For this master thesis, two methods to apply a pattern with a controlled amount of moisture to hand sheets were evaluated. The two methods evaluated were spraying and pressing. Spraying moisture onto the sheets was deemed the easiest method to control and was chosen for further studies. The sheets were sprayed with four spray times and patterns to create different moisture content variations (4.2, 8.0, 14.2 and 26.9 pp moisture content difference). The moisture patterns were designed so the sheets had either moist spots with drier surroundings or reversibly, drier spots with moist surroundings. The sprayed sheets were dried unrestrained or fully restrained to study how in-plane moisture variations could affect paper properties and out-of-plane deformation. Unrestrained drying resulted in out-of-plane deformation around the areas where moisture had been applied. Restrained drying resulted in no out-of-plane deformation but instead changes in opacity, permeance, grammage and thickness occurred. The severity of cockling and difference in paper properties after drying were found to increase with greater moisture content variation before drying. However all effects could be obtained even at the lowest moisture content variation. The resulting out-of-plane deformation varied between ±100 μm for 4.2 pp moisture content difference and ±250 μm for 14.2 pp moisture content difference

No description available.

Curling är unik i avseendet att man kan påverka stenens bana efter att den släppts av spelaren. Beroende på trycket (Kg) och frekvensen (soptag/min) man kan applicera under sopmoment påverkas stenen olika mycket. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om curlingspelare med greppsula är mer uthålliga beträffande trycket och frekvensen vid sopning under flera stenar jämfört med curlingspelare som sopar med glidsula. Studien är en experimentellundersökning med två grupper och urvalet bestod av 17 män, 16–23 år, som spelade curling i någon av de två högsta serierna i Sverige. Undersökningsdeltagarna sopade tre stenar i följd under 15 sekunder med 50 sekunders vila mellan varje sten. Utrustningen som användes var mätinstrumentet (Broom-Mate), pulsklockan (Pm25, Beurer: Tyskland) och (Borg-Rpe-skalan). Resultatet från studien tyder på att det inte finns några signifikanta skillnader mellan att sopa med greppsula eller glidsula gällande förmågan att applicera och bibehålla trycket och frekvensen under tre sopade stenar. / Curling is unique in the way that you can affect the path of the curling rock after it´s been released. Depending on the amount of force (Kg) and frequency (strokes/min) of the sweeping motion it affects the path differently. The purpose of this study is to exam if curling players sweeping with gripper on are better regarding sustaining their force and frequency sweeping multiple stones compared to curling players sweeping with sliders on. The report is an experimental study with two groups. The selection consisted of 17 men, aged 16-23 years, regularly playing in one of the two top leagues in Sweden. The participants swept three stones in a row during 15 seconds with 50 seconds rest in between the stones. Equipment used during the collection of data were the (Broom-mate), heartrate monitor (Pm25, Beurer: Germany) and (Borg-RPE-scale). The results from the report suggest that there´s no significant difference between sweeping with gripper or slider on, regarding the ability to apply and sustain their force and frequency during three rounds of sweeping.