The topic studied in this thesis is the right of public access as a legal institution. In that connection, several questions which are different from each other are raised. The thesis focuses to a great extent on the interaction between questions of a practical-legal nature and those whose character is more connected to legal theory. The point of departure of the discussion in the thesis is that some of the legal norms that are incorporated in the institution of the right of public access are customary law. Thus, the concept customary law is particularly considered, and the question of in what way the customary law can be filled with content raises special interest. A hypothesis is put forward in the thesis, which is that the right of public access constitutes part of those regulations whose purpose is that land should be used appropriately - seen from the societal perspective that land is a limited natural resource which should be used expediently, for the husbanding of resources. What is advocated in this thesis, is that in both the jurisprudential discussion about the right of public access and in the argumentation that is conducted in the practical legal application, the three subjects, the Actual User, the Canalizer and the Actual User in the Collective and their different use of the land, are separated. Further, it is advocated that the discussion as to which activities are allowed by the right of public access should be based on a consciousness that the activities can concern “everyday use” or “recreation” and that, depending on whether the activities are considered to concern the one or the other, different conclusions regarding the permissibility of the activities will be drawn. Furthermore, it is shown in the thesis that in conflicts between different means of using land, the courts seem to presume that all land is covered by the right of public access - a presumption that does not hold if the land is a part of somebody’s zone of home privacy, is needed for certain business or constitute biologically sensitive land. / I denna avhandling studeras allemansrätten som rättsinstitut. Därvid aktualiseras flera sinsemellan olikartade frågeställningar. Avhandlingen fokuserar i stor utsträckning på samspelet mellan frågor av praktisk-juridiskt slag och sådana av mer rättsteoretiskt slag. Diskussionen i avhandlingen utgår från att vissa av de i institutet allemansrätten ingående rättsliga normerna är sedvanerätt. Därför diskuteras sedvanerättsbegreppet särskilt, varvid frågan hur sedvanerätt kan fyllas med ett innehåll väcker särskilt intresse. I avhandlingen uppställs en hypotes om att allemansrätten är en del av en reglering syftande till lämplig markanvändning - sett ur den samhälleliga synvinkeln att mark är en begränsad naturresurs som bör nyttjas ändamålsenligt, för hushållning med resurser. I avhandlingen förespråkas att man i såväl den rättsvetenskapliga diskussionen om allemansrätten, som i den argumentation som förs i den praktiska rättstillämpningen, särskiljer de tre subjekten utövaren, kanalisatören och utövaren i kollektivet och deras skilda nyttjande. Vidare förespråkas att diskussionen, om vilka aktiviteter som är allemansrättsligt tillåtna, sker utifrån en medvetenhet om att aktiviteterna kan avse ”vardagsnytta” eller ”rekreation” och att, beroende av om aktiviteterna antas avse det ena eller det andra, olika slutsatser angående aktiviteternas tillåtlighet kommer att dras. Därtill visas i avhandlingen att domstolen, i konflikter mellan olika sätt att nyttja marken, tycks presumera att all mark är allemansrättsligt tillgänglig - en presumtion som bryts om marken ingår i någons hemfridszon, behövs för vissa näringar eller utgör biologiskt känslig mark.

This research aimed to undertake an investigation into the question of whether after divorce, in the matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi, women's rights are severely violated. The study showed causes of divorce, how proceedings are done, how issues of property are handled, how the issue of custody of children and maintenance are also handled. All this was weighed against the constitutional provisions and international law.

ABSTRACT " Once it was said that the law followed the flag. Now, international law is everywhere. Its influence increases. " Sovereignty is no longer an intra-national concept within International Law. It now involves a greater consideration of issues concerning the global community. This thesis develops a practical methodology for the determination of sovereignty over maritime natural resources. Customary international law regarding the use of resources within the maritime zones of islands on the high seas is rapidly developing. Traditional tests, such as the discovery and occupation of islands, are no longer the primary focus of the determination of sovereignty. The methodology expressed in this thesis is an application and adaptation of the current state of the international laws regarding islands within the high seas. This argument has its foundation in the new international treaties, recent decisions of the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. It unifies the latest determinations and theoretical legal perspectives of these bodies to produce a single methodology. This work provides an original and substantial contribution to the knowledge and understanding of sovereignty issues within International Law. The Chapters of this thesis and their sub-headings progressively illuminate the individual elements of a distinctive formula for determining the sovereignty of islands within the high seas. The Chapters form a template for this methodology, which is applied to the Falkland Islands. Thus, each chapter is a step towards the determination of sovereignty. This modus operandi can be applied to new disputes in this realm, such as those filed with the International Court of Justice. Since 1982, the definitive ownership of the Falkland Islands proper has been determined, if not by International Law, then by warfare. However, conflict over the use of natural resources in the maritime zones continues.

