The number of non-parasitic (brook) lamprey species in the genus Lampetra is underestimated since isolated populations are generally considered one species due to their relatively conserved body form. The phylogeographic and phylogenetic structure was estimated among and within Lampetra species along the Pacific coast of North America (presumed to represent Lampetra richardsoni; L. pacifica – which is currently regarded as a junior synonym of L. richardsoni; L. ayresii; and L. hubbsi) using up to three mitochondrial and three nuclear genetic markers. These data show that L. richardsoni as currently recognized is polyphyletic when lampreys (some of which show up to 8 K2P% sequence divergence) from Siuslaw River and Fourmile Creek (Oregon) and Mark West, Paynes, and Kelsey creeks (California) are included; Lampetra pacifica is a valid species; the population from Kelsey Creek almost certainly represents a new species; and those from Siuslaw, Fourmile, and Mark West may also be distinct species.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:47:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jucara Albina da Silva Gomes.pdf: 1575369 bytes, checksum: 1445d86b74105309d6fa7115013412e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-20 / Thaptomys is a monotypic genus. Thaptomys nigrita is only species recognized to the genus to the moment, although the taxonomic history of genus reveals more than one species has been described in the literature. Currently, there are four scenarios presented in taxonomic literature for the genus: 1) A single species, without subspecies, with wide geographical distribution, 2) One species with two subspecies, being Thaptomys nigrita nigrita distributed between southern of Bahia to northern of Santa Catarina and Thaptomys nigrita subterraneus distributed south of São Paulo to the north of Rio Grande do Sul, including eastern of Paraguay and northeastern of Argentina; 3) Two species with karyotype distinction, being Thaptomys sp. restricted to the south of Bahia with 2n = 50 and Thaptomys nigrita occurring in the rest of the genus distribution with 2n = 52, 4) Two species with morphological differentiation and one variant form, being Thaptomys sp. found in southern of Bahia and Thaptomys nigrita represented by the individuals found in the rest of the distribution of the genus, and a variant form found in Paraná. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the four scenarios to the genus Thaptomys using molecular markers, and to test the existence of more than one taxonomic unit for the genus, from the study of 833 bp of nuclear gene cytochrome b (cit b). For this, we used population genetics analyzes, phylogenetic analyzes and analyzes of molecular variation (AMOVA). Our results revealed that the populations of the ends of the distribution are balanced demographic and population center of the distribution are expanding population. The time since the expansion reveal that the northern populations expanded to southward and southern populations expanded to northward. Phylogenetic analyzes and AMOVA reveal the existence of four evolutionarily significant units. Thus, we propose the existence of four taxonomic units for the genus Thaptomys: Thaptomys sp1, with 2n = 50 to the south of Bahia, Thaptomys nigrita to Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and north of São Paulo, with 2n = 52; Thaptomys sp 2 to the center and east of São Paulo and Thaptomys subterraneus to south of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul, including northeastern to Argentina / Thaptomys é um gênero monotípico, sendo Thaptomys nigrita sua única espécie reconhecida, embora a história taxonômica do gênero revele que mais de uma espécie já foi descrita na literatura. Atualmente, existem quatro cenários taxonômicos apresentados na literatura para o gênero: 1) Uma única espécie, sem divisão subespecífica, com grande distribuição geográfica; 2) Uma espécie com duas subespécies, sendo Thaptomys nigrita nigrita distribuída entre o sul da Bahia até o norte de Santa Catarina e Thaptomys nigrita subterraneus distribuída do sul de São Paulo até o norte do Rio Grande do Sul, incluindo o leste do Paraguai e o nordeste da Argentina; 3) Duas espécies com distinção cariotípica, sendo Thaptomys sp. restrita ao sul da Bahia com 2n=50 e Thaptomys nigrita ocorrendo no restante da distribuição do gênero com 2n=52; 4) Duas espécies, com uma forma variante, com diferenciação morfológica, sendo Thaptomys sp. encontrado no sul da Bahia e Thaptomys nigrita representado pelo indivíduos encontrados no resto da distribuição do gênero, e uma forma variante encontrada no Paraná. