The main purpose of this study is to explain international students’ social and cultural adaptation to the new environment at Linnaeus University in Växjö. Multiple research methods were used as this study has gathered and analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data, however with an emphasis on the qualitative. Six interviews were conducted and 103 survey responses collected. The data was analyzed in light of four theories; Bourdieu’s theory of social capital, Ebaugh’s theory of role exit, Elias and Scotson’s theory of established and outsiders, and Stier’s description of the role of socialization for cultural learning. The results of the study indicates that the international students form an initial, small social network consisting of other international students through meeting people in class, in their living corridors and on events organized by the University’s organizations. This small social network expands as students meet new friends through their existing social network; through “a friend of a friend”. The social network functions as social capital as the students get access to resources such as jobs, organizations and a less segregated living situation through their friends and acquaintances. The growing social network in time also includes Swedish students, and having Swedish friends help facilitate the students’ cultural adaption. The students get re-socialized into Swedish culture through interaction with Swedish people; by receiving rewards when doing something right and sanctions when doing something wrong. While adapting to Swedish norms they disengage in norms from their home culture. This re-socialization can be viewed as a version of role exit. The final stage of the cultural adaptation is when the Swedish norms have been internalized with the international student to the point where he or she feels like it is a part of his or her personality.

Base teórica: A doença de Parkinson (DP) é a segunda enfermidade neurodegenerativa mais frequente, crescendo proporcionalmente com o aumento da idade. É uma doença de comprometimento motor e não motor. Levodopa e agonistas dopaminérgicos (AD) são usados no tratamento da DP, permitindo um controle ótimo dos sintomas nos primeiros anos. Entretanto, em 5 anos, metade dos pacientes terão complicações motoras e nãomotoras induzidas pelo uso de antiparkinsonianos. Manifestações neuropsiquiátricas são frequentes, entre elas depressão, ansiedade, prejuízos cognitivos, sintomas psicóticos e transtorno de descontrole dos impulsos(DI). O DI é uma condição caracterizada pela falência em resistir a impulsos ou tentação de executar atos. O DI está associado ao uso de antiparkinsonianos, em especial, os agonistas dopaminérgicos A identificação desta condição é primordial para seu tratamento e estudo adequados. Na literatura atual, o questionário padrão-ouro foi validado na língua inglesa (QUIP), não existindo uma validação para língua portuguesa. Objetivo: Traduzir e validar o questionário QUIP-CS, em sua versão curta e aplicável no momento presente da DP, para lingua Portuguesa do Brasil Métodos: A versão curta da QUIP (QUIP-CS) foi traduzida para o Português por tradutor juramentado. Após, esta foi avaliada por 5 especialistas em DP no Brasil, sendo sugeridas pequenas correções. A versão corrigida em português foi retrotraduzida para o inglês por 2 tradutores juramentados nativos na língua original da escala (inglês), que compararam suas versões posteriormente, chegando-se a uma nova versão final neste idioma. Esta foi enviada ao autor da escala original, que concordou com esta versão, ou seja, foram mantidas as propriedades semânticas do instrumento. Após, a versão final em Português foi auto-aplicada em 65 indivíduos com diagnóstico de DP em tratamento no ambulatório especializado no HCPA, sendo que, de forma aleatória, para 30 foi aplicado um questionário de avaliação sobre o grau de dificuldade de compreensão de suas perguntas. Resultados: Em uma escala de 1 a 5 pontos, onde 1 era nenhuma compreensão das perguntas e 5, clara compreensão, a média de entendimento pelos pacientes foi de 4,06 +/- 0,69 DP. Conclusão: A avaliação desta versão foi considerada de fácil compreensão pelos próprios pacientes. O artigo para validação da tradução do conteúdo da versão em Português da QUIP-CS está em fase de revisão para publicação. / Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most often neurodegenerative disease and proportionally growing with people aging. PD is a disease with motor and nonmotor clinical features. Levodopa and dopaminergic agonists (DA) are used for PD treatment, allowing an exquisite control of the motor symptoms during the first years. However, in five years, half patients will present motor or non-motor complications induced by cronic use of these medications. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are often, for example, depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, psychotic symptoms and impulse control disorders (ICD). The ICD is characterized by failure on resisting an impulse or on performing an specific act. Identification of the PD affected patients is crucial for proper management and study of this condition. There is an already validated self-reported questionnaire for this purpose, the Parkinson's Disease Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders Questionnaire (QUIP), without equivalent in portuguese language. Objective: To translate and to validate the Portuguese short version of the gold-standard questionnaire for identifying ICDs PD affected patients, applicable at the current moment of PD Methods: QUIP-CS was first translated to Portuguese by a professional translator. This translated version was shown to 5 PD neurologist specialists. in Brazil, being suggested minor modifications on it. This new Portuguese revised version was back translated to English by two independent native English speakers. They were both asked to compare the version one another and checked for differences. Then, they contacted each other and got a final back translated version. This one was sent for the original author, that approved its new version comparing to his original and validated one, with no loss of it’s original properties. The Portuguese corrected version was applied to 65 patients in a random way at PD’s ambulatory at HCPA. From these, 30 were asked to answer a number that would represent their level of QUIP-CS questions’ comprehension. Results: In a 1 to 5 point scale, being 1 no comprehension and 5, total comprehension, the average was 4,06 +/- 0,69 DP. Conclusion: Our results on Portuguese version of QUIP-CS show that QUIP-CS translated and corrected version was easily understood and easily self-applied. The article is under revision to be submitted for publication.

