Cette thèse a pour ambition de comprendre et de restituer la grammaire d’action de la médiation culturelle. Alors que ce champ présente des contours flous, notre recherche propose une définition sociohistorique de ces activités, dont le développement doit être rapporté à la reconfiguration du projet de démocratisation de la culture. Cette thèse décrit la topographie d’un champ traversé par des mouvements de professionnalisation complexes et partiellement contradictoires. Un grand nombre de dispositifs de médiation ont été observés et analysés au prisme d’une double interrogation portant d’une part sur les formes et d’autre part sur le sens de l’action. Cette double interrogation permet de faire apparaître des problèmes propres à la reconnaissance des actions de médiation et à la définition respective des objets à transmettre (oeuvres d’art, expérience esthétique, pratiques artistiques ?) et des destinataires à construire (quels publics ?). Elle permet également de comprendre comment les médiateurs construisent leur activité comme une activité de transformation des rapports aux autres et à soi, dotée d’un sens et d’une utilité sociale et civique dont le terme « éthique » rend compte. Ces analyses contribuent à éclairer les processus subjectifs d’engagement dans le travail et d’actualisation du rapport aux valeurs tout en éclairant les ressorts propres de l’action des dispositifs de médiation. Les enquêtes de terrains ont été menées dans différents secteurs (spectacle vivant, cinéma, beaux-arts) et auprès de différentes institutions (théâtre de l’Odéon, Parc de la Villette etc.), associations (CEMÉA, Chroma-Zebrock) ou dispositifs d’éducation artistique (Ecole au cinéma). / This PhD dissertation aims to understand and render the “action grammar” of cultural mediation. While the limits of this field are hazy, this work presents a socio-historical definition of this type of activity, the development of which is ascribed to the reframing of the cultural democratization project. This PhD describes the topography of a field crisscrossed by complex and partially contradictory professionalization trends. A large number of mediation devices are observed and analyzed through a double angle: on the one hand, that of the forms, and on the other hand, that of the meaning of these projects. This double questioning unveils problems which are specific to the acknowledgment of mediation projects and to the definition of both the objects that are to be communicated (art works, aesthetical experience, artistic practice) and those at the receiving end (which audiences are targeted?). It also allows us to understand how mediators (educators) construct their activity as a transformation of the relationship to others and to oneself, endowed with meaning and with social and civic usefulness, conveyed by the term “ethics”. This is a contribution to the understanding of subjective processes of work commitment and of the enactment of the relation to values, while shedding light on mediation devices' action mechanisms. The fieldwork was carried out in various settings (performing arts, film, plastic arts) and in different institutions (Théâtre de l’Odéon, Parc de la Villette etc.), associations (CEMÉA, Chroma-Zebrock) or artistic education projects (Ecole au cinéma).

La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Nous nous sommes ici intéressé à la médiation musicale en tant qu’activité professionnelle et comme outil pédagogique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons voulu mettre en lumière les principaux acteurs de ce phénomène en Allemagne, en France, en Grande-Bretagne, aux États-Unis et au Québec. Nous nous sommes également penché sur la réalité professionnelles de trois musicologues québécois s’adonnant régulièrement à des activités de médiation musicale : Pierre Vachon, Guy Marchand et Dujka Smoje. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons préparé cinq notes de programme et deux interventions orale pour cinq concerts donnés par des organismes musicaux montréalais : les Grands vents de Montréal, Clavecin en concert, Pentaèdre, Portmantô Ensemble et la Société de musique contemporaine du Québec. Ces notes de programme et interventions orales ont servi à tester auprès du public la pertinence de quatre modèles de médiation musicale que nous avons spécialement conçu pour l’occasion. Ces modèles portaient chacun sur une dimension particulière des œuvres commentées : leur sens (modèle A), leur structure (modèle B), leur réception historique (modèle C) et leur exécution (modèle D). Les réponses des 156 auditeurs, obtenues par le biais de questionnaires que nous avons distribué avant les prestations, ont révélé que les modèles B et C contribuèrent particulièrement à améliorer leur expérience esthétique. / The object of this study is to explore musical popularization as an activity and a pedagogical tool. In the first place, we identified the major figures in this field from Germany, France, Great Britain, the United States, and Quebec. We also interviewed three Quebec musicologists (Pierre Vachon, Guy Marchand and Dujka Smoje) in order to better understand their professional reality. In the second place, we prepared two oral presentations and wrote program notes for five concerts given by musical societies from Montreal, namely Les Grands vents de Montréal, Clavecin en concert, Pentaèdre, Portmantô Ensemble, and Société de musique contemporaine du Québec. The program notes and oral presentations were used to test the relevance of four musical popularization models especially conceived for this study. These models each addressed one particular dimension of the works: their meaning (model A), structure (model B), historical reception (model C), and execution (model D). The listeners’ answers to questionnaires that we distributed to them prior to the performance showed that models B and C were particularly effective in enhancing their aesthetic experience.