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-18T13:04:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao-Version-Final.pdf: 16533060 bytes, checksum: 920aa7a96edb1e78d330ff1b83033a68 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T13:04:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertacao-Version-Final.pdf: 16533060 bytes, checksum: 920aa7a96edb1e78d330ff1b83033a68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / CAPEs / CNPq / Neste trabalho é realizado um estudo sobre os efeitos das rugosidades nas propriedades magnéticas de nanofios de níquel para os modos de reversão curling e transversal. Para o estudo adotamos a simulação micromagnética como ferramenta fundamental e para ser implementada utilizamos OOMMF. Para mudar a rugosidade utilizamos uma cadeia de elipsóides e uma forma de variar este parâmetro foi fixando o comprimento dos fios em 1 μm e mudando o número de elipsóides na cadeia. Dessa forma a relação de aspecto dos elipsóides foi modificada para ser entendida como câmbios na rugosidade. Nas análises realizamos estudos dinâmicos e estáticos da reversão dos momentos. A simulação se baseia fundamentalmente na resolução da equação LLG. Nos estudos dinâmicos monitoramos a dependência temporal dos mapas de momentos a das componentes transversais da magnetização depois de ser invertido o campo aplicado. Foram simulados os ciclos de histerese através da minimização da energia livre de Gibbs. Nos estudos estáticos monitoramos a dependência ângular do campo coercitivo, campo de comutação e a magnetização remanente. Observamos em modo geral que há grandes efeitos das rugosidades sobre as propriedades magnéticase que nossos resultados reproduzem os reportados na literatura assim como as curvas experimentais. / This work is a study on the effects of roughness on the magnetic properties of nickel nanowires for their reversal modes (curling and transversal). For the study we adopted the micromagnetic simulation as a fundamental tool and we used OOMMF to implemented. To change the roughness use ellipsoids chain and a way to vary this parameter was securing the length of the wires in 1 μm and changing the number of ellipsoids in the sequence. Thus the ellipsoids of the aspect ratio has been modified to be understood as the exchange roughness. In the analyzes we perform static and dynamic studies of the reversal of moments. The simulation is based largely on the resolution of the LLG equation. In dynamic studies we monitor the time dependence of the maps of magnetic moments and the transverse components of the magnetization after being reversed the field applied. The hysteresis cycles were simulated by minimization of Gibbs free energy.In static studies we monitor the angular dependence of the coercive field, the switching field and remanent magnetization. We observe in general that there are major effects of roughness on the magnetic properties and that our results reproduce the reported in the literature as well as the experimental curves.

The thesis identifies a lack of research in the general subject area of sports geography and in particular Scottish sports geography. A new conceptual framework for the analysis of the geography of sport is developed from an extensive review of the literature. This framework is then used to illustrate three case studies of the sports landscape in Scotland at three geographical scales. Case study one considers a national sport and traces curling, from its origin to the international Olympic sport it is today, through time and the geographical concepts of space, place, and environment. The sport of curling is shown to be a distinctively Scottish despite influences of modernisation and internationalisation. At the regional scale, case study two identifies two key sporting attributes. Recent survey data are used to highlight regional variations in sports club membership and volunteering in sport. For example the highest rate of sports volunteering in the population is found in the north of Scotland, while the biggest contribution to the sport volunteer workforce comes from large urban towns nearer the central belt. Finally case study three examines a local sportscape. Factors relating to the local population and to the individuals within the sportscape are combined to propose a model for the analysis of sports places. Each case study has added to the knowledge of sports geography in Scotland, however the real benefit of the thesis is to the overall understanding of sports geographical analysis. A new conceptual framework has been developed for the geographical analysis of sport and this has been applied to three case studies to illustrate its efficacy. This is a first Geography of Sport in Scotland.

