A divisão celular bacteriana é orquestrada por FtsZ, uma proteína homóloga à tubulina eucariótica que possui a capacidade de polimerizar e gerar uma estrutura chamada de anel Z. O local onde esta estrutura citoesquelética contrátil é formada determina o futuro sítio de divisão. O complexo MinCD é um dos principais reguladores da posição da divisão, favorecendo a montagem do anel Z precisamente na região medial da bactéria. MinCD age como um inibidor sítio específico da polimerização de FtsZ, atuando preferencialmente nos polos celulares. MinC é a proteína do complexo que atua diretamente sobre FtsZ e inibe sua polimerização. Essa tese elucida a interação entre FtsZ e MinC e sugere o mecanismo exercido por MinC em Bacillus subtilis. Foi triada uma biblioteca de mutantes randômicos de FtsZ para identificação de mutantes resistentes à ação de MinC. Dentre estes, as substituições K243R e D287V, quando caracterizados usando espalhamento de luz e espectroscopia de fluorescência impediram a interação com MinC. Como as mutações estavam localizados em torno das hélices H-9 e H-10 no domínio C-terminal de FtsZ, concluímos que esta região representa o sítio de interação com MinC desta proteína. Como complemento ao mapeamento do sitio de ligação de MinC em FtsZ, identificamos a região de MinC que interage com FtsZ. Para tanto, escolhemos resíduos de MinC para mutagênese e caracterização. A escolha priorizou os resíduos conservados entre espécies Gram-positivas, experimentos de RMN, carga e exposição ao solvente dos mesmos. Dentre os resíduos de MinC mutados que afetaram sua capacidade de inibir a polimerização de FtsZ in vitro foram: Y8 e K12 (β-1), K15 (alça-2), H55 (β-3) , H84 (β-4) e K149 (C-terminal). Sendo assim, podemos concluir que a face de interação para FtsZ em MinC de B. subtilis é a única folha β do domínio N-terminal desta proteína. Com base nos sítios mapeados das duas proteínas experimentalmente, criamos um modelo in silico do complexo MinC-FtsZ por docking molecular. De acordo com o modelo gerado, MinC interage com a porção lateral de polímeros de FtsZ. Isto sugere que MinC atue na inibição da formação de feixes de filamentos de FtsZ, impedindo assim a formação de anéis Z funcionais. Esse mecanismo de ação do sistema Min é diferente do proposto para E. coli, no qual MinC interage com a face de polimerização FtsZ-FtsZ e impede a formação de protofilamentos de FtsZ. / Bacterial cell division is orchestrated by FtsZ, a protein homologous to eukaryotic tubulin that has the ability to polymerize and generate a cytoplasmic structure called the Z ring. The subcellular location where this cytoskeletal structure is formed determines the future division site. The MinCD complex is one of the main regulators of the position of cell division, driving the assembly of Z-ring precisely at the medial region of the cell. MinCD acts as a site-specific inhibitor of FtsZ polymerization, blocking Z ring formation at the cell poles. MinC is the protein of the complex that acts directly on FtsZ and inhibits its polymerization. This thesis elucidates the interaction between FtsZ and MinC and suggests the MinC mechanism in Bacillus subtilis. An ftsZ randomly mutagenized library was screened to identify mutants that are resistant to MinC action. Using right-angle light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy we showed that substitutions K243R and D287V lost the interaction to MinC. These substituted residues clustered around the H-9 and H-10 helices in the C-terminal domain of FtsZ, thus, we conclude that this region is the binding site for MinC. In addition to mapping the MinC binding site on FtsZ, we also identified the FtsZ binding site in MinC. Based on residue conservation, NMR experiments and exposure to solvent, we chose residues of MinC for mutagenesis and characterization. The substituted residues that di srupted MinC ability to inhibit FtsZ polymerization in vitro were: Y8 and K12 (β-1), K15 (turn-2) , H55 (β-3), H84 (β-4) and K149 (C-terminal). Thus, we conclude that the binding site of MinC for FtsZ is located on the β only sheet at the N-terminal domain of MinC from B. subtilis. Finally, based on the binding sites of the two proteins mapped experimentally, we created a model of the complex between MinC and FtsZ by molecular docking. According to the generated model, MinC interacts with the lateral portion of FtsZ polymers. This indicates that MinC should inhibit assembly of higher order FtsZ polymers, thereby preventing the formation of a functional Z-ring. This mechanism of Min is different from that proposed in E. coli, in which MinC interacts with FtsZ polymerization interface and inhibits FtsZ protofilament formation.