Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2008. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-24T18:12:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao ana priscila centeno da rosa.pdf: 832074 bytes, checksum: f714a15c9e2b09a517b32f01fb11ef36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-12-01T01:10:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao ana priscila centeno da rosa.pdf: 832074 bytes, checksum: f714a15c9e2b09a517b32f01fb11ef36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-01T01:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao ana priscila centeno da rosa.pdf: 832074 bytes, checksum: f714a15c9e2b09a517b32f01fb11ef36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Spirulina (Arthrospira) é uma microalga fotossintética, encontrada em ambientes alcalinos e é uma das mais produzidas no mundo. Sua biomassa possui alto valor nutricional e agregado. Apresenta alto teor protéico e é rica em compostos bioativos, como aminoácidos essenciais, ácidos graxos, pigmentos e vitaminas. Um sistema de produção de biomassa microalgal depende de muitos fatores, entre eles, o desenvolvimento de um meio de cultivo economicamente viável. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a influência da concentração de nutrientes no meio de cultivo para a produção da microalga Arthrospira em biorreatores tipo “raceway” e modo semicontínuo. Para os cultivos foi utilizado meio Zarrouk que teve as fontes de carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo mantidas nas concentrações padrões e os demais nutrientes (solução B) foram variados em 25% (Z-B25), 50% (Z-B50), 75% (Z-B75) e 100% (Z-100). Foram realizados ensaios com diferentes volumes do meio de cultura, 5L e 2 500 L. Nos ensaios realizados em biorreatores com volume de meio de 5 L a velocidade específica máxima de crescimento e a produtividade foram reduzidas com o consumo dos nutrientes pela microalga. Os máximos valores de velocidade específica de crescimento (0,184 d-1) e produtividade (48,03 mg.L-1.d-1) foram observados no ensaio Z-B50. Os ensaios Z-B50 e Z-B75 apresentaram velocidade específica máxima de crescimento e produtividade sem diferença significativa (p>0,15) a partir do terceiro ciclo de crescimento. No inicio do terceiro ciclo as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo apresentaram reduções de 21,2 e 15,7% (Z-B50) e 29,9 e 12,9% (Z-B75), respectivamente. Para cada ensaio foram realizadas análises de composição química da biomassa a cada ciclo de crescimento do cultivo. O maior teor protéico (48,8±4,1%) foi encontrado na biomassa de Arthrospira no ensaio Z-100. O ensaio ZB50 apresentou biomassa contendo 46,10±2,59% de proteína por um período de, aproximadamente, 50 d. Os cultivos em biorreatores com volume de meio de 2 500 L foram realizados em condições ambientais não controlas e foi utilizado água da Lagoa Mangueira para diluição do meio Zarrouk. A temperatura e a iluminância variaram de 16 a 42ºC e 26,3 a 105,2 klux, respectivamente. As máximas velocidades específicas de crescimento e produtividades, respectivamente, 0,276 d-1 e 148,36 mg.L-1.d-1 (ZB50) e 0,368 d-1 e 95,60 mg.L-1.d-1 (Z-100), foram encontradas no período com maior média de temperatura,. Para estes ensaios, a concentração de proteína na biomassa não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05). A concentração de lipídios na biomassa, ao final dos ensaios, apresentou redução em relação a concentração inicial de 22 e 52% para os ensaios Z-B50 e Z-100, respectivamente. / Spirulina (Arthrospira) is a photosynthetic microalgae found in alkaline environmental and it is one of the most produced in the world. The chemical composition of Spirulina’s biomass indicates that it has high nutritional value due its composed of a wide range of biologically active compounds, such as vitamins, pigments, fatty acids and essential amino acids. A production system of microalgae biomass depends on several factors, such as, the development of economic culture medium. The objective of this work was studied the influence of nutrients concentration on culture medium for the production Arthrospira microalgae in open raceway ponds and semicontinuous process. For the experiments, was used Zarrouk’s medium, where carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous sources were used at standard concentration and the concentration of the others nutrients (B-solution) were varied to 25% (Z-B25), 50% (Z-B50), 75% (Z-B75) and 100% (Z-100). Two experiments were performed with different culture medium volume, 5 L and 2 500 L. In an experiment performed with medium volume of 5 L, was observed a reduction on maximum specific growth rate and productivity according the nutrients consumed by microalgae. The maximum values of specific growth rate (0.184 d-1) and