<p>Allt fler svenskar är utlandsstationerade i Kina (Sveriges Ambassad 2008) och att anpassa sig till den kinesiska kulturen kan vara påfrestande för en utlandstjänstgörande. Problematiken kring kulturanpassning har lett till att olika teorier testats och utvecklats (Black & Mendenhall 1991). En av de modeller som tagits fram är U-kurvan som beskriver individens anpassningsprocess genom faserna kulturchock och kulturanpassning (Zapf 1991). Individuella faktorer, som exempelvis språkkunskaper och kulturell erfarenhet har varit centrala inom forskningsområdet (Earley & Mosakowski 2004, Shay & Baack 2004) och denna studie undersöker därför företagsrelaterade faktorer då en utlandstjänstgörandes förmåga att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter påverkas av hur pass anpassad individen är till kulturen (Aycan 1997, Jun m. fl. 2001). Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att ta reda på hur en svensk utlandstjänstgörandes anpassningsprocess till den kinesiska kulturen påverkas av faktorerna företagsstorlek, bransch och verksamhetstid i Kina.</p><p>Materialet till undersökningen har huvudsakligen samlats in genom webbenkäter som skickats ut till utlandstjänstgörande svenskar i Kina. Resultaten visar att det är branschen i vilken den utlandstjänstgörandes företag verkar som har högst påverkan på en utlandstjänstgörandes anpassningsprocess. Undersökningen visade även att utlandstjänstgörande i företag med mindre än 50 anställda i detaljindustrin som etablerade sig i Kina under 1990-talet var bäst anpassade till den kinesiska kulturen. Då resultaten från studien presenterades i diagram framgick att i två fall av tre var den bästa anpassningsprocessen den som mest liknade en U-kurva vilket tyder på att den bästa anpassningsprocessen är den då en utlandstjänstgörande går igenom faserna på ett balanserat sätt. Detta är dock ingen slutsats som kan dras av undersökningen eftersom resultaten inte gällde för alla faktorer.</p> / <p>The numbers of Swedish expatriates in China are increasing (Swedish Embassy 2008) and adaption to the Chinese culture can be demanding for an individual. The complexity of cultural adjustments has led to different theories being tested and developed (Black & Mendenhall 1991). One of the models that have been developed is the U-curve, which describes the process of individual adaption through the two phase's culture shock and cultural adaption (Zapf 1991). Factors related to the individual, such as language skills and cultural experience have been central in research of cultural adaption and this study therefore examines company related factors because an individual's ability to perform his/her work tasks is affected by the individual's adjustment to the culture (Aycan 1997, Jun et al. 2001). The purpose of this study is therefore to verify how a Swedish expatriate's process of adaption to the Chinese culture is affected by the company related factors firm size, industry and time of operation in China.</p><p>The data of the study has mainly been collected by web surveys which were sent to Swedish expatriates in China. The results show that the industry has the largest influence on the adaption process. The study also showed that expatriates in companies with less than 50 employees in the retail- and manufacturing industry which were established in China during the 1990s, were the ones that were the most adjusted. When the results were presented as diagrams it showed that the best adaption process was the one that most reminded of a U-curve which indicates that the best adaption process occurs when the expatriate passes the phases in balance. However, this is not a conclusion that can be drawn from this study since these results are not valid for all the factors.</p>

