A newly discovered cysteine protease, Prp, has been shown to perform an essential, site-specific cleavage of ribosomal protein L27 in Staphylococcus aureus. In Firmicutes and related bacteria, ribosomal protein L27 is encoded with a conserved N-terminal extension that must be removed to expose residues critical for ribosome function. Uncleavable and pre-cleaved variants were unable to complement an L27 deletion in S. aureus, indicating that this N-terminal processing event is essential and likely plays an important regulatory role. The gene encoding the responsible protease (prp) has been shown to be essential, and is found in all organisms encoding the N-terminal extension of L27. Cleavage of L27 by Prp represents a new target for potential antibiotic therapy. In order to characterize this protease, Prp has been overexpressed and purified. Using an assay we have developed, based on cleavage of a fluorogenic peptide derived from the conserved L27 cleavage sequence, we have undertaken an analysis of the enzyme kinetics and substrate specificity for Prp cleavage and tested predictions made based on a structural model using active-site mutants.

As cisteíno-proteases da família da papaína desempenham funções essenciais em processos biológicos, entre eles o desenvolvimento e crescimento do organismo, vias de sinalização celular e apoptose, invasão de parasitas em células hospedeiras. Assim, trata-se de uma classe de proteínas de grande interesse para as indústrias farmacêuticas, sendo utilizada como alvo para o tratamento de doenças como o câncer e metástases, osteoporose. Disfunções relacionadas ao sistema imune, doenças parasitárias como malária, leishmaniose, doença do sono e doença de Chagas. Esta última é uma enfermidade considerada negligenciada pelas grandes indústrias farmacêuticas, sem nenhum tratamento eficaz e seguro disponível, que gera um problema econômico de mais de sete bilhões de dólares anuais devido à perda de mão de obra e gastos com tratamento para amenizar os efeitos da doença. A cisteíno protease cruzaína de Trypanosoma cruzi, causador da Doença de Chagas, desponta como um alvo validado na busca de novos fármacos contra essa enfermidade. Essa enzima apresenta um par de aspartatos que interagem entre si, para os quais foi predito um pKa de 7, sendo possível a forma desprotonada desse par em condições biológicas. Neste caso, pode levar à exposição de uma nova cavidade por meio do movimento da alça entre os resíduos 57-62, segundo as simulações de dinâmica molecular desse trabalho, que se trata de uma possível candidata a ponto de seletividade de inibidores de cisteínoproteases de parasitos em relação às suas ortólogas em Homo sapiens que não possuem o par de aspartatos. Em pH ácido, foi mostrado por meio de análise de componentes principais de simulações de dinâmica molecular que as cisteíno protease apresentam uma restrição gradual na amostragem conformacional do sítio ativo quando complexadas com as formas não covalente e covalente de inibidores derivados de dipeptidil nitrilas. Isso sugere que esse sistema segue o modelo de seleção conformacional para flexibilidade de proteína. Notou-se também que o perfil de restrição de ligantes que inibem na faixa de nmol.L-1 difere daqueles a µmol.L-1 , o que possibilitou a construção de uma árvore de decisão para identificar os complexos que apresentam afinidade a nmol.L-1 . / The papain-like cysteine proteases are essentials for biological process, performing important roles on the parasite development, growth and also in the parasite invasion process on the host cell, in cellular signaling pathways and apoptosis, among others. Thus, the pharmaceutical industry widely uses this class of protein as target for the development of new drugs, against cancer and metastasis, osteoporosis and immune system disorders, resulting in many approved drugs. Additionally, these enzymes are validated target against parasitic diseases as leishmaniose, malaria and African and American trypanosomiasis. The last one, also known as Chagas\' disease, is neglected disease for which, further a century form this discovery, there is no effective and safe chemotherapy and is responsible for an economic loss of around seven billion dollars in the world per year due to the health care and lost productivity from infected people. Faced with this situation, the Cruzain, a cysteine protease from the Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas\' disease, is emerging as interesting and validated target to the search for new drugs against this sickness. This enzyme has a pair of interactiong Asp for which was predicted a pKa of 7, by computational methods. By this way, this pair under neutral to alkaline pH adopts the deprotonated form, which exposed a new cavity through a movement of loop of residues 57-62, as we showed here by molecular dynamics simulations. This cavity emerges as a possible selectivity point of the cruzain inhibitors, once Homo sapiens enzynes does not present the aspartic acid - aspartate pair. In condition of acidic pH, principal component analysis of molecular dynamics simulations showed a gradual reduction of the conformational space covered by the active site of cruzain, cathepsin K and cathepsin L in it free form and complexed with dipeptidyl nitrilelike molecules in it noncovalent e covalent forms. This suggests these systems follows the conformational selection model of protein flexibility. Furthermore, we observed the ligands that inhibits the protein at nmol.L-1 induces the protein flexibility in a similar way, while the µmol.L-1 ones leads to another pattern. That made possible the construction of a decision tree which is able to identify nmol.L-1 from µmol.L-1 complexes.