A presente pesquisa trata de examinar uma política pública concebida no âmbito legislativo, na Câmara Municipal dos Vereadores do Município de São Paulo, entre 2001 e 2002, com expressiva participação juvenil e da sociedade civil. Originou a Lei 13.540/2003 e o Decreto 43.823/2003, que instituíram uma política pública por meio de um programa cultural batizado de Programa VAI, implantado a partir dos anos de 2004 na Secretaria Municipal de Cultura, na Gestão de Marta Suplicy. Em seus mais de dez anos de implantação, Programa VAI passou por tranformações importantes em seus métodos e execuções, em decorrência de seus gestores, metodologias compartilhadas entre eles e a comissão de seleção no decorrer da execução dos projetos. Dados estes que demonstram positivamente, um processo de implantação da política pública com efetiva participação dos contemplados e não contemplados no edital. O programa trouxe também outros aspectos externos ao curso de sua implantação, que são cruciais para compreender um arranjo possível da democracia cultural pelo viés do território, onde muitas populações das periferias paulistanas e cidades de fronteira das mesmas estão vivenciando processos da tão almejada cidadania cultural. A participação política dos jovens e também as ações intergeracionais são responsáveis pelas mobilizações e reivindicações relacionadas aos direitos culturais via pressões e diálogos com o Estado. Por fim, territórios complexos e reveladores se observados por meio do seu cotidiano, suas práticas culturais coletivas, em suas potências de deslocar a cartografia cultural da cidade, invertendo fluxos de poderes pelas ações afirmativas, artísticas, culturais e identitárias para garantirem o direito à cidade / This research examines a public policy conceived within the legislative body, at the Sao Paulo City Council, between 2001 and 2002, with significant participation of civil society, especially youth. This public policy originated the Law 13.540/2003 and the decree 43.823/2003, which instituted a cultural program named VAI, implemented in 2004 by the City Cultural Department during the mandate of Marta Suplicy. Over its ten years of implementation, the VAI program has undergone important transformations in its methods and executions, due to its different managers, and the methodologies theyve shared with the selection committee throughout the execution of selected projects. These transformations provide important information on management and monitoring of the program, revealing a qualitative and evolving process of this public policy. During the course of its implementation the program also brought up other external aspects that are crucial for understanding a possible arrangement of cultural democracy by the bias of the territory, where many populations from the peripheries of Sao Paulo\'s and its bordering cities are experiencing processes of this so desired cultural citizenship. The political participation of young people and also intergenerational actions are responsible for the mobilization and claims related to cultural rights via pressure and dialogues with the State. Finally, when observed from within their daily lives and own collective cultural practices, those are complex and revealing territories with power to displace the cultural cartography of the city, reversing power flows through affirmative artistic, cultural and identity actions to ensure the right to the city

Ce travail de recherche en muséologie porte sur la place de la mythologie gréco-romaine dans les musées des beaux-arts de la région des Hauts-de-France en proposant une analyse critique et pose la question de ses liens possibles avec les cultures de l’imaginaire. En effet, alors que la mythologie gréco-latine et sa réception auprès d’un vaste public n’ont jamais été autant présentes qu’aujourd’hui par le biais de divers médias (littérature, cinéma, bandes dessinées, jeux-vidéo), et que les œuvres inspirées des mythes sont aussi légions dans les musées, du vase grec à l’art contemporain, les liens entre ces deux « mondes » sont quasi inexistants comme le prouve notre analyse menée dans dix-huit musées de la région des Hauts-de-France. Malgré leur indéniable potentiel, les œuvres mythologiques sont souvent noyées dans les collections, peu valorisées et peu connues du grand public. Comment rendre plus accessibles des œuvres inspirées par une longue et riche tradition littéraire et artistique alors que les pratiques culturelles témoignent encore souvent d’un certain élitisme dans la fréquentation des musées de type beaux-arts ? Les objectifs de notre recherche sont de trouver, par des outils de médiation adaptés, des solutions pour rendre accessible au plus grand nombre la richesse iconographique de ces épisodes de l’Antiquité classique.Un terrain d’entente est-il possible afin de faire dialoguer beaux-arts et cultures actuelles de l’imaginaire, par le prisme de la mythologie ? Par le biais d’une analyse muséologique précise et d’un sondage ayant réuni plus de sept cent réponses, nous proposons un programme de médiation adapté sur cette thématique, tout en étayant notre analyse par l’étude d’expériences menées tant au niveau national qu’à l’international. Suite à l’analyse