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os quatro cenários de divisão do gênero Thaptomys utilizando marcadores moleculares, e testar a existência de mais de uma unidade taxonômica para o gênero, a partir do estudo de 833 pb do gene nuclear citocromo b (citb). Para isso foram feitas análises de variabilidade genética intrapopulacionais, análises de demográficas das populações, análises filogenéticas e análises de variação molecular interpopulacional (AMOVA). Nossos resultados revelaram que as populações das extremidades da distribuição de Thaptomys se encontram em equilíbrio demográfico e as populações do centro da distribuição estão em expansão populacional. Os tempos desde a expansão revelam que as populações do norte se expandiram em direção ao sul e as populações do sul em direção ao norte. As análises filogenéticas e as análises de AMOVA revelam a existência de quatro unidades evolutivamente significantes. Dessa forma, propomos a existência de quatro unidades taxonômicas para o gênero Thaptomys: Thaptomys sp1, com 2n=50 para o sul da Bahia, Thaptomys nigrita para Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e norte de São Paulo, com 2n=52; Thaptomys sp 2 para o centro e leste de São Paulo e Thaptomys subterraneus para sul de São Paulo até o Rio Grande do Sul, incluindo o nordeste da Argentina

Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-23T12:27:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Bárbara - Dissertação (1).pdf: 1256778 bytes, checksum: f7860c2ccf9b24ebb97f4ef0f9969fa5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T12:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Bárbara - Dissertação (1).pdf: 1256778 bytes, checksum: f7860c2ccf9b24ebb97f4ef0f9969fa5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / CNPq / A Entomologia Forense é a aplicação de insetos, ácaros e outros artrópodes em investigações criminais. Na Medicina Legal, sua principal aplicação é na elucidação de crimes violentos. Para tanto, faz-se necessária a correta identificação das espécies, o que, por muitas vezes é uma tarefa difícil, principalmente na fase larval por apresentarem poucas diferenças morfológicas. Tendo em vista esta dificuldade para identificação, o presente trabalho objetivou identificar através de técnicas de biologia molecular espécimes imaturos de dípteros com interesse forense. Foram coletados dípteros imaturos em dez cadáveres decompostos recém-admitidos aos Serviços de Medicina Legal dos estados da Paraíba e Pernambuco. O DNA foi isolado a partir da técnica de extração orgânica. Em seguida, foram realizadas reações de amplificação e sequenciamento de um segmento do gene citocromo B. As sequências foram identificadas através da busca por homologia contra sequências depositadas no GenBank a partir do BLASTn; os grupos monofiléticos foram agrupados através do modelo K2P, conduzidos no programa MEGA e a diversidade genética estimada no DNAsp. Por meio das análises foi possível identificar seis espécies pertencentes a três famílias, estando a espécie Chrysomya albiceps presente em seis cadáveres decompostos; as análises de diversidade genética para C. albiceps revelaram baixo polimorfismo, propondo ausência de barreiras genéticas entre as populações. Conclui-se que o marcador é eficiente para a identificação de espécies, no entanto para diversidade genética faz-se necessária a utilização de marcadores alternativos. / Forensic Entomology is the application of insects, mites and other arthropods in criminal investigations. In Legal Medicine, its main application is in the elucidation of violent crimes. Therefore, the correct identification of the species is needed, which in is often a difficult task, especially in the larval stage when they have little morphological differences. In view of this difficulty in identification, this study aimed to identify, by molecular biology techniques, immature specimens of Diptera with forensic interest. Were collected immature Diptera in ten decomposing corpses newly admitted to the Legal Medicine Services of the states of Paraiba and Pernambuco. DNA was isolated from the organic extraction method with phenol-chloroform. Then, were performed amplification and sequencing reactions in a segment of the cytochrome B gene. The sequences were identified by homology search against sequences deposited in GenBank throught BLASTn; the monophyletic groups were grouped by the K2P model, conducted in the MEGA program and the genetic diversity estimated in DNAsp. Through the analysis was possible to identify six species belonging to three families, being the kind Chrysomya albiceps present in six decomposing corpses; the analysis of genetic diversity for C. albiceps showed low polymorphism, suggesting the absence of genetic barriers between populations. It concludes that the marker is effective for identifying species, however for genetic diversity is necessary the use of alternative markers.

Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-23T13:58:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Emilly.pdf: 3694284 bytes, checksum: b1e6e78f9d75225d406cb1ffd3c9bc2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T13:58:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Emilly.pdf: 3694284 bytes, checksum: b1e6e78f9d75225d406cb1ffd3c9bc2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / FACEPE / CAPES / CNPq / O beijupirá Rachycentron canadum, é um peixe pelágico marinho, migrador, cosmopolita que possui grande interesse comercial no mundo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a existência de estruturação populacional interoceânica, analisar a diversidade genética e a conectividade entre as populações no Atlântico Sul, além de estimar a variabilidade e endogamia da espécie nas pisciculturas e na costa brasileira. Para isso foram utilizados exemplares do beijupirá ao longo de sua distribuição global (Atlântico, Índico e Pacífico), na costa brasileira e em quatro pisciculturas no Brasil analisados por meio de marcadores microssatélites e do DNAmt (citocromo b e D-loop). Os resultados obtidos na análise interoceânica indicam alta diversidade genética e moderada estruturação genético-populacional para o D-loop, rejeitando a hipótese de panmixia global da espécie. Na costa brasileira foi observada ausência de estruturação populacional, evidenciando conectividade e inexistência de barreiras que impeçam o fluxo gênico e a migração da espécie, revelando uma população panmítica intra-oceânica. Já nas pisciculturas do beijupirá no Brasil foi observada perda de diversidade genética e diferenciação genética entre as pisciculturas e os selvagens, apesar do cultivo recente da espécie. Diante disso, o gerenciamento da pesca tanto a nível mundial, quanto local, e o manejo da espécie nas estações de piscicultura devem considerar estas informações para a exploração sustentável e o comércio de indivíduos em termos regionais e globais, trazendo implicações para o manejo da espécie e sua conservação. / Cobia Rachycentron canadum, is a marine pelagic, migratory, cosmopolitan fish that has great commercial interest in the world. This study aimed to evaluate the existence of inter-oceanic population structure, analyze the genetic diversity and connectivity among populations in the South Atlantic, as well as to estimate the variability and inbreeding in cobia farms and the Brazilian coast. Specimens were collected throughout its global distribution (Atlantic, Indian and Pacific), the Brazilian coast and four aquaculture installations in Brazil using microsatellite markers and mtDNA (cytochrome b and D-loop). The results of the inter-oceanic analysis indicate high genetic diversity and moderate genetic population structure for the D-loop, rejecting the hypothesis of global panmixia. In the Brazilian coast the absence of population structure was observed, showing connectivity and lack of barriers that prevent gene flow and migration of species, revealing an intra-oceanic panmitic population. However, in the farmed cobia, a loss of genetic diversity was detected , besides genetic differentiation between farm and wild, despite the recent farming of the species. Thus, the fisheries management both globally and locally, and the maintenance of species in aquaculture installations should consider this information for the sustainable exploitation and trade of individuals in regional and global terms, bringing implications for the management of the species and its conservation.

Baird's pocket gopher (Geomys breviceps) is found in eastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, central and western Arkansas, and western Louisiana. The cytochrome-b gene was sequenced and analyzed for 16 pocket gophers from throughout the range of the species. Similar phylogenetic trees were obtained using maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, neighbor-joining, and Bayesian analyses. Two major clades were formed with northern individuals belonging to clade I and southern individuals belonging to clade II. G. b. sagittalis was paraphyletic in relation to G. b. breviceps in all analyses. Based on inconsistencies between the taxonomic classification and systematic relationships within Baird's pocket gopher, a taxonomic restructuring appears warranted.

Pantosteus, a subgenus of Catostomus, includes the mountain sucker (Catostomus playthyrnchus), whose speculated older origins in the Miocene/Pliocene can provide insight into the ancient geographical events of western North America. We believe that major geologic events influencing the diversification of mountain suckers include the rise of the Colorado Plateau, the connections between the ancient Snake River system and the Lahontan system and subsequently the connection of the Snake River system to the Columbia Basin, dispersal of mountain suckers across the continental divide, as well as the Pleistocene Bonneville flood. If this is true, we should see evidence of geologic separation and timing through studying the phylogenetics of the mountain sucker. In order to clarify relationships of the mountain sucker with respect to other Pantosteus species, we examined cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences for 144 mountain suckers, 24 other Pantosteus species, and ten outgroup species. Phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes were constructed based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian criterion. In an effort to provide better resolution at some nodes, we also sequenced additional mitochondrial genes (ND1, ND2, ATPase, ND4L, ND4, ND5, ND6, and cyt b) for a subset of 44 individuals taken from the major clades obtained from the cyt b phylogentic analyses. Trees from this data set were also constructed under maximum likelihood and Bayesian criterion. All phylogenetic analysis revealed that mountain sucker are paraphyletic, with two major clades of mountain suckers separated by other members of the subgenus Pantosteus. One clade included two sub-clades, one from the upper Snake River drainage/northern Bonneville/Green River drainage Basins and the other from the southern Bonneville Basin. The other major clade included sub-clades from the Lahontan Basin, Columbia River Basin, and Upper Missouri River Basin. Molecular clock analysis revealed that Pantosteus likely split from Catostomus during the Miocene and that major speciation events within Pantosteus occurred during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Genetic structuring and gene flow estimates for mountain sucker populations, with groupings based on major drainage basins, were calculated with AMOVA and Fst estimates in Arlequin and revealed that most of the genetic structuring was explained by variation among drainage basins with limited gene flow occurring between drainage basins. Based on this study, the role of the Colorado Plateau's geologic history in the evolution of the mountain sucker remains unclear. However, all other geologic events as discussed in this study seem to have played a significant role in the evolution of the mountain sucker.

