L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une nouvelle génération de matériaux céramiques de confinement plasma pour les moteurs à effet Hall en mettant en oeuvre la voie PDCs pour polymer-derived ceramics ou voie des polymères précéramiques.Un état de l’art des différents matériaux de confinement et un bilan des travaux précédemment menés sur ce sujet ont permis de déterminer les paramètres essentiels de tels matériaux et de s’orienter vers l’utilisation des polymères précéramiques commeprécurseurs des matériaux envisagés. Après avoir détaillé les différents protocoles permettant de modifier chimiquement un polymère commercial avec le bore, de mettre en forme les composés obtenus puis de réaliser la pyrolyse pour générer la céramique, des pièces denses céramiques Si-B-(C)-N ont été réalisées avec une teneur variable en bore. Une étude complète allant de la structure chimique des polymères jusqu’aux propriétés des céramiques résultantes a permis de sélectionner la formulation optimale du polymère comme précurseur de céramique. Des composites c-BN/Si-B-(C)-N ont ensuite été préparés parajout de charges, puis mis en forme et caractérisés avant de procéder à un changement d’échelle visant à préparer des bagues céramiques de taille moteur. La dernière partie consiste en une ouverture sur l’utilisation des polymères précéramiques pour la réalisation de pièces denses Si-Al-(C)-N de composition contrôlée avec en particulier une étude sur l’impact de l’aluminium sur les propriétés des polymères et des céramiques. / The main objective is here to develop a new generation of ceramic materials used for plasma confinement in Hall-effect thrusters using the PDCs (polymer-derived ceramics) route. A state of the art of the different confinement materials and a review of the previous work done on this topic allowed to determine the key parameters of such materials and to move towards the use of preceramic polymers as precursors of the materials envisaged. After having detailed the various protocols used to chemically modify a commercial polymer with boron, to shape the compounds obtained and then to convert the polymers into ceramics bypyrolysis, Si-B-(C)-N dense ceramic pieces have been produced with various boron content. A complete study from the chemical structure of the polymers to the properties of the resulting ceramics allowed selecting the optimal formulation of the polymer as a ceramic precursor. c-BN/Si-B-(C)-N composites were then prepared by filler addition, then shaped and characterized before a scale-up to prepare engine-size ceramic rings. The last part consists of an opening on the use of the PDCs route for the realization of dense Si-Al-(C)-N pieces of controlled composition, with a study of the impact of aluminum on the polymers andceramics properties.

Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is a disease caused by allergens from both environmental and genetic factors. Some researchers have studied the SAR based on traditional genetic methodologies. As technology develops, a new technique called single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is developed, which can generate high-dimension data. We apply two machine learning (ML) algorithms, random forest (RF) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), for cell source classification and gene selection based on the SAR scRNA-seq time-series data from three allergic patients and four healthy controls denoised by single-cell variational inference (scVI). We additionally propose a new fitting method consisting of bootstrap and cubic smoothing splines to fit the averaged gene expressions per cell from different populations. To sum up, we find that both RF and PLS-DA could provide high classification accuracy, and RF is more preferable, considering its stable performance and strong gene-selection ability. Based on our analysis, there are 10 genes having discriminatory power to classify cells of allergic patients and healthy controls at any timepoints. Although there is no literature founded to show the direct connections between such 10 genes and SAR, the potential associations are indirectly confirmed by some studies. It shows a possibility that we can alarm allergic patients before a disease outbreak based on their genetic information. Meanwhile, our experiment results indicate that ML algorithms may discover something between genes and SAR compared with traditional techniques, which needs to be analyzed in genetics in the future.

[pt] A reconstrução de superfícies é um problema que recebe bastante atenção em Computação Gráfica dada a importância de suas aplicações. Uma solução comum é representar essas superfícies por malhas triangulares. Neste trabalho é proposta uma estrutura de tetraedros com cúbicas definidas em seu interior que são utilizadas para aproximar a superfície. Essas cúbicas, chamadas de TetraQuads, são superfícies implícitas de grau 3 definidas como interpolação de quádricas posicionadas nos vértices dos tetraedros. Esses elementos foram idealizados de forma que seja rápido o processamento para visualização dessa estrutura pelo hardware gráfico. Os objetos definidos dessa maneira carregam mais informações do ponto de vista da geometria diferencial que uma malha triangular. Por esse motivo, têm uma modelagem mais complexa a ser resolvida. Esse problema é discutido ao apresentar os passos para reconstrução de superfícies por TetraQuads a partir de nuvens de pontos. / [en] Surface reconstruction is a problem that receives a lot of attention in Computer Graphics due to the importance and the number of its applications. A common solution is to represent these surfaces through triangular meshes. This work introduces an alternative structure of tetrahedrons with cubics defined in its interior, which are used to approximate the surface. Those cubics, called TetraQuads, are third-degree implicit surfaces defined as an interpolation of quadrics positioned at the tetrahedrons vertices. These elements are constructed for an efficient visualization by the graphics hardware. Objects defined in this manner contain more information from the differential geometry point of view than a triangle mesh, which entails a more complex modeling problem. This problem is discussed throughout the steps of surface reconstruction from point clouds through TetraQuads.

