive in a smaller space (littoral zones, pools, canals, fishponds with a lower fish stock and other non-fishpond localities), where predation pressure is not so strong. None or mild decline of a species diversity can be observed in large areas rich in different water ecosystems, with a reasonable management and production intensity. Different methods of sampling were also compared, those of {\clq}qprolovení litorálních partií`` proved good with the view of effectiveness.

No Nordeste do Brasil, o estuário do Rio São Francisco apresenta extensas áreas de manguezais (32 km2) cujos recursos são utilizados por populações humanas. Este estudo considerou a metodologia de sistemas sócio-ecológicos complexos para analisar a pesca nos manguezais desse estuário, com ênfase no caranguejo Ucides cordatus. Por meio da integração de dados de diferentes áreas (etnobiologia, levantamentos socioeconômicos, estrutura populacional do caranguejo, características da vegetação, arranjo espacial da paisagem, sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento) em uma análise multicritério foi determina e mapeada a aptidão dos manguezais para a conservação e a pesca dessa espécie. Uma diversidade de recursos pesqueiros do manguezal (por exemplo, peixes, caranguejos e moluscos), constitui a principal base da economia de subsistência local, em que o caranguejo U. cordatus é o mais importante. As populações locais possuem um vasto conhecimento sobre o tamanho populacional e corporal, ciclo de vida, diferenciação sexual e habitat dessa espécie, e aplicam práticas conservacionistas no uso da redinha. A estrutura populacional do caranguejo revelou um alto potencial pesqueiro, com maior abundância de caranguejos de tamanho comercial do que os de tamanho não comercial. Os manguezais mais aptos para a conservação de U. cordatus (9,4 km2) estão localizados próximos à foz e apresentam alta abundância de caranguejos não comerciais, baixa densidade de caranguejos comerciais e baixo grau de utilização para a pesca. Os manguezais mais aptos para a pesca (10,2 km2) estão distantes da foz e apresentam alta abundância de caranguejos de tamanho comercial, baixa densidade de caranguejos em tamanho não comercial, caranguejos grandes, médio a alto grau de uso e estão próximos aos povoados. Os mapas de aptidão gerados podem auxiliar as agências governamentais no delineamento de áreas extrativistas e de exclusão da pesca, como sugerido no Plano Nacional de Gestão para o Uso Sustentável do Caranguejo-uçá / In Northeastern Brazil, the São Francisco River Estuary comprises a significant mangrove area (32 km2) used by local human populations. This study considered the framework of socio-ecological systems to analyze the mangrove fishery in this estuary, with emphasis on the crab Ucides cordatus. By the integration of data from different fields (etnobiology and socio-economic surveys, crab population structure, vegetation features, landscape arrangement, remote sensing and geoprocessing) in a multi-criteria analysis, we determined and mapped the suitability of the mangroves for the conservation and fishery of this species. We found that a diversity of mangrove fisheries (e.g. fish, crabs and mollusks) constitute the main base of the local subsistence economy, wherein the Ucides cordatus is the most important. The local populations have a substantial knowledge about this crab population and body sizes, life cycle, sexual differentiation, behavior and habitat, and apply conservation practices in the use of the \"redinha\". The population structure of the crab U. cordatus revealed a high fishery potential, with higher abundance (frequency and density) of crabs in commercial size than the non-commercial sized crabs. The mangroves more suitable for the crab conservation (9.4 km2) are those close to the river mouth, showing high abundance of non-commercial crabs, low density of commercial crabs and low degree of use for fishery. On the other hand, the mangroves more suitable for the crab fishery (10.2 km2) are those located far from to river mouth, showing high density and frequency of crabs in commercial size, low density of crabs in non-commercial size, big sized crabs, medium to high degree of use, and are close to the fishery villages. The maps of suitability can aid government agencies in delineating extractive and fishery exclusion areas, as stated by the Proposal of a National Management Plan for this crab, in order to achieve a sustainable fishery