The study of the process of speciation is instrumental to understanding the species diversity observed today. Diverging populations are intriguing, because speciation has not reached an endpoint, yet the process that may eventually lead to distinct species can be studied. Systems that contain many putative species and/or parallel divergences, such as many species flocks and species pairs, are extraordinary examples of divergence and therefore are critical to the understanding of the speciation process. A "miniature" species flock of pupfish (Cyprinodon variegatus) discovered in lakes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas has evolved in less than 6 000 years, and is, therefore, important to the study of the pace of evolutionary processes. The San Salvador Island pupfish flock is composed of a normal form, which resembles coastal C. variegatus, and bulldog and bozo morphs, which diverge ecologically and morphologically from the normal morph. In Chapter 1, I sequenced the mtDNA control region and used haplotype frequency analyses to assess the level of differentiation between sympatric normals and bulldogs sampled from Osprey Lake and Little Lake on San Salvador Island. The bozo morph was too rare to include in the study. I also included samples of normals that occur in lakes without bulldog and bozo morphs to assess any differences between lakes on the island. All haplotype frequency comparisons for sympatric normals and bulldogs were highly significant, which suggests these morphs are distinct populations in sympatry and, therefore, have characteristics of biological species. Further, an estimation of Time for Speciation supports geological data that suggest this fauna is very young (6 000 years). The San Salvador Island pupfish species flock is, therefore, the youngest known species flock and presents an important model system for the study of how morphological and ecological divergence can promote speciation in Cyprinodon. In Chapter 2, I first compared the San Salvador Island pupfishes to other Bahamian C. variegatus populations to assess the level of inter- and intra-island pupfish population differentiation in the Bahamas. The mtDNA control region was sequenced for bulldogs and normals from San Salvador Island and normals sampled from New Providence and Exuma Islands. San Salvador Island bulldogs were found to be distinct from all normal populations sampled, and comparisons of shared haplotypes suggest they originated on San Salvador Island rather than any of the other islands sampled. This was intriguing, because a "bulldog-like" morph has recently been observed in a lake on New Providence Island, which suggests parallel divergences may be occurring throughout the Bahamas. I also sequenced the mtDNA cytochrome b gene to assess the phylogeography of C. variegatus. Populations were sampled from the Bahamas and the east coast of North America, and the results suggest the Bahamas were only recently colonized by the Southern coastal lineage of C. variegatus. A distinct Northern lineage of C. variegatus, which may warrant species designation, was also supported by the cytochrome b data. Overall, the results supported a San Salvador Island origin for the Little Lake and Osprey Lake bulldog morphs, and also suggest the Bahamian C. variegatus populations are very young. / Master of Science

Practical resistance of Erysiphe necator to quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) is now widespread, and resistance to demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) has also developed.  The goal of this research was to characterize fungicide resistance by elucidating resistance mechanisms and determining its stability.  QoI resistance persisted for several years in a field population after QoI application ended.  Resistant isolates were highly competitive in mixed populations in competition assays under laboratory conditions, indicating a lack of fitness cost.  In one competition trial under field conditions, resistance frequency declined, possibly due to spore migration and influx of background inoculum, but in a second trial, it did not decline.  Double resistance to QoI and DMI was detected and DMI application may have been partially responsible for maintaining QoI resistance in the field.  One isolate with QoI resistance but an undetectable level of the major QoI mutation was shown to be heteroplasmic -- resistant strains could be selected from this isolate. DMI resistance mechanisms in E. necator included the Y136F mutation in CYP51 and cyp51 over-expression.  The first mechanism was present in almost all isolates with substantial levels of resistance, and cyp51 expression level was correlated with resistance level.  Three cyp51 genotypes were detected.  Wildtype isolates with the TAT genotype were sensitive to DMIs, while isolates with increased resistance had either a TTT or TWT genotype; TWT indicated the presence of both wildtype and mutant alleles.  Cyp51 was expressed 1.4 to 19 times more in mutants than in wildtype.  It is not known whether the significant differences in cyp51 expression level among isolates and among genotype groups are due to gene copy number variation.  DMI resistance was found to decline after years of subculturing, and the decline appeared to occur after a few culture transfers of field samples on fungicide-free host leaves.  The observed decline, together with the finding that isolates could be "trained" to increase resistance, and may be slightly induced in cyp51 expression when successively challenged to grow in increasing fungicide concentration, indicate instability of DMI resistance. / Ph. D.