productivity (48.03 mg.L-1.d-1) were observed an experiment Z-B50. After the third growth cycle, the maximum specific growth rate and productivity didn’t show significant difference (p>0.15) for experiments Z-B50 and Z-B75. In the beginning of the third cycle, nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations showed a reduction of 21.1 and 15.7% for Z-B50 medium, 29.9 and 12.9% for Z-B75, respectively. For each cycle growth, analyses of chemical composition were performed from the biomass of each experiment. The highest protein content (48.8±4.1%) was found out in the Arthrospira biomass at Z-100 test. In the essay Z-B50, the biomass protein content was 46.10±2.59% for a period of 50 days, approximately. The process on bioreactor that used 2 500 L of medium volume, was carried out in environmental conditions and was utilized Mangueira Lagoon water for dilution Zarrouk’s medium. The temperature and illumination were varied between 16 to 42ºC and 26.3 to 105.2 klux, respectively. The maximum specific growth rate and productivity were, 0.276 d-1 and 148.36 mg.L-1.d-1 (ZB50) and 0.368 d-1 and 95.60 mg.L-1.d-1 (Z-100), respectively, found out in a period that presented the highest average temperature. For these experiments, the protein concentration of biomass did not show significant difference (p>0.05), already, the lipid concentration showed a reduction when compared an initial concentration of 22 and 52% for Z-B50 and Z-100 experiments, respectively.

Orientador: Ana Maria Aparecida Guaraldo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Britto_MariaHelenaSeabraSoaresde_D.pdf: 1915996 bytes, checksum: 263b368c6fc66874e6b4cc046dda0817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O gênero Cryptosporidium compreende atualmente 16 espécies, que já foram encontradas parasitando mais de 150 espécies animais, incluindo o homem, no qual já foram referidas infecções causadas por sete delas. O Cryptosporidium parvum é o mais estudado porque é responsabilizado pelo caráter zoonótico da infecção. A espécie responsável pelo caráter antroponótico da criptosporidiose é o Cryptosporidium hominis. Embora já tenha sido descoberto há cem anos e mesmo com o avanço da genômica e biologia molecular, ainda existem muitas dúvidas sobre sua taxonomia, biologia e relação com seus variados hospedeiros. Dados na literatura apontam para a necessidade urgente da definição de modelos experimentais para cultivo de linhagens do parasito ¿in vivo¿ e ¿in vitro¿. As pesquisas ¿in vivo¿ esbarram na dificuldade da utilização de grande número de animais certificados do ponto de vista genético e sanitário e mantidos em ambientes controlados. Por outro lado, os métodos de cultivo ¿in vitro¿ têm-se mostrado de difícil reprodutibilidade, pois a grande variabilidade de linhagens celulares, com diferentes origens, cultivadas em diferentes meios, em condições ambientais diversas, tornam bastante controversos os resultados obtidos nessa área. Neste trabalho apresentamos o cultivo de uma cepa de origem humana de Cryptosporidium sp, de um único paciente portador de HIV/aids, com criptosporidiose, denominada de MMC/Uni, mantida pela infecção por tubagem intra-gástrica de 105 oocistos em camundongos neonatos livres de patógenos específicos (SPF) de linhagens, heterogênicas e isogênicas imunocompetentes e imunodeficientes , mantidos durante todo o experimento em isolador de PVC flexível. Oocistos da cepa MMC/Uni de Cryptosporidium sp foram purificados mediante gradiente de sacarose. Após excistação, foram cultivados em monocamadas da linhagem celular MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney). A presença de merontes foi constatada após 90 horas de cultivo. A cepa MMC/Uni de Cryptosporidium sp, de origem humana, permaneceu infectante após 16 meses, sob refrigeração a 4°C, em solução de Dicromato de Potássio a 2,5% e manteve a infectividade de camundongos após 10 meses de congelamento em DMSO a - 70ºC / Abstract: Cryptosporidium covers actually 16 species, that have been found infecting more then 150 animal species, including humans, in wich have already been reported infections caused by seven of them. Cryptosporidium parvum is the most studied, due to be responsible by the zoonotic character of the infection. The specie responsible by the anthroponotic character of the criptosporidiosis is Cryptosporidium hominis. Although it has been discovered a hundred years ago, and even with the advances in genomics and molecular biology, still persists many doubts about its taxonomy, biology and the relations with its many different hosts. Data in literature point toward the urgent need in the definition of experimental models to cultivate strains of the parasite ¿in vivo¿ and ¿in vitro¿. The research ¿in vivo¿ faces the difficulty in the use of a great number