Thesis (M.A. (Political & International Studies)) - Rhodes University, 2009.

Thesis (doctoral?)--University of Oslo, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-200). Also issued online.

En Nouvelle-Calédonie sont réalisées deux nouveaux projets métallurgiques. Tandis que le projet « usine du Nord » s’inscrit dans la politique de rééquilibrage, le projet Goro Nickel renforce à contrario la prééminence économique de la capitale Nouméa. Les résidents des tribus de Gatope, Oundjo, Baco et Netchaot, situées à proximité de la future usine du Nord, ont une perception grosso modo positive du projet. Ils voient dans la construction de l’usine non seulement un instrument politique pour l’émancipation de la population kanak, mais associent le projet surtout à l’espoir d’avoir un emploi. De l’autre côté, ils craignent les impacts sur l’environnement. Mais le terme « environnement » n’englobe pas uniquement l’environnement physique, mais également l’environnement culturel. Sur terre et en mer se trouvent des lieux sacrés qui ont une valeur d’identité. Outre un emploi direct chez l’opérateur minier, la création d’entreprise de sous-traitance et l’acquisition d’actions, la mise en valeur des terres coutumières représente un moyen de participation au projet du Nord. Parmi les quatre tribus étudiées, Baco remplit les meilleurs conditions requises pour une intégration de ses GDPL dans le développement de la zone VKP. Mais la mise en valeur d’une terre coutumière montre que des conflits entre clans resurgissent souvent concernant la question foncière. D’une part, le développement économique rapide entraîne l’apparition de nouvelles disparités sociales et pourrait accroître la marginalité des populations tribales kanak lorsqu’elles ne sont pas ou peu connectées à ce développement. D’autre part, les Kanak ont la possibilité de devenir des acteurs du développement. / Currently, two metal processing plants are built in New Caledonia. In contrast with the policy of territorial balance, supported by the Koniambo Project, the Goro Nickel Project will nurture the economic pre-eminence of the capital Nouméa. The inhabitants of the Kanak villages Gatope, Oundjo, Baco and Netchaot, located near by the future “factory of the north”, are generally speaking in favour of the nickel project. They not only regard the construction of the factory as a political instrument for the emancipation of the Kanakian population, but, above all, associate the project with the hope of a job. On the other hand, they fear negative impacts on the environment, especially concerning the lagoon and the mangrove forests. The term “environment”, however, does not only embrace the physical, but also the cultural environment. Identity-establishing holy sites are to be found ashore as well as in the sea. Alongside the opportunity to get a job at the nickel enterprise, the foundation of a supplier and the purchase of stocks, the valorisation of customary represents a chance to participate in the Koniambo Project. Baco is provided with the best premises to integrate its GDPLs into the economic process of the region VKP. But the valorisation of estates thus forms also displays the repeated conflict over the land issue among the clans. Whereas some Kanak make use of the economic development, others will likely suffer from such a marginalisation. / Im Neukaledonien entstehen zwei neue Metallverarbeitungsfabriken. Während das Koniambo-Projekt die Politik des räumlichen Ausgleichs unterstützt, wird das Goro-Nickel-Projekt die wirtschaftliche Vorrangstellung der Hauptstadt Nouméa fördern. Die Einwohner der Kanak-Dörfer Gatope, Oundjo, Baco und Netchaot, in der Nähe der zukünftigen „Fabrik des Nordens“ gelegen, haben eine im Großen und Ganzen positive Meinung von dem Nickelprojekt. Sie sehen im Bau der Fabrik nicht nur ein politisches Instrument für die Emanzipation der kanakischen Bevölkerung, sondern verbinden mit dem Projekt vor allem die Hoffnung auf einen Arbeitsplatz. Auf der anderen Seite fürchten sie negative Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt. Der Begriff „Umwelt“ steht jedoch nicht nur für die physische Umwelt, sondern auch für die kulturelle. Sowohl an Land als auch im Meer finden sich Heiligenstätten, die einen identitätsstiftenden Wert haben. Neben der Möglichkeit eines Arbeitsplatzes beim Nickelunternehmen, der Gründung eines Zuliefererunternehmens und dem Kauf von Aktien bildet die gewinnbringende Bewirtschaftung von Ländereien eine Chance zur Partizipation am Koniambo-Projekt. Von den vier untersuchten Kanak-Dörfern verfügt Baco über die besten Voraussetzungen zur Integration in die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Region VKP. Die gewinnbringende Bewirtschaftung von Ländereien zeigt aber auch, dass es immer wieder zu Streitigkeiten zwischen den Clans um die Landfrage kommt. Auf der einen Seite steht eine schnelle wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, auf der anderen Seite neue soziale Disparitäten, welche die Entwicklung nach sich zieht. Während einige Kanak die Entwicklung nutzen können, werden andere wahrscheinlich untere einer verstärkten Marginalisierung leiden.