La déformation de matériaux élastique dont l'une au moins des dimensions est petite apparaît dans un grand nombre de structures naturelles ou artificielles pour lesquelles une courbure spontanée est présente. Dans ces travaux de thèse, nous couplons plusieurs approches théoriques à des expériences macroscopiques sur des rubans élastiques afin de comprendre la dynamique d'enroulement de biomembranes ouvertes d'un trou. La motivation est issue d'observations récentes d'enroulements obtenues au cours de la sortie de parasites de la Malaria de globules rouges infectés, et de l'explosion de vésicules polymère. Dans une première partie, nous étudions théoriquement la stabilité d'un pore et la propagation de l'enroulement sur une biomembrane sphérique ouverte. Nous modélisons de façon géométrique l'enroulement toroïdal de la membrane par une spirale d'Archimède de révolution et décentrée. Avec cette hypothèse, nous montrons que la stabilité du pore vis-à-vis de l'enroulement dépend fortement de la tension de ligne et du cisaillement et nous discutons ces résultats dans le cadre de l'enroulement de membranes MIRBCs. De plus, en prenant en compte les différentes sources de dissipation, nous obtenons un très bon accord entre les données expérimentales obtenues pour les MIRBCs et la dynamique d'enroulement obtenue par le calcul. Notre approche montre en particulier que la dissipation dans la membrane due à la redistribution de la matière durant l'enroulement domine sur la dissipation visqueuse dans le milieu.Cependant, la complexité de la géométrie sphérique, ainsi que le nombre limité d'observations microscopiques à l'échelle de la membrane sont une entrave au développement de modèles plus détaillés qui permettraient de décrire complètement le couplage entre écoulement et déformation. Nous avons donc étudié dans une seconde partie la déformation d'enroulement dans le cas de rubans élastiques ayant une courbure spontanée dans différents milieux visqueux et pour différentes conditions élastiques. A grands nombres de Reynolds, en raison de la localisation de la courbure pour les rubans au cours de la propagation du front d'enroulement le long du matériau, nous montrons que l'enroulement atteint rapidement une vitesse de propagation constante. Dans ce régime, le ruban s'enroule sur lui-même de façon compacte, sur un cylindre dont la taille est prévue à partir de la solution de l'onde stationnaire pour l'Elastica. A faible nombre de Reynolds, cependant, se rapprochant des conditions d'enroulement d'une membrane microscopique, nous mettons en évidence l'influence des forces de lubrification sur la nature non-compacte de l'enroulement. La taille globale de la spirale de ruban augmente dans le temps conduisant à une diminution de la puissance élastique libérée et donc à une diminution de la vitesse. Nous discutons dans quelle mesure ces résultats peuvent faire avancer la modélisation de l'enroulement dans les MIRBCs et les vésicules polymère. / Curling deformation of thin elastic surfaces appears in numerous natural and man-made structures where a spontaneous curvature is present. In this thesis, we couple theoretical approaches and macroscopic experiments on elastic ribbons to understand the dynamics of curling of opened bio-membranes, motivated by the need to better understand recent microscopic observations during egress of Malaria infected red blood cells (MIRBC) and bursting of artificial polymersomes.In a first part, we study theoretically pore stability and curling propagation of an initially opened spherical bio-membrane. We model geometrically curling deformation as the revolution of a decentered Archimedean spiral, leading to a prescribed toroidal wrapping of the membrane. In this configuration, we show how the stability of a pore to curling depends strongly on both line-tension and shear elasticity and we discuss these results in relation to the curling of MIRBCs membranes. Moreover, taking into account viscous dissipations, the consequent dynamics we calculate agrees quantitatively well with experimental data obtained during opening of MIRBCs. Our approach shows in particular how the membrane dissipation resulting from the surface redistribution dominates curling dynamics over outer viscous dissipation.However, the complexity of the spherical geometry and the lack of detailed images in microscopic observations hamper the development of more accurate models where the coupling between flow and deformation is fully understood. Subsequently, we study in a second part the curling deformation of macroscopic naturally curved elastic ribbons in different viscous media and elastic conditions. At high Reynolds numbers, due to the tendency of ribbons to localize bending deformations when a curling front travels down the material, we show that curling reaches rapidly a constant propagating velocity. In this regime, the ribbon wraps itself into a compact roll whose size is predicted through the solitary wave solution of the associated Elastica. At low Reynolds numbers, however, closer to the hydrodynamic conditions of curling in microscopic membranes, we show that the strong lubrication forces induce a non-compact curling. The overall size of the spiraling ribbon increases in time leading to a temporal decrease of the released elastic power and therefore a consequent decrease in velocity. We discuss how such discovery sheds a new light on the modeling of curling in MIRBCs and polymersomes.