Allt fler svenskar är utlandsstationerade i Kina (Sveriges Ambassad 2008) och att anpassa sig till den kinesiska kulturen kan vara påfrestande för en utlandstjänstgörande. Problematiken kring kulturanpassning har lett till att olika teorier testats och utvecklats (Black &amp; Mendenhall 1991). En av de modeller som tagits fram är U-kurvan som beskriver individens anpassningsprocess genom faserna kulturchock och kulturanpassning (Zapf 1991). Individuella faktorer, som exempelvis språkkunskaper och kulturell erfarenhet har varit centrala inom forskningsområdet (Earley &amp; Mosakowski 2004, Shay &amp; Baack 2004) och denna studie undersöker därför företagsrelaterade faktorer då en utlandstjänstgörandes förmåga att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter påverkas av hur pass anpassad individen är till kulturen (Aycan 1997, Jun m. fl. 2001). Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att ta reda på hur en svensk utlandstjänstgörandes anpassningsprocess till den kinesiska kulturen påverkas av faktorerna företagsstorlek, bransch och verksamhetstid i Kina. Materialet till undersökningen har huvudsakligen samlats in genom webbenkäter som skickats ut till utlandstjänstgörande svenskar i Kina. Resultaten visar att det är branschen i vilken den utlandstjänstgörandes företag verkar som har högst påverkan på en utlandstjänstgörandes anpassningsprocess. Undersökningen visade även att utlandstjänstgörande i företag med mindre än 50 anställda i detaljindustrin som etablerade sig i Kina under 1990-talet var bäst anpassade till den kinesiska kulturen. Då resultaten från studien presenterades i diagram framgick att i två fall av tre var den bästa anpassningsprocessen den som mest liknade en U-kurva vilket tyder på att den bästa anpassningsprocessen är den då en utlandstjänstgörande går igenom faserna på ett balanserat sätt. Detta är dock ingen slutsats som kan dras av undersökningen eftersom resultaten inte gällde för alla faktorer. / The numbers of Swedish expatriates in China are increasing (Swedish Embassy 2008) and adaption to the Chinese culture can be demanding for an individual. The complexity of cultural adjustments has led to different theories being tested and developed (Black &amp; Mendenhall 1991). One of the models that have been developed is the U-curve, which describes the process of individual adaption through the two phase's culture shock and cultural adaption (Zapf 1991). Factors related to the individual, such as language skills and cultural experience have been central in research of cultural adaption and this study therefore examines company related factors because an individual's ability to perform his/her work tasks is affected by the individual's adjustment to the culture (Aycan 1997, Jun et al. 2001). The purpose of this study is therefore to verify how a Swedish expatriate's process of adaption to the Chinese culture is affected by the company related factors firm size, industry and time of operation in China. The data of the study has mainly been collected by web surveys which were sent to Swedish expatriates in China. The results show that the industry has the largest influence on the adaption process. The study also showed that expatriates in companies with less than 50 employees in the retail- and manufacturing industry which were established in China during the 1990s, were the ones that were the most adjusted. When the results were presented as diagrams it showed that the best adaption process was the one that most reminded of a U-curve which indicates that the best adaption process occurs when the expatriate passes the phases in balance. However, this is not a conclusion that can be drawn from this study since these results are not valid for all the factors.