of certificated animals, in the point of genetic and sanitary view, kept in controlled environment. In the other hand, ¿in vitro¿ culture methods have shown to be of difficult reproductibility, for the great variability of the cellular strains, with different origins, kept in different breeding media, in diverse environmental conditions, turn out of great controversy the results found in this area. Here we present a strain of Cryptosporidium sp, from human origin, taken from an unique HIV/aids patient with criptosporidiosis, named as MMC/Uni, kept by a intragastric tubage infection of 105 oocysts in Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) neonates from outbred and inbred immunocompetent or immunodeficient mice strains, kept during the entire experiment in an isolator of flexible PVC. Oocists of MMC/Uni strain of Cryptosporidium sp were purified by sucrose gradient. After excistation, they were cultivated in MDBK (Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney) cells monolayers. The presence of meronts was observed after 90 hours of cultivation. The strain MMC/Uni of Cryptosporidium sp, from human origin, remained infectant after 16 months, under refrigeration at 4°C, in a 2.5% solution of Potassium Dichromate, and maintened infectiveness in mouse, after 10 months of freezing in DMSO at -70ºC / Doutorado / Doutor em Parasitologia

Orientador: Telma Teixeira Franco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FrancoAcosta_LilianaMarcela_M.pdf: 2933059 bytes, checksum: f29d16801f9dbfa85c5d787ef30251ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Em cultivos heterotróficos, fontes orgânicas de carbono são utilizadas para fornecer energia e carbono ao micro-organismo. A glicose e uma das fontes mais utilizadas em cultivos de microalgas, gerando elevadas taxas de crescimento. Outras fontes como frutose, xilose, glicerol, sacarose, arabinose também podem ser utilizadas e a escolha entre essas fontes orgânicas e função principalmente das taxas de crescimento e do custo de aquisição. Visando elevadas produtividades e a redução do custo do cultivo heterotrófico da Chlorella vulgaris, diferentes fontes de carbono orgânico foram avaliadas (glicerol, sacarose, frutose e melaço de cana). Os máximos valores de concentração celular, pH e produtividade, foram para a sacarose hidrolisada na concentração inicial de 20 g.L-1 obtidos apos 122 horas de cultivo (5,3g.L-1; 8.80 e 0.040 g.L-1.h-1, respectivamente) e para o melaço de cana hidrolisado na concentração de 30 g.L-1 obtidos apos 60 horas de cultivo (3,92 g.L-1; 8,55 e 0,059 g.L-1.h-1, respectivamente). Glicerol, sacarose e frutose não foram consumidas pelas células. As melhores concentrações de sacarose hidrolisada (20 g.L-1) e melaço de cana hidrolisado (15 g.L-1) foram utilizados em fermentador de 3 L em regime de batelada alimentada, as velocidades especificas de crescimento para o melaço de cana aumentaram apos cada alimentação desde 0,0512 h-1 ate 0,0644 h-1. No entanto, para a sacarose hidrolisada a velocidade diminuiu de 0,0251 h-1 ate 0,0143 h-1. A concentração de lipídeos foi para a sacarose hidrolisada (23,77 %), e (10,72%) para o melaço de cana. Paralelamente, foram analisadas condições de estocagem da microalga Chlorella vulgaris, em ultrafreezer, empregando-se três criopreservantes: glicerol, metanol e DMSO, nas concentrações de 5 e 10%. Os resultados, apos 270 dias de estocagem, indicam que a microalga Chlorella vulgaris não sobrevive nas condições estabelecidas. No entanto, para uma estocagem de ate 180 dias pode-se empregar 10% de glicerol ou 10% de DMSO, necessitando somente 2 repiques da microalga apos o armazenamento para atingir sua velocidade normal de crescimento (0,2686 d-1), velocidade reportada para a microalga sem armazenamento no ultrafreezer / Abstract: In heterotrophic culture, sources of organic carbon are utilized to give energy and carbon to microorganisms. Glucose is one of the main sources utilized in micro algae culture which produces high growing rates. Another sources such as fructose, xylose, glycerol, saccharose and arabinosa, could also be utilized. The function of growing rates and acquisition costs is precisely to help us to choose the best one between these sources. With the idea of getting high productivities and to reduce costs of heterotrophic crops of Chlorella vulgaris, different sources of organic carbon where studied (glycerol, saccharose, fructose and sugar cane honeydew). The highest values of cellular concentration, pH and productivity, were obtain from hydrolyzed saccharose with an initial concentration of 20 g.L-1 after 122 hours of cultivation (5,3g.L-1; 8.80 y 0.040 g.L-1.h-1, respectively). Glycerol, saccharose y fructose were not consumed by the cells. The best concentrations of hydrolyzed saccharose (20 