Le séchage des matériaux cimentaires et le retrait induit ont des conséquences majeures sur le comportement structurel des dalles et chapes. Le retrait empêché est une des principales causes de la fissuration de ces ouvrages. En sus, si le séchage est unidirectionnel, le retrait différentiel favorise le tuilage qui traduit le soulèvement des coins et des bords des dalles minces. Afin de mieux cerner les phénomènes induits par les gradients d’humidité relative interne, des études expérimentales et numériques ont été menées conjointement, et de nouveaux dispositifs expérimentaux ont été développés. On montre que l’évolution du tuilage dépend principalement de la progression du front de séchage. L’influence prédominante du séchage impose donc de recourir à une cure adaptée. Grâce à sa forte capacité de rétention d’eau, une étude systématique a été conduite sur la chaux en vue d’étudier son potentiel effet de cure. La chaux hydraulique a permis, par son influence sur la microstructure et son effet de cure, de retarder et réduire le tuilage. Sur la base des résultats expérimentaux, deux approches différentes de modélisation du tuilage ont été développées : i/ un modèle analytique continu, et ii/ une modélisation par éléments discrets. Les calculs montrent que des retraits plus importants apparaissent en surface et entraînent une microfissuration qui permet de relaxer les contraintes internes. La chaux semble conduire à une profondeur d’endommagement plus importante, ce qui explique en partie son effet sur l’amplitude du tuilage. L’approche par éléments discrets est capable de reproduire l’évolution du tuilage aussi bien en cinétique qu’en amplitude à partir des seules mesures du retrait différentiel. La chaux s’est aussi révélée bénéfique quand elle est incorporée dans les bétons autoplaçants en agissant à la fois sur le retrait et sur les propriétés viscoélastiques. / Drying of cementitious materials and the induced shrinkage have major consequences on the structural behavior of slabs and screeds. The restrained shrinkage is one of the main causes of cracking. In addition, if the drying is unidirectional, the differential shrinkage leads to curling which is defined as the lifting of the corners and the edges of thin slabs.To understand the phenomena induced by internal relative humidity gradients, experimental and numerical studies have been jointly conducted, and new experimental devices have been developed. It is shown that the evolution of curling mainly depends on the progression of the drying front. The predominant influence of drying therefore requires the use of a suitable method for curing. Thanks to its high water retention capacity, a systematic study has been conducted on lime in order to study its potential curing effect. The hydraulic lime, through its influence on the microstructure and its curing effect, delayed and reduced curling. Based on the experimental results, two different approaches have been developed to model the curling of slabs: i / a continuous analytical model,and ii / a discrete element model. Calculations show that higher shrinkage appears on the surface and causes microcracking that may relax internal stresses. The lime seems to lead to a greater depth of damage, which partly explains its effect on the curling amplitude. The discrete element approach is able to reproduce the evolution of curling both in terms of kinetics and amplitude from the sole measurements of differential shrinkage. Lime is also shown to be beneficial when incorporated into self compacting concretes by acting on both shrinkage and viscoelastic properties.