Nós isolamos e seqüenciamos genes que codificam Catepsina L-like em diversos isolados de T.rangeli de humano, mamíferos silvestres e Rhodnius spp., do centro e sul da América. Análises filogenéticas de seqüências que codificam a proteína madura de T. rangeli, outras espécies de Trypanosoma e Leishmania e duas espécies de bodonídeos, posicionaram T.rangeli próximo a T.cruzi de acordo com a ordem de divergência determinada em filogenias baseadas em SSUrDNA. Uma análise de 17 seqüências do domínio catalítico de CatL-like de isolados representativos da diversidade filogenética e distribuição geográfica de T. rangeli, apoiaram as mesmas linhagens filogenéticas previamente definidas. Seqüências do gene CatL-like também foram usados para padronizar ensaios de PCR para diagnóstico de T. cruzi e T. rangeli. Além disso, um método de genotipagem por PCR multiplex segregou os isolados de T. rangeli nas principais linhagens previamente estabelecidas. Este é o primeiro estudo usando um gene codificador de proteína para comparar isolados de T. rangeli de linhagens distintas. / We have isolated and sequenced genes encoding cathepsin L-like (CatL-like) cysteine proteases from isolates of T. rangeli from human, wild mammals and Rhodnius spp., from Central and South America. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences encoding the mature CatL-like enzymes from T. rangeli (Rangelipain), other Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, and two species of bodonids, positioned T. rangeli closest to T. cruzi corroborating the same order of divergence showed in phylogenies based on SSU rDNA. Analysis of 17 sequences of the catalytic domains of CatL-like genes isolates representative of the phylogenetic diversity and geographical range of T.rangeli supported previously defined phylogenetic lineages. Sequences of CatL-like genes were used to standardize PCR assays for the diagnosis of T. rangeli and T. cruzi, and a genotyping method of multiplex-PCR distributed of isolates of T. rangeli in the major phylogenetic lineages previously established. This is the first study using protein-encoding genes to compare isolates from T. rangeli of distinct lineages.

Die Cathepsine B, H und L sind lysosomale Enzyme, die zur Gruppe der Cysteinproteasen gehören. Erhöhte Aktivitäten dieser Proteasen fand man in Gewebeproben verschiedener Tumore, vermutlich Hinweis auf eine Beteiligung an Invasion und Metastasierung. Unter physiologischen Bedingungen werden die Cathepsine von endogenen Inhibitoren kontrolliert, eine Verminderung dieser Cysteinprotease-Inhibitoren (CPI) würde die proteolytische Dysbalance verstärken und zur Ausbreitung des malignen Prozesses beitragen. Für das Prostatakarzinom gab es bisher keine Untersuchungen. Die Aktivität der Cathepsine wurde mit Hilfe spezifischer Substrate bestimmt, die zur Bildung fluorogener Produkte führten. Zur Bestimmung der inhibitorischen Aktivität der CPI wurden die Proben nach einer Hitzeaktivierung gegen reines Cathepsin B getestet. Untersucht wurden Gewebeproben verschiedener Patientengruppen, Primärzellkulturen, die aus normalem und maligne veränderten Prostatagewebe angezüchtet wurden und vergleichend dazu die drei immortalisierten Zellinien LNCaP, PC3 und DU145. Die Ergebnisse der Gewebeproben zeigten höhere Aktivitäten der Cathepsine B und L im nichterkrankten Gewebe, nicht wie erwartet im Tumorgewebe der Prostata. Hingegen waren bei den Primärzellkulturen alle drei Cathepsine und der Quotient Cathepsine/CPI in den Tumorproben erhöht. Die immortalisierten Zellinien zeigten die gleiche Verteilung bei allen Cathepsinen, DU145 mit der höchsten Aktivität, gefolgt von LNCaP und PC3. Anhand der Ergebnisse schlußfolgern wir, daß die Untersuchung von Gewebe-proben der Prostata hinsichtlich der Beteiligung der Cathepsine am Tumor-geschehen keine eindeutigen Erkenntnisse erbringt. Dies ist vermutlich auf die Heterogenität des Gewebes zurückzuführen, das nicht nur epitheliale, sondern auch stromale Zellen enthält. Die aus dem Gewebe angezüchteten Primär-zellkulturen scheinen ein genaueres Bild des Verhältnisses von Cathepsinen und den Inhibitoren zu geben und sind unserer Meinung nach den Bestimmungen in Gewebeproben vorzuziehen. / The cathepsins B, H and L (CB, CH, CL) are lysosomal proteolytic enzymes belonging to the cysteine protease family. Elevated cathepsin levels and decreased concentration of their endogenous inhibitors have been demonstrated in a variety of tumors, suggesting a contribution to invasion and metastasis. The situation for prostate cancer was so far unknown. Using fluorimetric assays, catalytic activities of the cathepsins B, H, L were measured in prostatic tissue samples obtained from different groups of patients, in primary cell