Base teórica: A doença de Parkinson (DP) é a segunda enfermidade neurodegenerativa mais frequente, crescendo proporcionalmente com o aumento da idade. É uma doença de comprometimento motor e não motor. Levodopa e agonistas dopaminérgicos (AD) são usados no tratamento da DP, permitindo um controle ótimo dos sintomas nos primeiros anos. Entretanto, em 5 anos, metade dos pacientes terão complicações motoras e nãomotoras induzidas pelo uso de antiparkinsonianos. Manifestações neuropsiquiátricas são frequentes, entre elas depressão, ansiedade, prejuízos cognitivos, sintomas psicóticos e transtorno de descontrole dos impulsos(DI). O DI é uma condição caracterizada pela falência em resistir a impulsos ou tentação de executar atos. O DI está associado ao uso de antiparkinsonianos, em especial, os agonistas dopaminérgicos A identificação desta condição é primordial para seu tratamento e estudo adequados. Na literatura atual, o questionário padrão-ouro foi validado na língua inglesa (QUIP), não existindo uma validação para língua portuguesa. Objetivo: Traduzir e validar o questionário QUIP-CS, em sua versão curta e aplicável no momento presente da DP, para lingua Portuguesa do Brasil Métodos: A versão curta da QUIP (QUIP-CS) foi traduzida para o Português por tradutor juramentado. Após, esta foi avaliada por 5 especialistas em DP no Brasil, sendo sugeridas pequenas correções. A versão corrigida em português foi retrotraduzida para o inglês por 2 tradutores juramentados nativos na língua original da escala (inglês), que compararam suas versões posteriormente, chegando-se a uma nova versão final neste idioma. Esta foi enviada ao autor da escala original, que concordou com esta versão, ou seja, foram mantidas as propriedades semânticas do instrumento. Após, a versão final em Português foi auto-aplicada em 65 indivíduos com diagnóstico de DP em tratamento no ambulatório especializado no HCPA, sendo que, de forma aleatória, para 30 foi aplicado um questionário de avaliação sobre o grau de dificuldade de compreensão de suas perguntas. Resultados: Em uma escala de 1 a 5 pontos, onde 1 era nenhuma compreensão das perguntas e 5, clara compreensão, a média de entendimento pelos pacientes foi de 4,06 +/- 0,69 DP. Conclusão: A avaliação desta versão foi considerada de fácil compreensão pelos próprios pacientes. O artigo para validação da tradução do conteúdo da versão em Português da QUIP-CS está em fase de revisão para publicação. / Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most often neurodegenerative disease and proportionally growing with people aging. PD is a disease with motor and nonmotor clinical features. Levodopa and dopaminergic agonists (DA) are used for PD treatment, allowing an exquisite control of the motor symptoms during the first years. However, in five years, half patients will present motor or non-motor complications induced by cronic use of these medications. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are often, for example, depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, psychotic symptoms and impulse control disorders (ICD). The ICD is characterized by failure on resisting an impulse or on performing an specific act. Identification of the PD affected patients is crucial for proper management and study of this condition. There is an already validated self-reported questionnaire for this purpose, the Parkinson's Disease Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders Questionnaire (QUIP), without equivalent in portuguese language. Objective: To translate and to validate the Portuguese short version of the gold-standard questionnaire for identifying ICDs PD affected patients, applicable at the current moment of PD Methods: QUIP-CS was first translated to Portuguese by a professional translator. This translated version was shown to 5 PD neurologist specialists. in Brazil, being suggested minor modifications on it. This new Portuguese revised version was back translated to English by two independent native English speakers. They were both asked to compare the version one another and checked for differences. Then, they contacted each other and got a final back translated version. This one was sent for the original author, that approved its new version comparing to his original and validated one, with no loss of it’s original properties. The Portuguese corrected version was applied to 65 patients in a random way at PD’s ambulatory at HCPA. From these, 30 were asked to answer a number that would represent their level of QUIP-CS questions’ comprehension. Results: In a 1 to 5 point scale, being 1 no comprehension and 5, total comprehension, the average was 4,06 +/- 0,69 DP. Conclusion: Our results on Portuguese version of QUIP-CS show that QUIP-CS translated and corrected version was easily understood and easily self-applied. The article is under revision to be submitted for publication.