g.L-1) and hydrolyzed sugar cane honeydew (15 g.L-1) were utilized in 3 L fermenters in feed batch. The growing speed of the sugar cane honeydew increased after each feeding from 0,0512 h-1 to 0,0644 h-1. However, the growing speed for hydrolyzed saccharose decreased from 0,0251 h-1 to 0,0143 h-1. The concentration of fat acids for the hydrolyzed saccharose was 23,77 % and for the sugar cane honeydew was 10,72%. Storage conditions in ultrafreezer for the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris were studied at the same time using three different protectants such as glycerol, methanol and DMSO, all of them in 5% and 10% concentrations. The outcomes obtained after 270 days showed that the Chlorella vulgaris microalgae could not survive with the given conditions. However, 10% of glycerol or DMSO could be used in a 180-day storage and only 2 periodic transfer of the microalgae were needed after the storage to obtain the normal growing speed (0.2686 d- 1), which was the reported speed of the microalgae without ultrafreezer storage / Mestrado / Processos em Tecnologia Química / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Microalgae invite the attention of scientists due to their unique properties, including their quick growth, accumulation of lipids and other valuable substances, fixation of carbon dioxide and treatment of wastewater. This master´s thesis is focused on the study of microalgae. The main goal is to understand and describe the process of microalgae cultivation, in order to optimize it. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with microalgae (mainly Chlorella sp.) characterization, its practical use and cultivation optimization in order to obtain the highest concentration of biomass. The experimental part is divided into three tasks. Aim of the first task was the comparison of the course of autotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation of various strains of Chlorella and Coccomyxa microalgae, using three different cultivation media – synthetic medium for chlorella cultivation and natural fertilizer, Florium, used in two different concentrations (diluted 50 and 20 times). The highest Chlorella sp. biomass concentration of 7,10 g/l was achieved in the synthetic heterotrophic medium. Second task was focused on monitoring of the growth of algae Coccomyxa and Chlorella strain C1A, with respect to temperature and light intensity, using various combinations of these two important growth factors. Chlorella achieved its highest concentration of 11,46 g/l when grown at temperature of 33,5 °C and light intensity of 320 µE.m2.s1. The third and final task was to observe the growth of Dictiosphaerium chlerelloides microalgae on a flat cascade bioreactor. The experiment led to the discovery that these algae were able to grow at temperatures of around 10 °C, at which many well-known commercial algae, such as Chlorella sp. or Arthrospina sp., simply wouldn’t grow.

LET’S GROWThe future of cultivation is in the city  Our urban world is growing rapidly - but are we keeping up with the pace?  The fast growth has led us to an unsustainable and ignorant relation to food and in the closest future this needs to change. If we gather local producers, knowledge, cultivation and public space under the same roof we can make the process visible in the city and change our unsustainable patterns. Re-introducing food production into the urban context is one step in the direction of a better and more sustainable future.The purpose of the project is to expose, inspire and educate our citizens by proposing a hub with intertwined public and productive spaces at the infrastructural site of Umeå Östra station.  A productive greenhouse managed by local experts and cultivators gives the visitor the opportunity to follow the whole process from sowing, cultivation, harvesting, processing, cooking, eating, recycling and composting. It’s a cyclic process that needs to be visible and easily accessible in our everyday life for us to take part in and feel a close connection to. The public greenhouse provides space for curiosity, creativity and relaxation. LET’S GROW provides the expertise, the inspiration and the tools needed for cultivation to spread in the city and to take place in the homes of the citizens. The aim of the hub is to expose the process of food production and re-establish the connection between the producers and the consumers. The hub aims to educate and raise awareness by providing space for social interaction; uniting children and grown ups, experts and beginners, with food production and urban cultivation as the common denominator. By providing space for creative learning and creative ways of urban cultivation the hub empowers the people to be more independent, involved, knowledgeable and aware.  So LET’S GROW!