cultures established from human prostate and in the immortalized cell lines LNCaP, PC3 and DU145. Inhibitory activities of cysteine protease inhibitors (CPI) were tested against purified cathepsin B. Comparing matched pairs of normal and cancerous tissue samples from the prostate, significantly decreased levels of CB and CL were found in malignant samples. In contrast, primary cell cultures from malignant tissue showed elevated levels of all three cathepsins and increased ratios of cathepsins to CPI when compared to cell cultures from non-malignant prostate. The permanent cell lines showed a similiar distribution of cathepsin levels, DU145 with the highest activity, followed by LNCaP and PC3. These results suggest that elevated cathepsin activities and increased ratios of cathepsins to CPI in malignant cell cultures compared to non-malignant samples may be an indication for a cellular proteolytic imbalance in prostatic cancer cells. Regarding different results, determinations in primary cell cultures should be preferred to tissue samples.

As cisteíno-proteases da família da papaína desempenham funções essenciais em processos biológicos, entre eles o desenvolvimento e crescimento do organismo, vias de sinalização celular e apoptose, invasão de parasitas em células hospedeiras. Assim, trata-se de uma classe de proteínas de grande interesse para as indústrias farmacêuticas, sendo utilizada como alvo para o tratamento de doenças como o câncer e metástases, osteoporose. Disfunções relacionadas ao sistema imune, doenças parasitárias como malária, leishmaniose, doença do sono e doença de Chagas. Esta última é uma enfermidade considerada negligenciada pelas grandes indústrias farmacêuticas, sem nenhum tratamento eficaz e seguro disponível, que gera um problema econômico de mais de sete bilhões de dólares anuais devido à perda de mão de obra e gastos com tratamento para amenizar os efeitos da doença. A cisteíno protease cruzaína de Trypanosoma cruzi, causador da Doença de Chagas, desponta como um alvo validado na busca de novos fármacos contra essa enfermidade. Essa enzima apresenta um par de aspartatos que interagem entre si, para os quais foi predito um pKa de 7, sendo possível a forma desprotonada desse par em condições biológicas. Neste caso, pode levar à exposição de uma nova cavidade por meio do movimento da alça entre os resíduos 57-62, segundo as simulações de dinâmica molecular desse trabalho, que se trata de uma possível candidata a ponto de seletividade de inibidores de cisteínoproteases de parasitos em relação às suas ortólogas em Homo sapiens que não possuem o par de aspartatos. Em pH ácido, foi mostrado por meio de análise de componentes principais de simulações de dinâmica molecular que as cisteíno protease apresentam uma restrição gradual na amostragem conformacional do sítio ativo quando complexadas com as formas não covalente e covalente de inibidores derivados de dipeptidil nitrilas. Isso sugere que esse sistema segue o modelo de seleção conformacional para flexibilidade de proteína. Notou-se também que o perfil de restrição de ligantes que inibem na faixa de nmol.L-1 difere daqueles a µmol.L-1 , o que possibilitou a construção de uma árvore de decisão para identificar os complexos que apresentam afinidade a nmol.L-1 . / The papain-like cysteine proteases are essentials for biological process, performing important roles on the parasite development, growth and also in the parasite invasion process on the host cell, in cellular signaling pathways and apoptosis, among others. Thus, the pharmaceutical industry widely uses this class of protein as target for the development of new drugs, against cancer and metastasis, osteoporosis and immune system disorders, resulting in many approved drugs. Additionally, these enzymes are validated target against parasitic diseases as leishmaniose, malaria and African and American trypanosomiasis. The last one, also known as Chagas\' disease, is neglected disease for which, further a century form this discovery, there is no effective and safe chemotherapy and is responsible for an economic loss of around seven billion dollars in the world per year due to the health care and lost productivity from infected people. Faced with this situation, the Cruzain, a cysteine protease from the Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas\' disease, is emerging as interesting and validated target to the search for new drugs against this sickness. This enzyme has a pair of interactiong Asp for which was predicted a pKa of 7, by computational methods. By this way, this pair under neutral to alkaline pH adopts the deprotonated form, which exposed a new cavity through a movement of loop of residues 57-62, as we showed here by molecular dynamics