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Crustacea is mentioned as a dominant group in almost all continental shelf environments around the Brazilian coast and the taxonomic group with more studies. However, the carcinofauna of some Brazilian shelfs are poorly known, such as Sergipe state. The aim of this study is contribute for the knowledge of Crustacea, components of benthic megafauna from continental shelf of Sergipe and understand how populations communities vary spatially and temporally. The crustaceans were collected with otter trawl in two different seasonal periods, 18 stations between 36°32'W 10°36'S e 37°05’W 11°21’S distributed in 6 transects and in 10, 20 and 30 m isobaths, for a total of 72 stations sampled, between the years 1999 and 2000. Environmental parameters from water and sediment were collect in each station. In laboratory, the organisms were identified to species level and analyzed in terms of richness, abundance and biomass, and the community in terms of diversity indices, equitativity, frequency of occurrence and relative importance indices. The Crustacea was represented by 62749 individuals, distributed in 71 taxa, 199.97 kg of biomass and 77.81km² of density. The collected organisms are representatives of 2 orders, 4 infraorders, 25 families, 46 genus and 64 species. Brachyura presented the greatest number of taxa with 39, followed by Caridea with 12, Dendrobranchiata with 9, Anomura with 7, Stomatopoda with 2 and Achelata with 1. The community was abundant and displayed considerable richness; however, diversity and equitability were low, showing the dominance of the species X. kroyeri, N. schmitti, L. schmitti, F. schmitti and C. ornatus. The fauna varied in space and time and the main abiotic parameters that explain these variations were depth, temperature and the bottom type, especially coarser sediments with high levels of sand and gravel. Six species of Crustacea were recorded for the first time from Sergipe continental shelf, 3 Brachyura (Allactaea lithostrota, Coryrhynchus riisei e Ericerodes minusculus), 2 Caridea (Alpheus armillatus, A. cf. packardii e A. intrisecus) e 1 Stomatopoda (Squilla brasiliensis). / Os crustáceos são citados como grupo dominante em quase todos os ambientes de plataforma ao longo do litoral brasileiro, sendo também o grupo com maior volume de trabalhos realizados. No entanto, algumas plataformas brasileiras ainda têm sua carcinofauna precariamente desconhecida, como é o caso de Sergipe. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho visa contribuir para o conhecimento dos Crustacea, componentes da megafauna bêntica, da plataforma continental de Sergipe, bem como entender como as populações que compõe essa comunidade se distribuem espacial e temporalmente ao longo da plataforma. Os crustáceos foram coletados a partir de arrastos duplos com rede de arrasto pesqueiro em quatro campanhas amostrais entre 1999 e 2000, em 18 estações entre 36°32'W 10°36'S e 37°05’W 11°21’S distribuídas em seis transectos, nas isóbatas de 10, 20 e 30 m, totalizando 72 estações amostradas. Também foram coletados os parâmetros ambientais da água e do sedimento para cada estação. Os organismos foram identificados até o nível de espécie, utilizando literatura taxonômica específica, e analisados em termos de riqueza, abundância e biomassa e, a comunidade foi analisada a partir dos índices de diversidade, equitatividade, frequência de ocorrência e índice de importância relativa. A fauna de Crustacea esteve representada por 62749 indivíduos distribuídos em 71 táxons que somaram 199.97 kg de biomassa úmida e uma densidade de 77.81 ind./km². Os organismos coletados são representantes de 2 ordens, 4 infraordens, 25 famílias, 46 gêneros e 64 espécies. Dos grupos principais de Crustacea, Brachyura apresentou maior número de táxons com 39, seguido de Caridea com 12, Dendrobranchiata com 9, Anomura com 7, Stomatopoda com 2 e Achelata com 1. A comunidade estudada foi abundante e com uma riqueza considerável, mas a diversidade e equitatividade da fauna foram baixas, evidenciando a dominância das espécies X. kroyeri, N. schmitti, L. schmitti, F. schmitti e C. ornatus para a fauna de Crustacea da plataforma continental. A fauna variou em função do tempo e do espaço e os principais parâmetros abióticos que explicaram essas variações foram a profundidade, a temperatura e o tipo de fundo, principalmente os sedimentos mais grossos com altos teores de areia e cascalho. Dentre os Crustacea identificados, foram registrados pela primeira vez para a plataforma continental de Sergipe seis espécies, sendo 3 Brachyura (Allactaea lithostrota, Coryrhynchus riisei e Ericerodes minusculus), 2 Caridea (A. cf. packardii e A. intrisecus) e 1 Stomatopoda (Squilla brasiliensis).