O presente estudo analisa os saberes e técnicas patrimoniais utilizadas pela população dos pescadores caiçaras que atuam na região da Ilha Anchieta e Enseada do Flamengo, em Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. Este corpo cumulativo de habilidades especiais, transmitidas oralmente, compõe o conhecimento tradicional pesqueiro local, patrimônio imaterial sobre o qual fundamentam sua reprodução sociocultural e o manejo de seus pesqueiros2 tradicionais. Abordamos através de pesquisa qualitativa não dirigida, as relações entre a apropriação social do ambiente marinho e os conflitos decorrentes do embate entre essa noção ancestral de propriedade por parte dos pescadores artesanais locais frente às questões legais do gerenciamento territorial desses pesqueiros pelos órgãos oficiais, utilizando uma abordagem etnográfica em nosso trabalho de campo, seguindo preceitos etnocientíficos, aspectos da etno-oceanografia e da socioantropologia marítima. Hoje, a disputa pelo domínio sobre esses recursos pesqueiros comuns (seja por órgãos governamentais conservacionistas ou de fomento à pesca, seja pela pressão política da pesca capitalista de escala industrial e da pesca esportiva amadora) cria frágeis mecanismos de regulação do acesso a esses pesqueiros tradicionais e aos recursos que neles ocorrem, quase sempre excluindo o pequeno pescador artesanal do processo de tomada de decisão e governança. Concluímos que esta regulação pesqueira, federal ou estadual, feita de cima para baixo ignorando deliberadamente as peculiaridades locais e os processos e mecanismos pelos quais os pescadores estabelecem, mantêm e defendem o usufruto ou a posse de espaços marítimos, confirma a hipótese de que este sistemático des-respeito atropela as regras tradicionais baseadas no direito consuetudinário e põe em risco a característica fundamental que rege e sustenta todo o universo sociocultural e simbólico dessas populações tradicionais locais: a sua liberdade e autonomia, ou seja, a capacidade de governarem a si próprios. / The present study aims to investigate the traditional knowledge and the patrimonial techniques used by the caiçaras fishermen population at the Anchieta Island and Flamengos Bay areas, at Ubatuba city, north shore of São Paulo state. This cumulative body of skills, orally transmitted, compound the traditional fishermen knowledge, an immaterial patrimony in which they underlay local sociocultural reproduction and customary management of the traditional pesqueiros3 (fishing grounds). We investigate through qualitative research the relationships between sea tenure, customary laws, social appropriation of the marine environment and the many conflicts that arise from the clash between this ancient local fisherfolk notion of ownership and the legal matters of territorial management of these pesqueiros by official agencies, using an ethnographic approach in our fieldwork, following ethnocientific precepts and also aspects of ethno-oceanography and maritime socio-anthropology. Today, the struggle for dominance over these common fishery resources (either by fomenting fishing or conservationists government agencies, either by capitalist industrial scale politics and amateur sport fishing lobbying), creates weak regulatory mechanisms for these fishing grounds and the resources from within, often excluding small fishermen from the decision-making process and governance. We conclude, confirming our hypothesis, that this federal or state fishing policies made top-down deliberately ignoring the local peculiarities and the processes and mechanisms by which groups establish, maintain and defend usufruct or possession of maritime spaces, run over and endangers the key feature that rules and sustains, by customary laws, all socio-cultural and symbolic universe of these traditional fisherfolk populations: their freedom and autonomy, the natural aptitude to govern themselves.