simulations. This cavity emerges as a possible selectivity point of the cruzain inhibitors, once Homo sapiens enzynes does not present the aspartic acid - aspartate pair. In condition of acidic pH, principal component analysis of molecular dynamics simulations showed a gradual reduction of the conformational space covered by the active site of cruzain, cathepsin K and cathepsin L in it free form and complexed with dipeptidyl nitrilelike molecules in it noncovalent e covalent forms. This suggests these systems follows the conformational selection model of protein flexibility. Furthermore, we observed the ligands that inhibits the protein at nmol.L-1 induces the protein flexibility in a similar way, while the µmol.L-1 ones leads to another pattern. That made possible the construction of a decision tree which is able to identify nmol.L-1 from µmol.L-1 complexes.

As aminoacil tRNA sintetases (AaRSs) são enzimas essenciais na síntese de proteínas assegurando a correta relação entre os aminoácidos e seus tRNA cognatos. O genoma mitocondrial dos tripanossomatídeos perdeu os genes codificantes dos tRNAs, assim os tRNA mitocondriais são codificados no núcleo e importados do citoplasma. O código genético do kinetoplasto desvia do código genético pela utilização do códon de terminação UGA para a decodificação do códon do triptofano. Um único gene codificando o tRNATrp(CCA) observado no genoma de Leismania é responsável pela incorporação do aminoácido triptofano durante a síntese proteíca na mitocôndria. Para decodificar os dois códons do Trp (UGA e UGG) a base na posição 34 do tRNATrp(CCA) passa por um evento de editoração, convertendo o ribunuclotídeo C34 em U34, produzindo o tRNATrp(UCA) capaz de decodificar o códon UGA. Nesse trabalho foram caracterizadas duas triptofanil tRNA sintetases de Leishmania major. De acordo com experimentos de ?western blotting? e análises ?in silico? das seqüências de aminoácidos, uma enzima tem localização citoplasmática (LmTrpRS1) enquanto a outra mitocondrial (LmTrpRS2). Os mRNAs dos dois genes foram definidos por experimentos de 5? e 3? RT-PCR. As duas enzimas foram clonadas em diversos vetores de expressão procariotos e eucariotos. A LmTrpRS1 foi obtida somente na fração insolúvel, já a LmTrpRS2 foi obtida na fração solúvel quando clonada no vetor de expressão pET28a. Esta porém mostrou-se instável precipitando rapidamente após sua purificação. Os ensaios enzimáticos realizados com a mesma mostraram que ela é capaz de reconhecer os tRNAsTrp editado e não editado. Modelagem molecular por homologia com as duas proteínas foi realizada usando a proteína citoplasmática humana como molde, para estudar a interação entre a proteína e o tRNATrp. Xylella fastidiosa é um bactéria gram negativa limitada ao xilema, responsável por um grande número de doenças economicamente importantes, como a doença de Pierces em videiras, Clorose variegata do Citrus (CVC) e a doença da requeima das folhas em outras plantas incluindo, amendoeira, ameixeira, louro, amoreira e café. Em todos os casos a X. fastidiosa afeta o xylema da planta causando redução na produção de frutos. Nesse trabalho nós mostramos a estrutura da Xylellaína, uma cisteíno protease desse patógeno. A estrutura foi resolvida por dispersão anômala a um único comprimento de onda, utilizando cristais de xylellaína selenometionina substituídos. A estrutura da Xylellaína foi refinada até 1,65 Å de resolução, mostrando enovelamento similar às proteínas da família da papaína, porém algumas características interessantes como uma região N-terminal composta por 38 aminoácidos cobrindo o sulco ativo da enzima, um intrigante ribonucleotídeo encontrado fora do sítio ativo da enzima e um ?loop? semelhante ao ?loop? de oclusão presente na catepsina B. / The aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes in protein synthesis that ensure the correct match between amino acids and their cognate tRNAs. The mitochondrial (kinetoplast) genome of trypanossomatids lacks tRNA genes, and therefore nucleus-encoded tRNAs are imported from the cytoplasm, the kinetoplast genetic code deviates from the universal code in that UGA instead of UGG encodes for tryptophan. A single nucleus-encoded tRNATrp(CCA) is responsible for Trp insertion during organellar protein synthesis. To decode both Trp codons (UGA and UGG), tRNATrp(CCA) undergoes a single C to U editing event at position 34 of the anticodon yielding to versions of the tRNA in the mitochondria with anticodon CCA and UCA, permitting UGA decoding. This work have characterized two Leishmania major tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, acording western blotting experiments and ?in silico? sequence analisis one of cytoplasmatic localization (LmTrpRS1) and another from mitochondria localization (LmTrpRS2). The mature mRNA transcripts for both genes were defined by 5? and 3? RT-PCR. Both enzymes were cloned into several expressions vectors. LmTrpRs1 was obtained as an insoluble protein and LmTrpRs2 expressed into the soluble fraction in pET28a expression system. LmTrpRS2 protein, however, is unstable precipitating shortly after purification. The enzymatic assay showed that this enzyme is able to recognize both tRNATrp. Molecular modeling for LmTrpRS1 and LmTrpRS2 were constructed using the cytoplasmatic human tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase as a model, to study the interaction between proteins and tRNATrp. Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited, gram-negative bacteria responsible for a large number of economically important plant diseases, such as Pierces disease in grapevines, citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) in sweet oranges and leaf scorch diseases in other plants, including almond, plum, oleander, mulberry and coffee. In all cases, X. fastidiosa infects the plant xylem and impairs fruit production. Here, we report the crystal structure of xylellain, a cystein protease from X. fastidiosa. The structure was solved by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) using seleno-methionine containing xylellain crystals. The final structure of Xylellaína was refined against the best native data set (1.65 Å) showing R/Rfree= 17/21. Xylellain shares fold similar to Papain like Family, but contains some interesting features, like a 38 N-terminal tail covering the active site cleft; one intriguing ribonucleotide found outside the active site and one loop that resemble the ocluding loop from cathepsin B.

The major allergen Der p 1 of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is a papain-like cysteine protease (CA1) associated to the development of allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis or atopic dermatitis. This allergen is expressed as an inactive precursor, called proDer p 1, formed by a 25 kDa catalytic domain downstream to an 10 kDa N-terminal propeptide, which blocks the active site cleft. The propeptide of Der p 1 exhibits a specific fold, which makes it unique in the CA1 propeptide family as it is characterised by the presence of four alpha helices and the absence of ERFNIN motif. In this study, we investigated the activation steps involved in the maturation of recombinant proDer p 1 expressed in Pichia pastoris under acidic conditions and we studied the influence of acidic pH on the structure of both propeptide and catalytic domain. Therefore, we characterized the interaction between the propeptide and mature Der p 1 at different pH values in terms of activity inhibition, structural stability and proteolytic susceptibility. According to our results, the auto-activation of proDer p 1 is a multistep mechanism, characterized by at least two intermediates (ATFE- and SNGG-) corresponding to the loss of the first and second propeptide alpha helices, respectively. The propeptide strongly inhibits unglycosylated and glycosylated recombinant Der p 1 (KD= 7 nM) at neutral pH. This inhibition is pH dependent, decreasing from pH 7 to pH 4 and can be related to structural changes of the propeptide initiated by the protonation of the aspartate residue of Lys17-Asp51-Tyr19 structural triad presents within the propeptide N-terminal domain. This protonation triggers conformational changes of the first propeptide alpha helix leading to an increase of the propeptide flexibility, an increase of its proteolytic sensitivity and the formation of a molten globule state. In addition, we compare mature protease, zymogen and propeptide pH unfolding and stability and highlights that the presence of the propeptide does not influence the catalytic domain pH unfolding and stability as the propeptide displays a weaker pH stability than the protease domain. These results confirmed that the propeptide unfolding is the key event of the activation process. Finally, we unravel the intermolecular contribution of mature Der p 1 in the activation process and highlights that activation of the precursor can be achieved, under acidic conditions, by intermolecular process but initial auto-activation most probably occurs through an intramolecular process or by the proteolysis by the catalytic domain of another zymogen in which the propeptide is unfolded. According to our results, we proposed that activation of the zymogen at pH 4 reflects a compromise between activity preservation and propeptide unfolding and that the location of the activation sites on the propeptide structure is a compromise between sequence recognition specificity and proteolytic susceptibility of the corresponding area.