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2017-03-10T13:21:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 22063.pdf: 2189055 bytes, checksum: e74fe1aad4947b67467c366506647b8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T13:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 22063.pdf: 2189055 bytes, checksum: e74fe1aad4947b67467c366506647b8d (MD5) / A quitosana é um polisacarídeo obtido pela desacetilação das moléculas de quitina, principal constituinte de alguns fungos e do exoesqueleto de crustáceos e insetos. Os grupos amino presentes na quitosana conferem-lhe importantes propriedades biológicas, como a biodegradação, biocompatibilidade, atividade/efeitos imunológicos e atividade antibacteriana. A desacetilação da quitina é um processo cuja conversão é agressiva, já que exige o ataque da quitina em solução de álcalis em alta concentração e à quente, com duração de 6 a 8 horas. Neste trabalho, carapaças de siri da espécie Charybdis hellerii foi fragmentada e pré-tratada para a obtenção da quitosana e cada etapa, desde o pré-tratamento do material in natura à sua conversão em quitosana, foi investigada detalhadamente. Observou-se que dose e taxa de dose não influenciaram no pré-tratamento ou na etapa de desacetilação da quitina; na dose de 20 kGy (gama ou feixe de elétrons), o processo de conversão teve duração de 60 minutos. A quitosana obtida teve baixa massa molar e grau de desacetilação comparável á quitosana padrão (SA), dependendo das condições de irradiação. Além disso, apresentou inibição da atividade bacteriana tanto livre como imobilizada em substratos poliméricos de polipropileno e de polietileno processados também por radiação ionizante. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Dégradés par plusieurs siècles d’endiguement et menacés par les effets du changement climatique, les marais intertidaux européens font aujourd’hui l’objet d’un nombre croissant de restaurations par rétablissement des marées sur d’anciennes zones endiguées, suivant une tendance générale appelée dépoldérisation. Cette thèse décrit la trajectoire de restauration des marais intertidaux à partir des communautés de necton (i.e., poissons et crustacés décapodes), sur la base de deux sites dépoldérisés accidentellement dans l’estuaire de la Gironde : le marais de Mortagne et l’île Nouvelle. L’évolution du necton dans les marais dépoldérisés est caractérisée à travers une approche synchronique à l’échelle de la mosaïque des habitats estuariens. La composition du necton dans les marais dépoldérisés est en grande partie similaire à celles des milieux intertidaux naturels et se différencie nette-ment des marais endigués, où les espèces exotiques d’eau douce prospèrent. Les marais restaurés apparaissent particulièrement attractifs pour le mulet porc, Liza ramada. La distribution des traits fonctionnels au sein des communautés de poissons révèle un changement de structure fonctionnelle au cours de la dépoldérisation, le temps de restauration étant inféré à partir d’un gradient de naturalité des habitats estuariens. En particulier, la spécialisation, la dispersion et la richesse fonctionnelle augmentent au cours de la restauration. Concernant l’évolution des règles d’assemblage, aucune tendance claire ne se dégage : les patrons diffèrent selon les traits fonctionnels.La dynamique temporelle de la composition des communautés de necton dans l’un des sites dépoldérisés montre une succession de trois phases au cours des quatre années suivant la restauration. Un changement plus abrupt concernant l’abondance de certaines espèces et la structure fonctionnelle des communautés est identifié au milieude la seconde phase, moins de deux ans après la dépoldérisation. La cinétique de transformation des communautés est probablement ralentie par le drainage incomplet du site dans les premiers temps de la dépoldérisation. Les résultats de cette thèse permettent de mieux comprendre la trajectoire de restauration des marais intertidaux, sans intervention humaine, tout en soulignant les atouts et les limites de certains modèles théoriques utilisés en écologie de la restauration. / European intertidal marshes have greatly declined during the past centuries because of land claim andhave recently been threatened by the effects of climate change. In recent years, an increasing number of tidal resto-ration projects have been implemented, following a global trend termed de-embankment. This thesis describes therestoration trajectory of tidally restored marshes from the response of nekton (i.e., fish and decapod crustaceans)based on two storm-breached study sites in the Gironde estuary : the Mortagne marsh and the Nouvelle island.Nekton assemblage composition of tidally restored marshes was described through a whole-estuary approach en-compassing natural, restored and dyked habitats. Nekton assemblages of tidally restored marshes showed highcompositional similarity with natural intertidal habitats and greatly departed from dyked marshes. Dyked marsheswere characterized by high occurrence of freshwater exotic taxa. Tidally restored marshes seemed particularly at-tractive for the thin-lipped grey mullet, Liza ramada. The functional traits’ distribution within fish communities revealeda change in functional structure in the course of restoration using the naturalness state of habitats as a proxy forrestoration time. Most notably, functional specialization, dispersion and richness increased with restoration time.No clear pattern of change was observed in community assembly over time ; trends chiefly varied with respect totraits. Temporal trends in one of the restored sites revealed three phases in the first four years of tide restoration.The abundance of several species and the community functional structure changed more steeply in the midst ofthe second phase, less than two years following tide restoration. Community turnover was probably delayed dueto incomplete drainage of the site in the early stages of restoration. The results of this thesis lead to a better un-derstanding of the restoration trajectory of tidal marshes without human intervention and highlight the strengths andweaknesses of some theoretical models used in restoration ecology.