Gaps. Building an effective team and optimizing team functioning in sport is an important, albeit complex and challenging endeavour involving several processes (Bloom, Stevens, & Wickwire, 2003; Collins & Durand-Bush, 2010; Yukelson, 1997). Unfortunately, our knowledge of what constitutes optimal team processes, and how these are developed and maintained within specific sports, remains limited. Although several frameworks targeting a few or several group processes have been put forth in the literature, limitations regarding their theoretical foundation, comprehensiveness, and application have been identified. Collins and Durand-Bush (2015a) made a call for grounded theory research in order to provide an in-depth understanding of team processes required for optimal functioning in specific sports. Given that none of the existing frameworks in the literature have been developed using a grounded theory approach, and none have been tailored to meet the needs of particular sports, this type of inductive research is warranted. Aims. This dissertation had two general aims. The first aim was to critically review theoretical/conceptual frameworks in the literature directly or indirectly addressing team processes in sport and derive implications for professional practice (Article 1). The second aim was to use a grounded theory research approach to investigate (a) factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of optimal team functioning within high performance curling (Article 2), (b) strategies used by high performance coaches and athletes to optimize team functioning (Article 3), and (c) specific roles that curling coaches play in this process (Article 4). Methods. To address the first aim, a critical review of frameworks targeting team processes that were used to guide research and/or practice in sport was performed by first identifying frameworks by searching electronic databases, then doing a content analysis to identify specific team processes that were explicitly reported or could be implicitly inferred based on the literature, conducting a second level of analysis to extract broader team processes, followed by a third level of analysis to identify general themes, and finally comparing specific team processes, broader team processes, and general themes. To address the second aim, a constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2006) was used to collect data from 19 high performance curling teams (N = 78 athletes and N = 10 coaches). Of these, seven were men’s teams, 12 were women’s teams, and the 10 coaches were men. Overall, data collection and analysis involved eight steps: (a) conducting interviews (face-to-face focus group interviews with teams of athletes and individual telephone interviews with coaches), (b) transcribing the data (c) reflecting and writing memos, (d) coding the data, (e) performing multiple coder checks, (f) verifying and re-coding the data, (g) developing the grounded theory model, and (h) verifying the model. Results. As indicated in Article 1, seven frameworks used to guide research and/or practice in sport were identified. Three frameworks were borrowed from general psychology while the other four stemmed from the sport psychology literature. On average, the frameworks targeted five general themes (e.g., roles/norms, personal characteristics), six broader team processes (e.g., establish roles, identify team characteristics,) and the outcome of cohesion. The general theme pertaining to roles/norms was the most prevalent one as it was addressed in six out of the seven frameworks. One of the least prevalent general themes related to goals; it was only discussed in two of the seven frameworks. Results show that all of the frameworks were developed using a deductive approach. Article 2 shows that developing and maintaining optimal team functioning in high performance curling is a dynamic process involving numerous factors that influence each other. The Optimal Team Functioning (OTF) model was inductively created to outline key attributes (N=4) and processes (N=17) deemed necessary by high performance curling coaches and athletes for optimal functioning within different contexts. The model comprises eight components under which attributes and processes are grouped: (a) Individual Attributes, (b) Team Attributes, (c) Foundational Process of Communication, (d) Structural Team Processes, (e) Individual Regulation Processes, (f) Team Regulation Processes, (g) Context, and (h) Desired Outcomes. The OTF model is unique because it is comprehensive, sport-specific, inductively derived, and applicable with a strong focus on actions. As seen in Article 3, coaches and athletes reported using many strategies to develop and sustain optimal team functioning. A total of 155 strategies were linked to the eight aforementioned components of the OTF model, which can be targeted when working with teams. Both individual (e.g., journal, apologize for mistakes, do self-assessments) and team strategies (e.g., establish a decision-making process, establish a support team, discuss leadership behaviours) were identified, some of which served multiple purposes (e.g., create a player contract). Unique to the present study was the importance of individual regulation strategies, suggesting that team building interventions should focus on both the team itself and individual members. Communication was involved in most of the strategies, thus methods aimed at enhancing communication within teams should be prioritized. Finally, Article 4 demonstrates that coaches played five major roles in optimizing team functioning: technical/tactical specialist, mediator, facilitator, manager, and motivator. Both coaches and athletes saw value in each of these roles, however, they did not necessarily perceive the importance and characteristics of these roles the same way. Perceptions were dependent on athletes’ needs as well as both coaches and athletes’ personal characteristics and competencies. In order for coaches to effectively help teams optimize functioning and achieve desired outcomes, specific training should be provided as both coaches and athletes reported that skills and attributes to successfully perform roles were sometimes lacking.