As aminoacil tRNA sintetases (AaRSs) são enzimas essenciais na síntese de proteínas assegurando a correta relação entre os aminoácidos e seus tRNA cognatos. O genoma mitocondrial dos tripanossomatídeos perdeu os genes codificantes dos tRNAs, assim os tRNA mitocondriais são codificados no núcleo e importados do citoplasma. O código genético do kinetoplasto desvia do código genético pela utilização do códon de terminação UGA para a decodificação do códon do triptofano. Um único gene codificando o tRNATrp(CCA) observado no genoma de Leismania é responsável pela incorporação do aminoácido triptofano durante a síntese proteíca na mitocôndria. Para decodificar os dois códons do Trp (UGA e UGG) a base na posição 34 do tRNATrp(CCA) passa por um evento de editoração, convertendo o ribunuclotídeo C34 em U34, produzindo o tRNATrp(UCA) capaz de decodificar o códon UGA. Nesse trabalho foram caracterizadas duas triptofanil tRNA sintetases de Leishmania major. De acordo com experimentos de ?western blotting? e análises ?in silico? das seqüências de aminoácidos, uma enzima tem localização citoplasmática (LmTrpRS1) enquanto a outra mitocondrial (LmTrpRS2). Os mRNAs dos dois genes foram definidos por experimentos de 5? e 3? RT-PCR. As duas enzimas foram clonadas em diversos vetores de expressão procariotos e eucariotos. A LmTrpRS1 foi obtida somente na fração insolúvel, já a LmTrpRS2 foi obtida na fração solúvel quando clonada no vetor de expressão pET28a. Esta porém mostrou-se instável precipitando rapidamente após sua purificação. Os ensaios enzimáticos realizados com a mesma mostraram que ela é capaz de reconhecer os tRNAsTrp editado e não editado. Modelagem molecular por homologia com as duas proteínas foi realizada usando a proteína citoplasmática humana como molde, para estudar a interação entre a proteína e o tRNATrp. Xylella fastidiosa é um bactéria gram negativa limitada ao xilema, responsável por um grande número de doenças economicamente importantes, como a doença de Pierces em videiras, Clorose variegata do Citrus (CVC) e a doença da requeima das folhas em outras plantas incluindo, amendoeira, ameixeira, louro, amoreira e café. Em todos os casos a X. fastidiosa afeta o xylema da planta causando redução na produção de frutos. Nesse trabalho nós mostramos a estrutura da Xylellaína, uma cisteíno protease desse patógeno. A estrutura foi resolvida por dispersão anômala a um único comprimento de onda, utilizando cristais de xylellaína selenometionina substituídos. A estrutura da Xylellaína foi refinada até 1,65 Å de resolução, mostrando enovelamento similar às proteínas da família da papaína, porém algumas características interessantes como uma região N-terminal composta por 38 aminoácidos cobrindo o sulco ativo da enzima, um intrigante ribonucleotídeo encontrado fora do sítio ativo da enzima e um ?loop? semelhante ao ?loop? de oclusão presente na catepsina B. / The aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes in protein synthesis that ensure the correct match between amino acids and their cognate tRNAs. The mitochondrial (kinetoplast) genome of trypanossomatids lacks tRNA genes, and therefore nucleus-encoded tRNAs are imported from the cytoplasm, the kinetoplast genetic code deviates from the universal code in that UGA instead of UGG encodes for tryptophan. A single nucleus-encoded tRNATrp(CCA) is responsible for Trp insertion during organellar protein synthesis. To decode both Trp codons (UGA and UGG), tRNATrp(CCA) undergoes a single C to U editing event at position 34 of the anticodon yielding to versions of the tRNA in the mitochondria with anticodon CCA and UCA, permitting UGA decoding. This work have characterized two Leishmania major tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, acording western blotting experiments and ?in silico? sequence analisis one of cytoplasmatic localization (LmTrpRS1) and another from mitochondria