Abstract This study deals with the translation of the second part of the English Heritage guidebook Lullingstone Roman Villa (2009), written by Pete Wilson. The analysis focuses on the translation of terms and other vocabulary items within the fields of archaeology and architecture, as well as how to deal with cultural aspects. The theoretical framework for the analysis is based on models by Vinay & Darbelnet (1995), Newmark (1981, 1988) and Ingo (2007). The two most common translation procedures in the translation of terms and other vocabulary items were literal translation and transference. However, equivalence and omission were other procedures put to use when dealing with lexical aspects. When it comes to the translation of references to cultural aspects, alterations are sometimes needed in order to adapt the target text to its target group. Consequently, Vinay & Darbelnet’s adaptation procedure was put to use in a number of cases. However, the most common way of translating cultural aspects was in the form of couplets (Newmark 1988:91), more precisely transference of certain proper nouns coupled with a functional or descriptive equivalent, out of which the former was most common. Various forms of additions were also used in several cases, and an omission was put to use in one particular case. Throughout the translation process, parallel texts proved to be of great help.

The rapid growth of Mexico's railway networks represented the crowning achievement of the Porfiriato--that is, the regime headed by Porfirio Diaz, who ruled between 1876 and 1911. Having succeeded in bringing the internal stability needed for the growth and development of the economy, government officials repeatedly used the railroad as a symbol to highlight the accomplishments of Porfirian modernization and to legitimate the regime that had shed its liberal ideals and grown increasingly authoritarian. Boosters emphasized the ability of the government's railway project to bring civilization, to promote national unity, to increase commerce, and, even to whiten the population. At the same time, opposition groups, although not opposed to railway development per se, objected to the national costs and social hardships that resulted from the railway boom. Opponents, many of whom played influential roles in the Revolution (1910), exploited the symbolic and rhetorical power of the railroad to underscore the more negative aspects of Porfirian modernization and to question the so-called universal truths that defined the regime's civilizing mission. This study offers a radically different interpretation of how Porfirio Diaz maintained control of the country, stressing the importance of his supporter's success at exploiting the iconic power of the railway--the ultimate symbol of material progress--in literature, art, and pageantry. It offers a unique perspective on the outbreak of the 1910 Revolution, arguing that opponents of the regime used the railway as a metaphor to highlight the failures of the government's modernizing and civilizing mission, ideas also disseminated among the population in a myriad of cultural expressions.

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Bakgrund- Sverige är ett mångkulturellt växande land som står inför utmaningen att skapa en mer kulturellt hälsofrämjande omsorg. Omsorgspersonalen måste skapa mer individanpassade och hälsofrämjande omsorgsrutiner för att främja ett hälsosamt åldrande hos den äldre befolkningen.Syfte-Syftet med studien är att undersöka om omsorgspersonal på särskilda boenden i en liten kommun känner att de har den kunskap som de behöver för att möta de äldres kulturella behov i det dagliga omsorgsarbetet.Metod-Studien är en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie på omsorgspersonal i en liten kommun i Västra Götaland. Datainsamlingen har genomförts genom en enkätundersökning med 44 deltagande omsorgspersonal. Studien använde sig av chi-två-test och spearmans korrelations test.Resultat- Av omsorgspersonalen i studien svarade sju av tio att de alltid eller oftast hade kunskapen som krävdes för att arbeta kulturellt hälsofrämjande. Resultatet visar att om omsorgspersonalen kände att de arbetade kulturellt hälsofrämjande kände de till högre grad även att de hade kunskapen att arbeta kulturellt hälsofrämjande.Diskussion- Det är viktigt att omsorgspersonalen förstår hur viktig deras roll är för att skapa en hälsofrämjande äldreomsorg. Genom att omsorgspersonalen ger äldre en individanpassad kulturellt hälsofrämjande omsorg skapas god hälsa och trygghet. Resultatet av studien gick i linje med tidigare forskning.Slutsats-Majoriteten av omsorgspersonalen kände att de hade kunskapen som krävdes för att arbeta kulturellt hälsofrämjande. Det är viktigt att omsorgspersonalen förstår hur viktig deras roll är att arbeta kulturellt hälsofrämjande. Genom att omsorgspersonalen arbetar kulturellt hälsofrämjande skapas ett gott åldrande och god äldreomsorg i Sverige.Sökord-Kulturella aspekter, omsorgspersonal och äldre / <p>Godkännande datum: 2018-12-06</p>