Previous research has demonstrated how different forms of media, such as news, television, and music, can affect an individual's perceptions and attitudes. However, little research exists on how these effects may have an impact in the courtroom beyond pre-trial publicity. This could pose a threat to the constitutional right of a fair trial; and understanding this threat may be vital to impartiality in the trial process. Using cultivation theory and the CSI effect as a theoretical basis, this study examined how attitudes toward, and perceptions about, mock trial vignettes were affected by exposure to entertainment media in the form of film. A posttest only, randomized experimental design was employed. One-hundred-fifty-nine participants were recruited through social media based on their eligibility for jury duty and were then exposed to (a) a film about crime, (b) a neutral film about the human body, or (c) no film and then presented with 3 criminal trial scenarios and asked to rate their perceptions about the defendant, the severity of the crime, and the defendant's guilt. The vignettes produced 3 separate scores for each participant and the resulting data were analyzed using 3 separate one-way ANOVAs. Results of the study failed to show significant effects. This study may assist future researchers investigating this phenomenon by providing insight into the dimensional limitations of this phenomenon. For the everyday media consumer, this research contributes to the body of knowledge that helps to keep people informed of the many ways media can influence an individual's perceptions, attitudes, and ultimately, their decisions, which is vital to reducing the impact of biases created by an uncontrolled flow of selective, and at times inaccurate, information.

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YELLOW AGRICULTURE  IN BORSÖKNA By the water in Borsökna there is a culture house as a tribute to the yellow water. A culture house and social meeting place run by urine. The yellow water that visitors and those who work on the site leave behind is stored in tanks as a component to the plants that are grown in the culture house. The yellow water gives "yellow growth" which is the main raw material for the restaurant and juice bar that is built. From the moment you arrive at the building, an irrigation begins in an exhibition of which you yourself are a part of. The drinking stations are strategically located around the entire building so that visitors can use as many of the toilets as possible that provide different experiences. Through this and a number of information boards hidden on boxes standing in the building, one can read, learn, get unlimited free drinks at the drinking stations, pee in new and different ways and eat food and drink juices that one may have been a part of. ANTHROPONICS (PEE PONICS)We remove the fish from the equation and replace them with our own feces in the form of urine. If you let urine age, the urea part is converted into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants need large amounts of to grow. At the same time, the ammonia sterilizes the product so that residual products we do not want to add to the water and the plants disappear. It takes about 4-5 weeks for the urine to reach a pH of 9 and for the urea to be converted to ammonia. SUSTAINABILITY FOCUSThe central focus of sustainability in the building lies in pee, cultivation and the human role in this process. The food that is grown in place is grown with stored urine that has become ammonia. Even the heating pipes in the building is filled with ammonia. The cycle begins as you arrive at the building. A number of free drinking stations are located around the building in connection with toilets. To increase toilet use can tea, coffee, water and bubble be fetched. In the toilets, the urine is excreted and goes to a pipe system that leads to a treatment plant and further into tanks for storage. Here the urine lies for five weeks before it is sent on in tubes to the greenhouse. An automatic culture system measures out given amount of urine per culture tower and culture box. When the crops are ready, the staff from the restaurant, cafe and juice bar pick up fresh ingredients according to current needs. FORM11 cubes embrace the greenhouse which is the central space in the building. A meeting point for the various program parts in the building. Wooden rules with a staple pin shape frame the individual boxes that give a tight look that reflects the industry that takes place in the building. The greenhouse is the center of the building and has therefor been given a different structure for the walls and roof.

Scholars recognize television's ability to influence culture. According to Gerbner, television creates socially constructed realities through the cultivation of its viewers. Television is designed to satisfy the diverse needs of large audiences. The mainstream messages conveyed via television have power to alter perceptions and change culture. Gerbner's theory was constructed from the analysis of crime dramas with single plot lines. Using the ABC television program Brothers & Sisters, this thesis explores the theoretical implications dramas with multiple plot lines have on traditional notions of cultivation theory. Through a content analysis and focus groups, evidence was acquired to suggest that cultivation theory, with the added consideration of involvement, is still able to explain television's influence on the social creation of reality.