localization (LmTrpRS2). The mature mRNA transcripts for both genes were defined by 5? and 3? RT-PCR. Both enzymes were cloned into several expressions vectors. LmTrpRs1 was obtained as an insoluble protein and LmTrpRs2 expressed into the soluble fraction in pET28a expression system. LmTrpRS2 protein, however, is unstable precipitating shortly after purification. The enzymatic assay showed that this enzyme is able to recognize both tRNATrp. Molecular modeling for LmTrpRS1 and LmTrpRS2 were constructed using the cytoplasmatic human tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase as a model, to study the interaction between proteins and tRNATrp. Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited, gram-negative bacteria responsible for a large number of economically important plant diseases, such as Pierces disease in grapevines, citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) in sweet oranges and leaf scorch diseases in other plants, including almond, plum, oleander, mulberry and coffee. In all cases, X. fastidiosa infects the plant xylem and impairs fruit production. Here, we report the crystal structure of xylellain, a cystein protease from X. fastidiosa. The structure was solved by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) using seleno-methionine containing xylellain crystals. The final structure of Xylellaína was refined against the best native data set (1.65 Å) showing R/Rfree= 17/21. Xylellain shares fold similar to Papain like Family, but contains some interesting features, like a 38 N-terminal tail covering the active site cleft; one intriguing ribonucleotide found outside the active site and one loop that resemble the ocluding loop from cathepsin B.

Nós isolamos e seqüenciamos genes que codificam Catepsina L-like em diversos isolados de T.rangeli de humano, mamíferos silvestres e Rhodnius spp., do centro e sul da América. Análises filogenéticas de seqüências que codificam a proteína madura de T. rangeli, outras espécies de Trypanosoma e Leishmania e duas espécies de bodonídeos, posicionaram T.rangeli próximo a T.cruzi de acordo com a ordem de divergência determinada em filogenias baseadas em SSUrDNA. Uma análise de 17 seqüências do domínio catalítico de CatL-like de isolados representativos da diversidade filogenética e distribuição geográfica de T. rangeli, apoiaram as mesmas linhagens filogenéticas previamente definidas. Seqüências do gene CatL-like também foram usados para padronizar ensaios de PCR para diagnóstico de T. cruzi e T. rangeli. Além disso, um método de genotipagem por PCR multiplex segregou os isolados de T. rangeli nas principais linhagens previamente estabelecidas. Este é o primeiro estudo usando um gene codificador de proteína para comparar isolados de T. rangeli de linhagens distintas. / We have isolated and sequenced genes encoding cathepsin L-like (CatL-like) cysteine proteases from isolates of T. rangeli from human, wild mammals and Rhodnius spp., from Central and South America. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences encoding the mature CatL-like enzymes from T. rangeli (Rangelipain), other Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, and two species of bodonids, positioned T. rangeli closest to T. cruzi corroborating the same order of divergence showed in phylogenies based on SSU rDNA. Analysis of 17 sequences of the catalytic domains of CatL-like genes isolates representative of the phylogenetic diversity and geographical range of T.rangeli supported previously defined phylogenetic lineages. Sequences of CatL-like genes were used to standardize PCR assays for the diagnosis of T. rangeli and T. cruzi, and a genotyping method of multiplex-PCR distributed of isolates of T. rangeli in the major phylogenetic lineages previously established. This is the first study using protein-encoding genes to compare isolates from T. rangeli of distinct lineages.