Introduktion: Vi lever i ett mångkulturellt samhälle och det ställer höga krav på operationssjuksköterskans omvårdnad för en hög patientsäkerhet i samband med operation. Syfte: Att undersöka operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser av språkproblem och kulturella aspekter i den perioperativa vården. Metod: Kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats tillämpades och data samlades in via enskilda intervjuer med 10 operationssjuksköterskor, 8 kvinnor och 2 män, vid tre sjukhus i Mellansverige. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att bearbeta det insamlade materialet. Resultat: Genom analysen framkom det tre kategorier och åtta subkategorier. De tre  kategorierna var: Operationssjuksköterskan i den mångkulturella vården, Kommunikation och Kommunikationshjälpmedel. I resultatet framkom att hänsyn togs till patientens önskemål så långt det var möjligt om det inte påverkade patientsäkerheten. Operationer i intimare kroppsdelar upplevdes svårare än andra. Operationssjuk-sköterskorna upplevde sig begränsade när de inte kunde kommunicera med patienten. Patienten upplevdes oftast dåligt informerad innan operationen. Det ansågs säkrare att använda en professionell tolk än en anhörig som tolk. Det framkom önskemål från operationssjuksköterskorna om kommunikationshjälpmedel. Konklusion: Studien visade att språkproblem och kulturella aspekter påverkade operationssjuksköterskans perioperativa arbete. Det som upplevdes svårt var både att inhämta och förmedla information som hade betydelse för patientens perioperativa vård och patientsäkerhet. / Introduction: We are living in a multicultural society, which puts great importance on the theatre nurses´ care for patient´s security during surgery. Aim: To investigate the theatre nurses' experiences of language- and cultural issues in the perioperative care. Method: Qualitative method with inductive approach was applied and data was collected through individual interviews with ten surgical nurses, eight women and two men, at three hospitals in the Midwest part of Sweden. A qualitative analysis of the content was used to process the interviews. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories and eight subcategories. The three categories were: Theatre nurse in multicultural health care, Communication and Communication Aids. The result showed that patient's wishes were considered if they did not affect the safety of the patient. Operations in the intimate parts of the body felt harder than others. Theatre nurses felt restricted when they could not communicate with the patient. The patient own personal experience of information prior to the surgery wasn´t satisfactory. It was considered safer to use a professional interpreter than a family member as an interpreter. There were requests from the theatre nurses for communication aids. Conclusion: The study revealed that language- and cultural issues affect the theatre nurse perioperative work. They experienced difficulties in both collecting and disseminating information that had significance for perioperative patient care and patient safety.

Background: Given the situation that todays’ companies establish deeper relationships with their clients, focusing on long- term collaboration and emphasis on mutual cooperation, the communication with the clients is increasingly based on one-to- one communication. Personal selling is described in literature as one tool of the communication mix. This tool of one-to one communication has become very important. Several companies spend 8-15% of their net sales on personal selling to communicate directly with their clients, supporting them in evaluating specific needs and thus be able to offer the right product. The B2B environment is highly complex in its various characteristics. In regards to personal selling, the characteristics of intercultural aspects, B2B Relationships and Relationship Marketing has been chosen. The usage of personal selling could improve B2B Relationships. Research Question: How companies use and manage personal selling to strengthen B2B relationships? What are the cultural differencesregarding to the country of operation? Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to identify how personal selling can influence and strengthen B2B relationships. In this evaluation, the authors like to examine the differences in personal selling management according to the country of operation. The objective is to arrive on implications for B2B companies, especially in the IT sector. Method: The study uses an inductive research approach. The target is to arrive on new insights whether personal selling improves business- to business relations. Within the qualitative research method four case- studies of B2B IT companies from Brazil and Sweden will be evaluated. Through semi- structured personal interviews primary data will be obtained from each company. Through the conduction of the interviews in two countries, the impact of cultural aspects will be evaluated simultaneously. Theoretical Framework: The study evaluates literature about Cultural Aspects, Relationship Marketing, B2B Marketing and Sales Management in order to gain knowledge in accordance to the thesis’ research topics. B2B Markets are characterized by its complexity. The study uses those B2B characteristics which are influences by personal selling. Findings &amp; Conclusion: Through the evaluation of the case studies in two countries, it can be outlined that personal selling has a positive impact on the establishment of long-term business relation, increase market recognition and leads to mutual business cooperation with the customer, that is necessary for future business development and product development according to customer and market demands. Understanding hereby the cultural background of the client is evaluated as an advantage on the direct communication and establishment of business relation.It is thus suggested to focus on personal selling, while providing technical advance solutions that require a high demand on communication.