Many pianists are impacted by playing-related pain and injury, but a great deal is still unknown about the development and prevention of these problems. Several approaches to piano technique have been developed to provide technical recommendations based on scientific ideas. The anecdotal success of some approaches suggests that understanding the biomechanical concepts underlying them may be beneficial. However, these approaches are rarely discussed in the literature, in part due to linguistic inconsistencies among pedagogical and scientific disciplines. This has created obstacles to scientific evaluation of the claims made by pedagogues, and it has limited the degree to which knowledge transfer can occur among different fields. One approach that has been anecdotally successful in alleviating and preventing playing-related problems is the Taubman Approach, which aims in part to identify certain “sources of tension” that may increase the likelihood of developing physical problems. This study used Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) to examine sources on the Taubman Approach in order to identify claims about biomechanics underlying two different “Sources of tension:” “Curling” and “Keybedding.” The results from each QCA were then used to propose a biomechanical explanation of these concepts in language that is consistent with current scientific literature. The results of the analysis on “Curling” suggest that actively flexing the DIP/PIP joints requires activating multiarticular muscles, which can lead to increased muscle contraction, forces, and stiffness across multiple degrees of freedom when playing. Motions and positions proposed by the Taubman Approach as alternatives to “Curling” were also examined. The results of the analysis on “Keybedding” indicated that using excess fingertip force once the key is depressed may be problematic. Relevant aspects of the piano mechanism were identified, as well as recommendations for the proper setup at the keyboard that may impact muscle contraction, forces, and stiffness once playing begins. Subjective terms were analyzed to differentiate biomechanical aspects of the recommended way to keep the key depressed from other ways that may be problematic. The hand and forearm were said to have an important role in generating the necessary fingertip force to keep the key depressed without using excessive muscle contraction across the finger joints. Both analyses also identified technical and physical problems that may be relevant to each concept. The findings in this study yielded insights into important issues related to the terminology used to describe piano technique in different contexts. These insights included the need for clear differentiation between subjective and objective language, as well as the need for understanding pedagogical language in context before knowledge transfer can occur.

The objectives of this research were to 1) investigate the effects of lower concrete albedo on the thermal behavior of concrete pavement by directly comparing temperatures and moisture contents of typical and darkened concrete pavements and 2) investigate changes in roughness of both typical and darkened concrete pavements as a result of changes in temperature and moisture gradients. The scope of the research included instrumentation, testing, and analysis of typical and darkened concrete pavements constructed in northern Utah.Procedures related to field testing included infrared thermography, thermocouple readings, sensor data collection, and roughness surveys. Elevation surveys and albedo measurements were also performed to further characterize the site. Procedures related to laboratory testing included elastic modulus, compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability, thermal conductivity, and Schmidt rebound hammer testing of cylinders prepared from typical and darkened concrete.When considered over the entire monitoring period, the average surface temperatures of the darkened pavement were higher than those of the typical pavement by 3.3°F, and the average subsurface temperatures of the darkened pavement were higher than those of the typical pavement by 3.1°F. A strong positive correlation exists between the air temperature and both the surface and the subsurface pavement temperatures. The difference between both the surface and subsurface temperatures of the darkened and typical pavements decreases as the air temperature decreases. The results of a simple linear regression suggest that, when the air temperature is 32°F, the surface temperature of the darkened concrete is just 0.2°F higher than that of the typical concrete and the subsurface temperature of the darkened concrete is 1.1°F higher than that of the typical concrete. The difference in surface temperature is expected to be 0°F when the air temperature is 30.5°F, while the difference in subsurface temperature is expected to be 0°F when the air temperature is 17.9°F. Therefore, the darkened pavement is unlikely to melt snow and ice faster than the typical pavement or provide significantly greater frost protection to subsurface layers and buried utilities during winter for conditions similar to those in this research. The roughness measurements for the typical pavement exhibit much more daily variability than seasonal variability. The roughness measurements for the darkened pavement also exhibit more daily variability than seasonal variability but less overall variability than that of the typical pavement. Neither pavement temperature gradient nor moisture gradient appears to be correlated to roughness for either the typical pavement or the darkened pavement.