Base teórica: A doença de Parkinson (DP) é a segunda enfermidade neurodegenerativa mais frequente, crescendo proporcionalmente com o aumento da idade. É uma doença de comprometimento motor e não motor. Levodopa e agonistas dopaminérgicos (AD) são usados no tratamento da DP, permitindo um controle ótimo dos sintomas nos primeiros anos. Entretanto, em 5 anos, metade dos pacientes terão complicações motoras e nãomotoras induzidas pelo uso de antiparkinsonianos. Manifestações neuropsiquiátricas são frequentes, entre elas depressão, ansiedade, prejuízos cognitivos, sintomas psicóticos e transtorno de descontrole dos impulsos(DI). O DI é uma condição caracterizada pela falência em resistir a impulsos ou tentação de executar atos. O DI está associado ao uso de antiparkinsonianos, em especial, os agonistas dopaminérgicos A identificação desta condição é primordial para seu tratamento e estudo adequados. Na literatura atual, o questionário padrão-ouro foi validado na língua inglesa (QUIP), não existindo uma validação para língua portuguesa. Objetivo: Traduzir e validar o questionário QUIP-CS, em sua versão curta e aplicável no momento presente da DP, para lingua Portuguesa do Brasil Métodos: A versão curta da QUIP (QUIP-CS) foi traduzida para o Português por tradutor juramentado. Após, esta foi avaliada por 5 especialistas em DP no Brasil, sendo sugeridas pequenas correções. A versão corrigida em português foi retrotraduzida para o inglês por 2 tradutores juramentados nativos na língua original da escala (inglês), que compararam suas versões posteriormente, chegando-se a uma nova versão final neste idioma. Esta foi enviada ao autor da escala original, que concordou com esta versão, ou seja, foram mantidas as propriedades semânticas do instrumento. Após, a versão final em Português foi auto-aplicada em 65 indivíduos com diagnóstico de DP em tratamento no ambulatório especializado no HCPA, sendo que, de forma aleatória, para 30 foi aplicado um questionário de avaliação sobre o grau de dificuldade de compreensão de suas perguntas. Resultados: Em uma escala de 1 a 5 pontos, onde 1 era nenhuma compreensão das perguntas e 5, clara compreensão, a média de entendimento pelos pacientes foi de 4,06 +/- 0,69 DP. Conclusão: A avaliação desta versão foi considerada de fácil compreensão pelos próprios pacientes. O artigo para validação da tradução do conteúdo da versão em Português da QUIP-CS está em fase de revisão para publicação. / Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most often neurodegenerative disease and proportionally growing with people aging. PD is a disease with motor and nonmotor clinical features. Levodopa and dopaminergic agonists (DA) are used for PD treatment, allowing an exquisite control of the motor symptoms during the first years. However, in five years, half patients will present motor or non-motor complications induced by cronic use of these medications. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are often, for example, depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, psychotic symptoms and impulse control disorders (ICD). The ICD is characterized by failure on resisting an impulse or on performing an specific act. Identification of the PD affected patients is crucial for proper management and study of this condition. There is an already validated self-reported questionnaire for this purpose, the Parkinson's Disease Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders Questionnaire (QUIP), without equivalent in portuguese language. Objective: To translate and to validate the Portuguese short version of the gold-standard questionnaire for identifying ICDs PD affected patients, applicable at the current moment of PD Methods: QUIP-CS was first translated to Portuguese by a professional translator. This translated version was shown to 5 PD neurologist specialists. in Brazil, being suggested minor modifications on it. This new Portuguese revised version was back translated to English by two independent native English speakers. They were both asked to compare the version one another and checked for differences. Then, they contacted each other and got a final back translated version. This one was sent for the original author, that approved its new version comparing to his original and validated one, with no loss of it’s original properties. The Portuguese corrected version was applied to 65 patients in a random way at PD’s ambulatory at HCPA. From these, 30 were asked to answer a number that would represent their level of QUIP-CS questions’ comprehension. Results: In a 1 to 5 point scale, being 1 no comprehension and 5, total comprehension, the average was 4,06 +/- 0,69 DP. Conclusion: Our results on Portuguese version of QUIP-CS show that QUIP-CS translated and corrected version was easily understood and easily self-applied. The article is under revision to be submitted for publication.