d’expériences déjà entreprises dans la région, il s’agit avant tout de créer du lien en explorant des solutions variées avec l’aide de la médiation humaine et d’Internet : théâtre dans les collections, ateliers hors-les-murs, expositions virtuelles sont quelques-unes des réponses que nous apportons au sein de ce travail. Nos recherches sont ainsi un exemple réflexif d’une tentative de démocratisation culturelle au sein de l’espace muséal, à l’échelle régionale. / My academic research work in museology deals with the place of Greco-Roman mythology in the Fine Arts Museums of Hauts-de-France by proposing a critical analysis and raising the question of its possible links with the cultures of imagination. Indeed, while Greco-Latin mythology and its reception by a large public have never been more present than today in various media (literature, cinema, comics, video games) and many works of art are inspired by myths in museums (from Greek vases to contemporary art), the links between these two "worlds" are almost nonexistent, as shown by our analysis in eighteen museums of Hauts-de-France.Despite their undeniable potential, mythological works are often lost in the collections, poorly valued and little known by the general public. How can we make more available works inspired by a long and rich literary and artistic tradition, while cultural practices still often show a sort of elitism in Fine Arts Museums? The objectives of our research are to find solutions, through suitable mediation tools, to make accessible to the broader public the iconographic richness of these episodes of classical antiquity. Is there a common ground for dialogue between Fine Arts and the current cultures of imagination, through the prism of mythology? Through a precise museological analysis and a survey of more than seven hundred answers, we propose an adapted mediation program, while supporting our analysis through the study of experiments at national and international levels. Following the analysis of experiences already undertaken in the region, its purpose is above all to create a link by exploring various solutions with the help of human mediation and Internet: theatre in collections, off- the-walls workshops, virtual exhibitions are some of the answers we bring. Thus, our research is a reflective example of an attempt for a cultural democratization in the museum space on a regional scale.

Le musée du XXIe siècle est caractérisé comme un espace « inclusif et collaboratif » qui intègre la voix des publics à la construction de son discours. Il repose sur une acception qualitative du projet de démocratisation culturelle comme « démocratisation d’un rapport social ». Nous nous intéressons aux mesures d’incitation à la visite adressées aux jeunes adultes : la gratuité pour les moins de 26 ans dans les musées nationaux et un ensemble d’événements dédiés aux jeunes adultes qui ensemble leur proposent de découvrir le musée autrement et participent de cette acception qualitative de la démocratisation culturelle. En quoi ces politiques des publics au musée sont-elles le vecteur d’un renouvellement des publics de ces lieux ? La structuration sociale des publics constitue la première clef d’analyse des effets de démocratisation. Pour l’étudier, on prend appui tout à la fois sur le dispositif d’enquête conçu par le ministère de la Culture afin d’évaluer la performance des établissements patrimoniaux nationaux (éditions 2012 et 2015 menées auprès de l’ensemble des visiteurs et éditions de 2009 et 2014 auprès des bénéficiaires de la gratuité) et sur deux enquêtes (statistique et qualitative) auprès des publics jeunes adultes d’événements conçus à leur intention. Une seconde clef intègre la compréhension des trajectoires culturelles et la diversité des facteurs qui les orientent ainsi qu’une lecture des univers culturels comme univers de goût (enquête de type biographique). En mettant en exergue le rôle des politiques des publics, cette recherche propose un modèle dynamique de compréhension des pratiques culturelles pour analyser la formation des publics des musées. Dans cette optique nous nous plaçons à l’échelle de la « culture vécue » et deux éléments principaux retiennent notre attention. L’un envisage le musée comme une plateforme de ressources, c’est-à-dire comme l’un des supports potentiels de l’expression des goûts, et suppose que les politiques des publics soutiennent et alimentent les univers culturels des individus. L’autre tient compte des processus par lesquels des individus deviennent visiteurs et de la capacité des politiques des publics à consolider ces dynamiques culturelles à l’instar des mesures d’incitation à la visite qui permettent à des publics de se constituer en ambassadeurs du musée. L’enjeu de cette recherche est donc bien celui d’une réévaluation des politiques publiques de démocratisation culturelle. / The museum of the 21st century is characterized as an "inclusive and collaborative" space that integrates the voice of the public into the construction of its speech. It is based on a qualitative meaning of the project of cultural democratization as "democratization of a social relationship". We are interested in incentives to encourage young adult audience visits: free entry for under-26s in national museums and a set of events dedicated to young adults. Together these measures offer to discover the museum differently and participate in this qualitative meaning of cultural democratization. How do these public museum policies support the audiences’ renewal for these places? The social structuring of the public is the first key to analysing the effects of democratization. To study it, we support both the national surveys designed by the Ministry of Culture to measure the performance of national heritage institutions (2012 and 2015 editions surveyed all visitors and editions 2009 and 2014 surveyed those who benefit from free entry) and two surveys (quantitative and qualitative) which evaluated events for young adults. A second key integrates the understanding of cultural trajectories and the diversity of the factors that shape them, as well as a reading of individual range of cultural practices as a world of taste (biographical interview survey). By highlighting the role of public policies, this research proposes a dynamic model of understanding cultural practices to analyse the construction of museum audiences. In this perspective we place ourselves at the scale of the "lived culture" and two main elements hold our attention. One sees the museum as a platform of resources, that is to say, as one of the potential supports for the expression of tastes, and assumes that public policies support and nourish the cultural world of individuals. The other takes into account the processes by which individuals become visitors and the ability of public policies to consolidate these cultural dynamics, such as incentives to turn visitors into museum ambassadors. Therefore, this research aims to reassess the public policies of cultural democratization

A presente pesquisa trata de examinar uma política pública concebida no âmbito legislativo, na Câmara Municipal dos Vereadores do Município de São Paulo, entre 2001 e 2002, com expressiva participação juvenil e da sociedade civil. Originou a Lei 13.540/2003 e o Decreto 43.823/2003, que instituíram uma política pública por meio de um programa cultural batizado de Programa VAI, implantado a partir dos anos de 2004 na Secretaria Municipal de Cultura, na Gestão de Marta Suplicy. Em seus mais de dez anos de implantação, Programa VAI passou por tranformações importantes em seus métodos e execuções, em decorrência de seus gestores, metodologias compartilhadas entre eles e a comissão de seleção no decorrer da execução dos projetos. Dados estes que demonstram positivamente, um processo de implantação da política pública com efetiva participação dos contemplados e não contemplados no edital. O programa trouxe também outros aspectos externos ao curso de sua implantação, que são cruciais para compreender um arranjo possível da democracia cultural pelo viés do território, onde muitas populações das periferias paulistanas e cidades de fronteira das mesmas estão vivenciando processos da tão almejada cidadania cultural. A participação política dos jovens e também as ações intergeracionais são responsáveis pelas mobilizações e reivindicações relacionadas aos direitos culturais via pressões e diálogos com o Estado. Por fim, territórios complexos e reveladores se observados por meio do seu cotidiano, suas práticas culturais coletivas, em suas potências de deslocar a cartografia cultural da cidade, invertendo fluxos de poderes pelas ações afirmativas, artísticas, culturais e identitárias para garantirem o direito à cidade / This research examines a public policy conceived within the legislative body, at the Sao Paulo City Council, between 2001 and 2002, with significant participation of civil society, especially youth. This public policy originated the Law 13.540/2003 and the decree 43.823/2003, which instituted a cultural program named VAI, implemented in 2004 by the City Cultural Department during the mandate of Marta Suplicy. Over its ten years of implementation, the VAI program has undergone important transformations in its methods and executions, due to its different managers, and the methodologies theyve shared with the selection committee throughout the execution of selected projects. These transformations provide important information on management and monitoring of the program, revealing a qualitative and evolving process of this public policy. During the course of its implementation the program also brought up other external aspects that are crucial for understanding a possible arrangement of cultural democracy by the bias of the territory, where many populations from the peripheries of Sao Paulo\'s and its bordering cities are experiencing processes of this so desired cultural citizenship. The political participation of young people and also intergenerational actions are responsible for the mobilization and claims related to cultural rights via pressure and dialogues with the State. Finally, when observed from within their daily lives and own collective cultural practices, those are complex and revealing territories with power to displace the cultural cartography of the city, reversing power flows through affirmative artistic, cultural and identity actions to ensure the right to the city