Un ensemble de disciplines tente de comprendre les causes de la distribution de la biodiversité à la surface de la terre. Cette thèse, à l'interface entre macro-écologie et phylogéographie, démêle le rôle relatif des différents facteurs environnementaux et des processus contrôlant la diversité des crustacés aquatiques souterrains en Europe. L'utilisation d'un modèle biologique souterrain permet d'écarter l'effet de la saisonnalité thermique, omniprésente dans les milieux de surface. L'action de multiples facteurs – plus particulièrement la disponibilité des ressources trophiques et l'hétérogénéité environnementale – et les variations régionales de leur importance relative fournissent l'explication la plus parcimonieuse des patrons de richesse. Ce résultat s'oppose au paradigme du rôle prépondérant du processus d'extinction causé par les fortes oscillations climatiques du Pléistocène en Europe du nord. Toutefois, ces oscillations ont très probablement sélectionné des organismes mobiles qui participent à l'augmentation de la taille moyenne des aires de répartition des espèces avec la latitude. La reconstruction de la dynamique des aires de distribution montre que la dispersion est un processus très hétérogène entre et au sein des espèces. Elle interviendrait lors de courtes fenêtres temporelles entre lesquelles l'adaptation locale tendrait au contraire, à contrecarrer les capacités de dispersion. Enfin, ce travail propose des pistes de réflexion afin d'expliquer plus précisément, à partir de données moléculaires supplémentaires et d'outils génomiques, les variations géographiques des taux de diversification et de substitution à l'échelle continentale / A set of disciplines attempt to understand causes of biodiversity patterns on the earth. This thesis, at the frontier between macroecology and phylogeography, disentangles the relative influence of environmental factors and processes shaping groundwater crustacean diversity in Europe. Groundwater habitats offer useful case studies for avoiding the effect of thermal seasonality, which is pervasive in surface ecosystems. The influence of multiple factors – especially productive energy and spatial heterogeneity – and regional variation in their relative importance provide the most parsimonious explanation of species richness patterns. This result undermines the prominent role attributed to the disproportionate extinction of species in northern European regions with high historical climate oscillations. However, these oscillations have probably selected vagile species which contribute to the increase in median range size of species with latitude. Reconstructing range dynamics shows that dispersal is a heterogeneous process within and among species. It may occur during short time windows between which local adaptation favors specialization. Finally, I suggest several research avenues using molecular data and genomic tools for understanding geographical variation in diversification and substitution rates at continental scale

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Embryonalentwicklung des Rankenfußkrebses Elminius modestus (Thecostraca: Cirripedia). Der Entwicklungsprozess wurde mithilfe unterschiedlicher Methoden wie 4D Mikroskopie, in vivo Einzelzellmarkierungen, Fluoreszenzhistochemie und konfokaler Laserscanningmikroskopie in Verbindung mit 3D Rekonstruktionen untersucht. Die Furchung von E. modestus ist total, inequal in Bezug auf die Dotterzelle und asynchron mit einem anterior-posterioren Gradienten. Der gesamte Prozess folgt einem strengen Teilungsmuster mit nur sehr geringer Variabilität. Eine davon stellt das Auftreten spiegelbildlicher Embryonen ab dem 4-Zell. Die Keimblattdifferenzierung wurde vor allem mittels in vivo Zellmarkierungen untersucht. Die Trennung der endodermalen und endomesodemalen Keimblätter erfolgt nach der vierten Furchungsteilung, die Trennung des Ectomesoderm nach der sechsten Teilung. Die Urkeimzellen sind aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ein Produkt der siebten Furchungsteilung der Dotterzellen (3Da und 3Dp). Im Zuge der Untersuchung konnte die Zelllinie jedes Keimblattes rekonstruiert werden, die Zellschicksale der Abkömmlinge der Quadranten wurde bis zum 16-Zell Stadium beschrieben. Das Ectoderm entspringt allen vier Quadranten, ebenso das Ectomesoderm (die letzten identifizierten Mesectoblasten sind 3A, 3B, 3C, 1drp und 1dlp). Endoderm und Endomesoderm entwickeln sich aus einzelnen Vorläuferzellen im 16-Zell Stadium (2D bzw. 2d). Das Auftreten nur eines einzelnen Endoblasten stellt eine mögliche Apomorphie aller Ecdysozoa dar. Das Vorhandensein eines einzelnen Mesendoblasten wird als mögliches Merkmal des Grundmusters aller Protostomia in Betracht gezogen. / The present work is devoted to the embryonic development of the thoracican barnacle Elminius modestus (Thecostraca: Cirripedia). The developmental process was investigated by means of different techniques