Riechen ist ein unterschätzter Sinn, der in unserem alltäglichen Leben zum Bespiel bei Nahrungsaufnahme, Partnerwahl und Erkennung von Gefahren eine große Rolle spielt. Für die Diagnostik von Riechstörungen ist ein kulturell angepasster, validierter Riechtest unablässig, da Menschen nicht überall mit den gleichen Gerüchen vertraut sind. Für den ägyptischen Kulturkreis gab es einen solchen Test bisher nicht. Der „Sniffin‘ Sticks“ Test ist ein in Europa häufig angewandter Riechtest. Er besteht aus einer Diskriminationstestung, einer Riechschwellentestung und einem Identifikationsteil. Letzterer ist der Teil, der mit Sicherheit einer kulturellen Adaptation bedarf. In dieser Studie wurde der deutsche „Sniffin‘ Sticks“-Identifikationstest so modifiziert, dass er für ägyptische Probanden angewendet werden kann. Wir konnten erste normierte Daten erheben. Die Probanden erzielten im angepassten „Sniffin‘ Sticks“-Identifikationstest weitestgehend ähnliche Ergebnisse wie die Teilnehmer anderer Nationalitäten. Jedoch konnte zwischen Gruppen mit nur bedingt unterschiedlichen Beeinträchtigungen (Normosmiker und Teilnehmer mit leichter Riechminderung, sowie Anosmiker und Teilnehmer mit schwerer Riechminderung) kein signifikanter Unterschied hinsichtlich der Testergebnisse gefunden werden. Dies führen wir darauf zurück, dass Probanden ihr Riechvermögen häufig selbst einschätzten, was nicht immer zu einer korrekten Zuordnung zu den einzelnen Testgruppen führte. Weiterhin konnten keine signifikanten geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede des Riechvermögens nachgewiesen werden. Wie in anderen Studien bereits beobachtet, schnitten jedoch auch die ägyptischen Frauen im Vergleich zu den Männern tendenziell besser ab. Eine Abnahme des Riechvermögens mit dem Alter ist vielfach dokumentiert und über kulturelle Grenzen hinweg einheitlich beobachtet worden. Auch die ältere ägyptische Bevölkerung bildet hier keine Ausnahme. Es fiel aber auch ein schlechteres Abschneiden der älteren Probanden im Vergleich zu anderen Nationalitäten gleichen Alters auf. Wir erklärten dies im Hinblick auf die Akkumulation schädlicher Umwelteinflüsse und die geringe Stichprobengröße. Letztendlich existiert nun ein validierter Test zur Testung des Riechvermögens ägyptischer Probanden. Sicherlich werden weitere Studien notwendig sein, um die bisher erhobenen Daten zu stärken.:Zusammenfassung 4 Summary 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 8 1 Einleitung 9 2 Theorie 11 2.1 Der Geruchssinn – Grundlagen 11 2.1.1 Anatomie 11 2.1.2 Physiologie und Biochemie 14 2.2 Ätiologie und Pathologie der Riechstörungen 15 2.2.1 Sinunasal bedingte Riechstörungen 15 2.2.2 Traumatisch bedingte Riechstörungen 16 2.2.3 Nicht-sinunasal bedingte Riechstörungen 16 2.3 Diagnostik - Riechtestung 17 2.3.1 Einteilung der Diagnostik 18 2.3.1.1 Objektive Testverfahren 18 2.3.1.2 Psychophysische Testverfahren – Der „Sniffin‘ Sticks“-Test 19 2.3.2 „Sniffin‘ Sticks“-Identifikationstest – Kulturelle Adaption 21 2.4 Therapieansätze 22 2.5 Einfluss des Alters auf den Geruchssinn 23 2.6 Einfluss des Geschlechts auf den Geruchssinn 24 2.7 Einfluss des Rauchens auf den Geruchssinn 24 3 Ziele 24 4 Material und Methoden 25 4.1 Studiendesign und Studienablauf 25 4.2 Patientenauswahl 29 4.3 Aufklärung und Einverständnis 30 4.4 Die statistische Auswertung 30 5 Ergebnisse 30 5.1 Auswahl der Gerüche 30 5.2 Vergleich von subjektiv riechgesunden und riechgeminderten Personen 31 5.3 Einfluss des Geschlechts auf den Geruchssinn 33 5.4 Einfluss des Alters auf den Geruchssinn 33 5.5 Reliabilität und Korrelationsanalysen 34 6 Diskussion 34 6.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 34 6.1.1 Ergebnisse der Auswahl der Gerüche 35 6.1.2 Ergebnisse des Vergleichs von riechgesunden und riechgeminderten Probanden 36 6.1.3 Ergebnisse der geschlechtsspezifischen Untersuchung 36 6.1.4 Vergleich mit anderen normativen Daten 36 6.2 Diskussion der Methoden 37 6.2.1 Übersetzung und Arbeitssprache 37 6.2.2 Auswahl der Probanden 37 7 Literaturverzeichnis 40 8 Anhang 49 8.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 49 8.