O veado-mão-curta (Mazama nana) é uma espécie de cervídeo que ocupa a região Sul do Brasil, norte da Argentina e leste do Paraguai, tendo sido severamente afetada pela redução drástica das áreas florestadas. Trata-se, também, da espécie de cervídeo neotropical menos estudada pela ciência. Frente a essa situação, o presente projeto propôs-se a entender como essa espécie se distribui em sua área de ocorrência, propôs áreas prioritárias para sua conservação e estimou a densidade de duas populações. Dada a raridade e a alta elusividade da espécie, propôs-se o uso de metodologias indiretas para se atingir o objetivo proposto. Assim, foram usadas metodologias baseadas na coleta de amostras fecais, extração do DNA e posterior análises molecular e genética. Foram coletadas amostras fecais com o auxílio de um cão farejador em unidades de conservação distribuídas ao longo do Sul do Brasil. Após a identificação da espécie por meio da amplificação de um fragmento do citocromo B e corte com enzimas de restrição (PCR/RFLP) e com os dados de localização das amostras, foram feitas modelagens de distribuição com o software Maxent. Foram escolhidas duas unidades de conservação, onde foram realizadas coletas de amostras fecais, baseadas em faixas, para possibilitar a estimativa da densidade de animais nestas populações. Estabeleceu-se a distribuição geográfica potencial de M. nana no Brasil para os Estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina, norte e centro do Rio Grande do Sul, extremo sul de São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul. Porção leste do Paraguai e, na Argentina para a província de Missiones. A densidade da espécie para a região norte do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu foi de 1,9 ind/km2 e para o Parque Estadual Vila Rica do Espírito Santo foi de 5,5 ind/km2. A população potencial da espécie foi de 152.991 indivíduos, sendo 15.524 indivíduos a população dentro das áreas protegidas. Sugere-se a manutenção do estado de conservação da espécie como Vulnerável, tanto na lista Brasileira como na lista Internacional de fauna ameaçada de extinção. / The Brazilian dwarf brocket (Mazama nana) is a deer species that occupies the forests of southern Brazil, north of Argentina and east of Paraguay. It has been greatly affected by the drastic reduction of forested areas. It is also the less studied neotropical deer. Considering this situation, this project aimed to shed light on the species distribution along its range, to indicate conservation priority areas and estimate the density of two populations. Given the rarity and high elusiveness of the species, it is proposed the use of indirect methods to achieve this goal. Fecal samples collection based methodologies were used, followed by DNA extraction and subsequent molecular and genetic analysis. Fecal samples were tracked and collected in protected areas spread over south Brazil, with the help of a scat detection dog. After species identification by PCR/RFLP and samples spatialization, species distribution modeling was carried out using Maxent software suit. Two protected areas were chosen for a faecal sampling based on transects, in order to estimate the population density. Potential geographical distribution of M. nana in Brazil was stablished at states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, northern and center Rio Grande do Sul, extreme South of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. Also at Eastern Paraguay and Missiones province in Argentina. Species density at the northern area of Iguaçu National Park was 1.9 ind/km2 and at the State Park of Vila Rica do Espírito Santo was 5.5 ind/km2. The species potential population was 152,991 individuals, including 15,524 individuals inside protected areas. It is suggested to maintain species conservation status as vulnerable on the Brazilian and on the International red list of threatened species.