This thesis deals with the principle of capturing images of the retina of fundus camera, their features and then preprocessing. The aim of preprocessing is the correction of nonillumination in images of the retina. The model of non-illumination is obtained by using parametric surfaces. Coons surface was selected from a set of surfaces based on the knowledge of retinal images. This has been approximated by a non-uniform illumination. Then the thesis concentrates on describing the methods involving shading corrections. Compensation of non-uniform illumination is based on the use of parametric surface and selected methods for shading correction. The methods presented in the last chapter were tested on simulated and real data. The results were evaluated subjectively.

Diploma thesis is intended on a polycrystalic diamond and a pocrystalic cubic boron nitride from the standpoint of their description, physical, mechanical and cutting properties, use and contemporary trends of development at renowned producers of tools and tool materials. The aim of the work was a complex working of conditions (type of cutting material, cutting conditions), which are recommended by choice producers for the effective turning applications their kind of superhard tool materials.

The master’s thesis is aimed at superhard cutting materials (polycrystalline diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) and their effective utilization. It describes the characteristics and production of these materials and evaluates product ranges of the most significant producers of tools and tool materials in given area. It further compares working conditions of selected world's producers which are related to the growing utilization of these materials in machining process. The thesis also deals with the cutting power of tools and provides a technical-economic assessment of the discussed issue.

n the first part of this diploma thesis there are described basic findings about superhard cutting materials (sorts, notation, structure, physical-mechanical properties, usage, production) and evaluates this tool of material from the aspect of cutting ability. The second part focused on complex data processing about assortment of superhard cutting materials of significant tools materials producers and comparison of work conditions (kind of machined ma-terials, cutting conditions), which are recommend for effective turning applica-tions by producers.

Diploma thesis is focused on cutting superhard materials (polycrystalline diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride). It deals with physical, mechanical and cutting properties, production and effective use. Evaluative product range of superhard cutting materials of the prominent world producers in terms of cutting conditions and type of materials machined in turning.

Les substrats métalliques ont été élaborés par des traitements thermomécaniques (laminages et recuits)sur des alliages Fe48%Ni et Ni5%W dans le but d'obtenir une hypertexture Cube indispensable à l'épitaxie de l'YBaCuO et du silicium dans la fabrication des câbles supraconducteurs et des cellules photovoltaïques à couches minces. Le rôle des éléments d'alliages tels que le soufre et le niobium sur la recristallisation et la formation de l'hypertexture Cube a été étudié dans le Fe48%Ni. Il a été montré que l'ajout du soufre favorise le développement de la texture Cube alors que l'ajout du niobium empêche la formation de la texture Cube. Le soufre se combine avec le Mn pour former les précipités MnS qui contribuent à l'augmentation de la différence d'énergie stockée entre l'orientation Cube et les orientations de laminage à froid (ECube/autres) quand le soufre augmente. Ce gap d'énergie explique explique l'acuité de la texture Cube avec l'ajout du soufre. Contrairement au soufre, l'ajout du niobium empêche la formation de la texture Cube, ce résultat s'explique par le fait la différence d'énergie stockée entre l'orientation Cube et les orientations de laminage diminue avec l'ajout du niobium. Pour expliques tous ces résultats, les analyses de microstructures et textures ont été faites par la technique EBSD et l'énergie stockée a été estimée à partir de la diffraction des neutrons sur les états déformés. / Substrate tapes were prepared by cold rolling and annealing of a Fe48%Ni and Ni5%W alloys in order to obtain Sharp Cube {100}<001> oriented substrate for photovoltaic thin films and superconductor cables in particular.The effect of microalloying elements sulfur and niobium on recrystallization and sharp Cube formation was studied in Fe48%Ni. It was shown that the addition of sulfur promotes the formation of Cube grains while the addition of niobium prevents the Cube grains formation. Regarding sulfur, it combines with manganese to form the MnS precipitates wich increases the stored energy difference between Cube component and others cold rolled components ECube/other when sulfur is added. This stored energy difference explains the sharpness of the Cube texture when sulfur is added. On the contrary the niobium microalloying element addition prevents the formation of Cube grains. This could be explained by the fact that stored energy of cold-rolled components decreases with the addition of niobium and thus decreases Cube grains fraction when niobium is added. In order to explain these results, the development of Cube texture during recrystallization has been investigated in detail by EBSD, furthermore, the effect of stored energy has been studied by carrying out neutron diffraction measurements on the deformed states.