like 4D microscopy, in vivo labelling, fluorescent histochemistry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with 3D reconstructions. The cleavage of E. modestus is total, unequal with regards to the yolky cell, and asynchronous with an anterior-posterior gradient. The entire process appears to follow a strict pattern of divisions with very little variability, one of which includes the occurrence of mirror image embryos from the 4-cell stage on. The germ layer differentiation was mainly studied by means of in vivo labelling. The segregation of the endodermal and the endomesodemal germ layers are shown to happen after the fourth division, whereas the ectomesoderm segregates after the sixth division. The primordial germ cells are suggested to be a product of the seventh cleavage division of the yolky cells (3Da and 3Dp). During the research the cell lineage of each germ layer was established, the fates of the quadrant descendants are described up to the 16-cell stage. The ectoderm originates from four quadrants, as does the ectomesoderm (the last identified mesectoblasts are 3A, 3B, 3C, 1drp, and 1dlp). The endoderm and the endomesoderm develop from single precursors at the 16-cell stage (2D and 2d, respectively). The presence of only a single endoblastic cell, might represent an apomorphy for the entire group of Ecdysozoa. A singular mesendoblast is suggested to be a possible feature in the developmental ground pattern of all Protostomia.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:05:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IngridVA_TESE_Parcial.pdf: 1546645 bytes, checksum: 082397e35198d8c6624ddff83583508c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / without practical results so far. Protocols used in biotechnological cultured aquatic organisms aimed at increasing growth rates and disease resistance, have been studied and perfected. Among the available techniques, the application of chromosomal manipulation, although still nascent, is presented as a tool aimed at mitigating ecological and economical issues in shrimp farming. The polyploidization artificial method already employed in fish and shellfish, has been widely researched for use in farmed shrimp. Some limitations of this method of expansion in shrimp refer to a better knowledge of cytogenetic aspects, the level of sexual dimorphism and performance in growing conditions. To contribute on some of these issues, the present study aimed to characterize cytogenetic species Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda) and Artemia franciscana (Anostraca), analyze the effectiveness of methods for detection of ploidy, through the use of flow cytometry in processes of induction polyploidy cold thermal shock at different stages of development of newly fertilized eggs. Additionally, aimed also the qualitative and quantitative comparison of larval development between diploid and polyploid organisms, besides the identification of sexual dimorphism in L. vannamei, through geometric morphometrics. The results provide information relevant to the improvement and widespread use of biotechnological methods applied toward national productivity in shrimp farming / A melhoria gen?tica de planteis reprodutores, baseada no melhoramento cl?ssico tem sido tentada, mas sem resultados pr?ticos, at? o momento. Protocolos biotecnol?gicos utilizados em organismos aqu?ticos cultivados que visam aumentar as taxas de crescimento e resist?ncia a doen?as, v?m sendo estudados e aperfei?oados. Entre as t?cnicas dispon?veis, a aplica??o de manipula??o cromoss?mica, embora ainda incipiente, se apresenta como ferramenta voltada a mitigar quest?es ecol?gicas e econ?micas na carcinicultura. A poliploidiza??o artificial, m?todo j? empregado em peixes e moluscos, vem sendo largamente pesquisado para o uso em camar?es cultivados. Algumas limita??es da expans?o deste m?todo em camar?es se referem a um melhor conhecimento de aspectos citogen?ticos, do n?vel de dimorfismo sexual e performance em condi??es de cultivo. Visando contribuir sobre algumas destas quest?es, realizou-se ? caracteriza??o citogen?tica das esp?cies Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda) e Artemia franciscana (Anostraca), foi analisada tamb?m a efic?cia do uso da citometria de fluxo como m?todo de detec??o da ploidia em processos de indu??o artificial por choque t?rmico ? frio, em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento de ovos rec?m-fertilizados de Litopenaeus vannamei. Adicionalmente, visou-se, ainda, a compara??o qualitativa e quantitativa do desenvolvimento larval entre organismos diploides e poliploides, al?m da identifica??o do dimorfismo sexual em L. vannamei, por meio da morfometria geom?trica. Os resultados obtidos propiciam informa??es que contribuem para o aprimoramento e difus?o do uso aplicado de m?todos biotecnol?gicos voltados ao incremento da produtividade na carcinicultura nacional / 2020-01-01