Filarien persistieren bis zu 15 Jahren in ihren Wirten. Als eine Ursache dieser Persistenz diskutiert man die Fähigkeit der Filarien, die Immunantwort des Wirtes gezielt zu modulieren und eine zelluläre Hyporeaktivität zu induzieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob ein sezernierter Cysteinproteasen-Inhibitor (Onchocystatin) der humanpathogenen Filarie Onchocerca volvulus immunmodulierende Eigenschaften besitzt und an der Herausbildung eines hyporeaktiven Immunstatus des Wirtes beteiligt ist. Für die Untersuchungen wurde Onchocystatin als full length Molekül (rOv17) und als verkürztes Molekül (trOv17) rekombinant hergestellt. Das verkürzte trOv17 besitzt aufgrund des Fehlens des N-terminalen Bereiches eine verminderte proteaseinhibitorische Aktivität. Die in vitro Studien mit den rekombinant hergestellten O. volvulus Cystatinen verdeutlichen, daß rOv17 und auch trOv17 potente Immunmodulatoren sind, die sowohl die antigenspezifische als auch die polyklonal-stimulierte Proliferation von humanen PBMC inhibieren. Die zelluläre Hyporeaktivität ist dabei auf die Modulation von Monozytenfunktionen zurückzuführen. rOv17 und trOv17 modulieren die Antigenpräsentation, die Zytokinproduktion und die Expression kostimulatorischer Signale von humanen Monozyten. So konnte gezeigt werden, daß rOv17 und trOv17 die Aktivität von humanem Cathepsin L und S inhibieren und die Expression von HLA-DR, CD40 und CD86 vermindern. Die Modulation der Zytokinproduktion durch rOv17 und trOv17 ist durch eine verstärkte TNF-alpha und IL-10 Produktion und durch eine verminderte IL-12 Produktion charakterisiert. Desweiteren konnte in Neutralisationsstudien mit anti-IL-10 Ak gezeigt werden, daß die verminderte Expression von HLA-DR, CD40 und CD86 Folge der durch rOv17 und trOv17 induzierten verstärkten IL-10 Produktion ist. Im Gegensatz dazu bleibt die verminderte IL-12 Produktion und die verminderte polyklonal-stimulierte Proliferation humaner PBMC auch nach der Neutralisation von IL-10 bestehen. Die Studien mit den rekombinant hergestellten O. volvulus Cystatinen zeigen, daß rOv17 und trOv17 ihr immunologisches Umfeld auf vielfältige Art und Weise modulieren. Dabei spielt vermutlich die Inhibition der Aktivität einer Wirtscysteinprotease, aber auch ein von der Funktion als Cysteinproteasen-Inhibitor unabhängiger Mechanismus eine Rolle. Der Cysteinproteasen-Inhibitor der Filarie O. volvulus besitzt somit die Eigenschaft, die Immunantwort des Wirtes zu modifizieren, und ist vermutlich eine wesentliche Komponente, die dem Parasiten eine lange Persistenz im Wirt ermöglicht. / Immune responses of individuals infected with filarial nematodes are characterized by a marked cellular hyporesponsiveness. The establishment of this hyporesponsiveness is considered as an important mechanism to avoid host immune responses which could eliminate the parasites. The present study is investigating the immunomodulatory potential of a 17 kD secreted cysteine protease inhibitor (onchocystatin) of the human pathogenic filaria Onchocerca volvulus. In vitro studies using recombinant onchocystatin (rOv17) identified this inhibitor as a potent immunomodulator. rOv17 suppresses the antigen-driven and the polyclonally-stimulated proliferation of human PBMC. This cellular hyporeactivity is due to the modulation of monocytic function by rOv17, comprising the modulation of antigenpresentation, the expression of costimulatory molecules and the production of cytokines. Thus rOv17 strongly inhibits the activity of human cathepsin L and S and reduces the expression of MHC class II molecules as well as the expression of CD40 and CD86 on human monocytes. The modulation of cytokine production by rOv17 is characterized by an initial increase of TNF-alpha which is followed by an increase of IL-10 and a decrease of IL-12. By neutralization studies it was shown that the suppression of MHC class II molecules and of CD86 and CD40 is mediated by the rOv17 induced increase of IL-10. In contrast cellular hyporeactivity and the reduced IL-12 production remain unaffected by neutralization of IL-10. In comparison to rOv17 a truncated onchocystatin (trOv17) with lowered protease inhibitory activity was investigated. Surprisingly even trOv17 is immunomodulatory active suggesting that immunomodulation by onchocystatin is mediated by both an inhibitor-dependent and an inhibitor-independent mechanism. These data demonstrate that onchocystatin is a potent immunomodulator of host immune responses and in consequence is an essential component that enables the parasites a long persistence within their hosts.