Esse trabalho consistiu da produção de um material pedagógico com base na Proposta Curricular de Matemática do Estado de São Paulo, especificamente para o conteúdo de geometria, para alunos da 1ª série do Ensino Médio, e de uma análise da aplicação desse material em turmas de uma escola estadual da cidade de Santos, SP. Foi elaborada uma sequência didática de oito aulas, realizadas em 16 horas-aula, inspiradas no enfoque sócio-histórico de Vygotsky. Destas, as duas primeiras foram aulas de revisão, resgate de conhecimentos anteriores e diagnóstico dos alunos; as três aulas seguintes foram de atividades compartilhadas, através da resolução de problemas ou construção de ideias de uma maneira exploratória, com os temas rampas, ângulos e relações trigonométricas no triângulo retângulo, com ponto de destaque na utilização de um morro conhecido da cidade; as duas aulas seguintes seguiram os mesmos métodos, com os temas de ângulos e áreas de polígonos, com destaque na utilização de ferramentas para desenho; e a última atividade foi o jogo da memória, utilizando os conhecimentos das aulas anteriores. A aplicação e análise da pesquisa se caracterizam por ser um estudo de campo, apoiado em uma pesquisa ação, seguindo um enfoque qualitativo. Das análises, podemos concluir que atividades compartilhadas ajudaram alguns alunos mais tímidos, mas também fizeram com que os mais adiantados, às vezes, se sentissem prejudicados; as atividades, desenvolvidas para terem sentido para os alunos, auxiliaram-nos na memorização dos conhecimentos; e finalmente, que a afetividade em relação ao conhecimento matemático, interferiu na motivação dos alunos, mas que esse é também um fator interno que não depende somente da diversificação das metodologias nas aulas. / This work consisted on the production of a pedagogical material based on the curricular documents of Mathematics in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, specifically on geometry, for students of the first year, in High School. It also includes an analysis of the application of this material in classes of a public state school, in the city of Santos- SP. We elaborated a didactical sequence of eight classes, developed in 16 classhours, based on Vygotsky´s socio-historical approach. The first two classes were for revision, rescuing students´ previous knowledge for diagnosis. The following three classes included shared activities, through problem solving or exploratory situations, with the mathematical subjects: ramps, angles and trigonometric relations in the rectangle triangle, where we point out the use of a known hill of the city. The next two classes had the same methods, with the themes of angles and areas of polygons, where we point out the use of tools for drawing; and finally, the last activity was the memory game, using the knowledge of previous classes. We characterize the application and analysis in this research as a field study, with a research-action structure, in a qualitative perspective. From the analysis, we conclude that shared activities can be helpful for some shy students, but it also causes more advanced students sometimes to feel harmed. On the other hand, the activities designed to make sense for the students helped them to remember easier. Finally, we saw that affectivity related to mathematical knowledge interfered with the students´ motivation, but this is an internal factor, that does not depend only on the methodology diversification.

Na busca por soluções organizacionais, modelos alternativos de redes de cooperação, como forma otimizada de gestão, vêm sendo pesquisados e propostos. O conceito de empresa virtual é uma destas propostas, tendo como característica a integração de competências de diferentes empresas que se unem para satisfazer oportunidades específicas de negócio. Um ambiente adequado para as empresas virtuais se constituírem rapidamente é através da criação de organizações virtuais, formadas por empresas pré-dispostas a cooperarem e que juntas, buscam novas oportunidades de mercado. O pré-requisito para seu adequado funcionamento depende de quatro infra-estruturas: física, legal, de informação e a sócio-cultural. A ausência de estudos e ações aprofundadas sobre a parte sócio-cultural pode inviabilizar o bom desempenho das organizações virtuais devido, principalmente a falta de cultura de cooperação baseada na confiança. No sentido de minimizar o problema, este trabalho define uma infra-estrutura sócio-cultural essencial que suporta a participação de empresas em organizações virtuais contribuindo para um maior conhecimento científico sobre aspectos sócio-culturais em ambientes dinâmicos e viabilizando maiores chances de sucesso das organizações virtuais. Esta infra-estrutura é baseada em estudo de caso numa organização virtual brasileira onde, numa experiência de três anos, benefícios, problemas e sugestões são apresentados servindo assim, como um referencial para futuras organizações virtuais. / The actual fast dynamic in the business impose of the enterprises more flexibility and so an inquiry for organizational solutions to make this enterprises competitivities. New alternative models of cooperation chain between enterprises as a way of optimized management have been research and proposal. The Virtual Enterprise concept is one of this proposes having as characteristic the integration of the abilities, or competences, of this existent enterprises join itself to satisfy specific opportunities of business. One manner to create a proper environment to quickly constitute a virtual enterprise is among the creation of a Virtual Organization, formed by enterprises predisposes and qualified to cooperate seeking together new opportunities to operate in the market. This organizations owing for a good growth four substructures: physical, legal, of information and social-cultural. The absence of profound studies and actions about the social-cultural substructure can make unable the good performance of the virtual organizations due, mainly, to the absence of the cooperation culture based in trust. In sense to minimize this problem this work define a essential social-cultural substructure to support the participation of enterprises in Virtual Organizations contributing to a scientific knowledge about social-cultural aspects in dynamics environments and allowing higher chances of success of the Virtual Organizations. This substructure is based in a study of case in the brazilian virtual organization, where in a experience among three years, benefit, problems and suggestions are presented serving so as a referential to the future virtual organizations.