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 49 Danksagung 50 Erklärungen 51 / Smelling is one of our most underestimated senses, although it plays a huge role in our daily life, when it comes to eating, socializing and recognizing dangers. For diagnosing smelling disorders, a good validated and cultural adapted test is very important. People all over the world aren’t used to the same sort of odors. That’s why cultural adaptation is so important. For Egyptians or the Arabic population there was no validated test like that so far. The „Sniffin‘ Sticks“ Test is such a tool for diagnosing smelling disorders. It consists of a discrimination part, a threshold testing part and an identification part. This last one is the one that needs to be surely adapted, if the test is supposed to be used for patients from a different cultural background. That was the purpose of this study: To adapt the German „Sniffin‘ Sticks“ Test for making it applicable in Egypt. We were able to collect first normative data, with mostly similar results to the ones of other cultural groups. Nevertheless there were some obstacles. We could not find significant differences between participants with slightly different intensity of smell loss. That might be due to the fact that participants mostly rated their ability of smell themselves, so we could match them to one of the study groups. As this is often not very accurate, it might explain why we could not discriminate well between people rating themselves as strongly impaired and anosmic for example. Also we could not find significant differences concerning the ability to smell in terms of sex. This is an often-observed situation, although the tendency for women to slightly outperform men is also documented. It is the same with Egyptian women. Another well-known fact is the decrease of the sense of smell with age. That is as well shown in our data. The only difference was, that old participants did not score as good as older people from other countries. One reason for that might be the small sample of older participants we had, another reason might be the high load of pollution people in Cairo are exposed to. Finally now there is first normative data and a validated smelling test for the Egyptian population. Further studies will be necessary to undermine the previous work and create an even stronger test.:Zusammenfassung 4 Summary 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 8 1 Einleitung 9 2 Theorie 11 2.1 Der Geruchssinn – Grundlagen 11 2.1.1 Anatomie 11 2.1.2 Physiologie und Biochemie 14 2.2 Ätiologie und Pathologie der Riechstörungen 15 2.2.1 Sinunasal bedingte Riechstörungen 15 2.2.2 Traumatisch bedingte Riechstörungen 16 2.2.3 Nicht-sinunasal bedingte Riechstörungen 16 2.3 Diagnostik - Riechtestung 17 2.3.1 Einteilung der Diagnostik 18 2.3.1.1 Objektive Testverfahren 18 2.3.1.2 Psychophysische Testverfahren – Der „Sniffin‘ Sticks“-Test 19 2.3.2 „Sniffin‘ Sticks“-Identifikationstest – Kulturelle Adaption 21 2.4 Therapieansätze 22 2.5 Einfluss des Alters auf den Geruchssinn 23 2.6 Einfluss des Geschlechts auf den Geruchssinn 24 2.7 Einfluss des Rauchens auf den Geruchssinn 24 3 Ziele 24 4 Material und Methoden 25 4.1 Studiendesign und Studienablauf 25 4.2 Patientenauswahl 29 4.3 Aufklärung und Einverständnis 30 4.4 Die statistische Auswertung 30 5 Ergebnisse 30 5.1 Auswahl der Gerüche 30 5.2 Vergleich von subjektiv riechgesunden und riechgeminderten Personen 31 5.3 Einfluss des Geschlechts auf den Geruchssinn 33 5.4 Einfluss des Alters auf den Geruchssinn 33 5.5 Reliabilität und Korrelationsanalysen 34 6 Diskussion 34 6.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 34 6.1.1 Ergebnisse der Auswahl der Gerüche 35 6.1.2 Ergebnisse des Vergleichs von riechgesunden und riechgeminderten Probanden 36 6.1.3 Ergebnisse der geschlechtsspezifischen Untersuchung 36 6.1.4 Vergleich mit anderen normativen Daten 36 6.2 Diskussion der Methoden 37 6.2.1 Übersetzung und Arbeitssprache 37 6.2.2 Auswahl der Probanden 37 7 Literaturverzeichnis 40 8 Anhang 49 8.1 Abbildungsverzeichnis 49 8.2 Tabellenverzeichnis 49 Danksagung 50 Erklärungen 51

本研究主要透過質化研究深度訪談法，描繪越南籍女性配偶在台生活使用媒體行為與對本地文化適應情況。訪談結果歸納整理出以下若干：第一、受訪者使用媒體的時間與平日所持家務的繁重程度及與夫家的態度有關。第二、受訪者夫家對其媒體使用並未加以過份干涉。第三、受訪者使用屬於母國媒體產品主要為舒緩思鄉情緒，消除對環境的不確定疑慮。第四、受訪者期望台灣媒體對母國之報導多採正面態度。 / The study mainly described the behavior of mass-media-using and cultural adaption among Vietnamese women living in Taiwan through interracial marriage. In-depth interview was conducted in this study. The findings of research were showed as follows: 1.There are relationship among mass-media-using time and daily household tasks and the allowing from husband’s family toward the interviewers. 2.It was not overly to interfere with interviewers using mass media by husband’s family. 3.The interviewers used mass-media products at husband’s family to ease homesickness and reduce uncertainty on environment about their living. 4.The interviewers wish that Taiwan’s media reported positive things about Vietnam as could as possible.