Orientadores: José Geraldo Wanderley Marques, Cristiana Simão Seixas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:35:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_PaulaChamyPereirada_D.pdf: 7769586 bytes, checksum: e36087ad1030cdba120ad314924331c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta tese adota uma perspectiva socioecológica com o intuito de identificar e entender as respostas encontradas por pescadores artesanais para manutenção de seu modo de vida diante de alterações sociais e naturais no ambiente em que se inserem. O aporte teórico interdisciplinar situa-se no âmbito da Etnoecologia Abrangente. A identificação dos elementos, estratégias e condições que favorecem ou obstam o potencial de auto-organização e evolução do sistema socioecológico da pesca artesanal foi realizada por meio do estudo da trajetória das regras informais existentes na pesca artesanal da praia de Itaipu (bairro do município de Niterói/RJ) nos últimos 35 anos. A praia de Itaipu mostrou-se também o locus privilegiado para o estudo por apresentar iniciativas de implantação de uma Reserva Extrativista Marinha. Procedimentos diversificados (depoimentos livres, mapeamento de pontos de pesca, registro fotográfico, entre outros), foram usados para subsidiar as análises, que se concentraram no conhecimento ecológico local das diferentes artes de pesca, áreas de pesca utilizadas, disputas pelos recursos naturais, identificação e compreensão das regras informais e rede de significados imbricados na dinâmica das instituições que permeiam esta atividade de uso coletivo e direcionam as práticas de manejo. Os dados revelam que a manutenção desta atividade secular às margens da região metropolitana de Niterói deve-se ao refinado conhecimento ecológico local e à observação de regras informais por parte dos pescadores artesanais, fatores estes que se adaptam às transformações sociais e ecológicas e devem ser considerados em qualquer iniciativa de gestão na área / Abstract: This thesis adopts a socio-ecological perspective in order to identify and understand the answers found by fishermen to maintain their lifestyle in the face of changes in social and natural environment in which they operate. The interdisciplinary theoretical framework is situated within the Comprehensive Ethnoecology. The identification of the elements, strategies and conditions that foster or impede the potential for self-organization and evolution of socioecological system of artisanal fishing was performed by studying the trajectory of informal rules in the existing artisanal fishing of Itaipu beach (neighborhood in the city of Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro state) over the past 35 years. The Itaipu beach proved to be the locus for the study due to initiatives to implement a Marine Extractive Reserve. Diverse procedures (free depositions, mapping fishing spots, photographic record, amongst others) were used to subsidize the analysis, which were focused on the local ecological knowledge of different fishing arts, fishing areas used, disputes over natural resources, identification and understanding of informal rules, and the imbricated network of meanings in the dynamics of institutions that underlie this activity of collective use and direct their management practices. The data show that the maintenance of this secular activity on the fringes of Niterói metropolitan area is due to the refined local ecological knowledge and the observation of informal rules on the part of fishermen, factors which adapt to social and ecological transformations and should be considered in any management initiative in the area / Doutorado / Aspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade

LL.M. / This research is a comparative study of the provisions for guardianship and custody, including maintenance of the South African common law and customary law. In customary law the emphasis is on the law of the Bafokeng people which is a tribe chosen as group of the research. The purpose of this research is to analyze the provisions of guardianship, custody and maintenance applicable to these legal systems. The analysis is divided as follows: • Guardianship and custody: (i) during the marriage; after divorce; after death of parent(s); of an extra-marital child. • Maintenance of children: (i) during the marriage; after divorce; after death of parent(s); born outside marriage (extra-marital children). The objective is to highlight the similarities and differences between the provisions of these legal systems and to come up with the conclusion whether the one is more favourable than the other in catering for the needs and interests of its subjects. The conclusion will be governed by the following issues: • Which legal system caters for the interests of its subjects? • Which legal system accords with the provisions of the Constitution Act? • Which legal system protects the interests of the child best? Having come to that conclusion, the researcher aims at indicating laws which should be considered for reform.

Masters of Art / In this full thesis, I explore the impact that HIV and AIDS pandemic is having in the livelihood strategies of rural women in Mozambique. My intention in this work is to highlight the navigation of Mozambican women through this harsh era. I establish a discussion about land as major asset in a poor and mainly agricultural country like Mozambique. And the fact that many scholars and policy makers are concerned about the escalating number of young widows that have had their land and other assets expropriated after the deaths of their husbands, mainly due to the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The convergence of the colonization process, the civil war (that took over 16 years in Mozambique) and the modernization/development process have been systematically trapping women in the interface between traditional and modern social organization. Now, with the spread of HIV and AIDS, young women and children whose only source of subsistence is their land have been losing their traditional rights, and they face the cultural changes brought about by a new social order that does not support them and their children after the death of a husband or father. / South Africa