L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est de développer un modèle thermodynamique de type équation d’état cubique, permettant de prédire avec un maximum de précision les propriétés thermodynamiques des corps purs (des comportements de phases aux propriétés énergétiques - enthalpie, capacité calorifique - en incluant les propriétés volumiques) et des mélanges (équilibres de phases dans les régions sub- et supercritiques, points critiques, propriétés énergétiques, densités …), y compris les plus complexes. Concernant les corps purs tout d’abord : en nous appuyant sur la connaissance acquise par les études publiées pendant près d’un siècle et demi sur les équations d’état cubiques, nous avons identifié deux leviers pour accroître la précision de ces modèles. Le premier concerne la sélection d’une fonction α optimale (cette fonction est une quantité clef apparaissant dans le terme attractif du modèle) dont le bon paramétrage permet de représenter précisément les propriétés à saturation des corps purs, telles que la pression de saturation, l’enthalpie de vaporisation et la capacité calorifique du liquide à saturation. Afin que la fonction α puisse être extrapolée au domaine des hautes températures, nous avons défini les contraintes mathématiques que celle-ci doit respecter. Le second levier est le paramètre de translation volumique, paramètre clef pour la bonne représentation des densités liquides. Ces réflexions et les études associées sont à la base du développement des modèles tc-RK et tc-PR, utilisant une fonction α extrapolable à haute température ainsi qu’un paramètre de translation volumique, garantissant une précision jusqu’alors inégalée des propriétés sub- et supercritiques des corps purs prédites par des équations d’état cubiques. Afin d’étendre les modèles tc-RK et tc-PR aux mélanges, il a été nécessaire de développer des règles de mélange appropriées pour deux paramètres de l’équation d’état des mélanges : le covolume et le paramètre attractif. Des règles de mélanges récemment proposées qui combinent équation d’état et modèle de coefficient d’activité ont été adoptées. Les valeurs optimales des paramètres universels de ces règles de mélange ont été identifiées dans le cadre de cette thèse. Une règle de mélange linéaire pour le paramètre de translation volumique du mélange a été sélectionnée ; il a été prouvé que cette règle de mélange garantit l’invariance des propriétés d’équilibre de phases et des propriétés énergétiques entre les modèles translatés et non translatés. Afin de définir le modèle de coefficient d’activité optimal à intégrer dans la nouvelle règle de mélange, une base de données de 200 systèmes binaires a été développée. Ces systèmes binaires ont été sélectionnés afin d’être représentatifs des différents types d’interactions qui peuvent exister dans les mélanges non électrolytiques. La base de données accorde une place significative aux systèmes dits associés, qui sont certainement parmi les plus difficiles à modéliser par une équation d’état. In fine, cette thèse pose toutes les bases du développement d’une équation d’état cubique des mélanges. Le choix du modèle de coefficient d’activité optimal, la détermination des paramètres d’interactions binaires des 200 systèmes de la base de données et leur prédiction constituent des suites possibles de ce travail / The main objective of this thesis work is to develop a cubic equation of state thermodynamic model able to accurately predict the thermodynamic properties of pure compounds (from phase equilibrium data to energetic properties – enthalpy, heat capacity – and volume properties) and mixtures (phase equilibria in sub- and supercritical regions, critical points, energetic properties, densities…), including the most complex ones. Starting with pure compounds: relying on the knowledge collected all through the years from Van der Waals seminal work about cubic equations of state, we identified two levers to increase cubic-model accuracy. First is the selection of the optimal α function (this function is a key quantity involved in the model attractive term) the proper parameterization of which entails an accurate representation of pure-compound saturation properties such as saturation pressure, enthalpy of vaporization, saturated-liquid heat capacity. In order to safely extrapolate an α functions to the high temperature domain, we defined the mathematical constraints that it should satisfy. The second lever is the volume translation parameter, a key parameter for an accurate description of liquid densities. These studies led to the development of the tc-PR and tc-RK models, using an α function that correctly extrapolates to the high temperature domain so as a volume translation parameter, ensuring the most accurate estimations of pure-compound sub- and supercritical property from a cubic equation of state. In order to extend the tc-PR and tc-RK models to mixtures, it was necessary to develop adequate mixing rules for both equation of state parameters: the covolume and the attractive parameter. Recently proposed mixing rules combining an equation of state and an activity coefficient model have been retained. Optimal values of the mixing rules universal parameters have been identified in the framework of this thesis. A linear mixing rule for the volume translation parameter has been selected; it has been proven that this mixing rule does not change the phase equilibrium and energetic properties when switching from a translated to an untranslated model. In order to define the optimal activity coefficient model to include in the new mixing rule, a 200 binary-system database has been developed. These binary systems have been selected to be representative of the different kinds of interactions that can exist in non-electrolytic mixtures. The database includes in particular systems containing associating compounds, which are certainly among the most difficult ones to model with an equation of state. In fine, this thesis sets all the bases for the development of a cubic equation of state for mixtures. The selection of the optimal activity-coefficient model, the estimation of binary interaction parameters for the 200 binary systems from the database and their prediction are possible continuations of this work