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A via de sinalização da cinase regulada por fatores extracelulares, da família das proteínas cinases ativadas por mitógenos (MAPK/ERK) é importante tanto para a sobrevivência como para a progressão da diferenciação de oligodendrócitos. Neste trabalho, a via da MAPK/ERK foi avaliada na oligodendroglia in vitro com a utilização de inibidores da MEK. A morfologia celular, assim como a distribuição de proteínas foram analisadas em diferentes estágios de maturação da oligodendroglia. Culturas primárias de oligodendrócitos foram tratadas com os inibidores da MEK PD98059 ou U0126, aos 5 ou 11dias in vitro (div), por 30min, 24 ou 48h. A oligodendroglia foi distinguida com marcadores estágio-específicos: A2B5, 23nucleotídeo cíclico 3 fosfodiesterase (CNPase) e proteína básica de mielina (MBP), e classificada de acordo com sua morfologia em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. O tratamento aumentou significativamente o número de células com morfologia mais imatura e diminuiu o número de células maduras. Além disso, aumentou o número de células redondas e sem prolongamentos as quais não puderam ser classificadas em nenhum dos estágios de desenvolvimento da oligodendroglia. Os efeitos mais evidentes foram observados logo após o menor tempo de tratamento. Células redondas eram positivas para CNPase e MBP, porém não foram marcadas com A2B5 ou com NG2, indicando que seriam células maduras incapazes de estender ou manter seus prolongamentos. De fato, estas mudanças foram acompanhadas por alterações na distribuição de proteínas de oligodendrócitos como a MBP e a CNPase, assim como alterações em proteínas de citoesqueleto, como actina, tubulina e na cinase de adesão focal (FAK). A MBP foi observada nas células tratadas em um padrão de distribuição desorganizado e disperso, oposto ao padrão contínuo que é observado nas células das culturas controle. Além disso, o tratamento causou uma desorganização na distribuição da CNPase, actina e tubulina. Nas células das culturas controle, estas proteínas apresentam um padrão organizado compondo as estruturas de citoqueleto semelhantes a nervuras. Após um pequeno período de tratamento (30min), actina e tubulina apresentaram o mesmo padrão de marcação puntiforme que a CNPase apresentou. O tratamento também reduziu os pontos de adesão focal demonstrados pela FAK. Com o decorrer do tratamento, após 24 e 48h, actina e tubulina aparentavam estar se reorganizando em um padrão filamentar. Estes resultados indicam um efeito importante da via da MAPK/ERK na ramificação e alongamento dos prolongamentos dos oligodendrócitos, com possíveis consequências para a formação da bainha de mielina. / The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway is important for both long-term survival and timing of the progression of oligodendrocyte differentiation. In this work, the MAPK/ERK signaling in oligodendroglia was studied in vitro by using MEK inhibitors. Cell morphology and distribution of proteins were analyzed in different stages of maturation. Primary cultures of oligodendroglia were treated with the MEK inhibitors PD98059 or U0126, at 5 or 11div for 30min, 24 or 48h. Oligodendroglial cells were distinguished by using stage specific markers: NG2 proteoglycan, A2B5, 23nucleotide-cyclic 3phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and myelin basic protein (MBP), and classified according to their morphology into different developmental stages. Treatment significantly increased the number of cells with more immature morphologies and decreased the number of mature cells. Furthermore, it increased the number of rounded cells that could not be classified into any of the oligodendroglial developmental stages. The strongest effects were usually observed shortly after treatment. Rounded cells were CNPase/MBP positive and they were not stained by anti-NG2 or A2B5, indicating that they were mature cells unable either to extend and/or to maintain their processes. In fact, these changes were accompanied by alterations in the distribution of the oligodendroglial proteins MBP and CNPase, and alterations in cytoskeleton proteins, as actin, tubulin and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). MBP was observed in a continuous distribution in cell body and processes in control cultures. Furthermore, in treated cultures a disorganized pattern of distribution of CNPase, actin and tubulin was observed. In control cultures, these proteins compose the cytoskeleton vein-like structures. By the other side, after a short time of MEK inhibition (30min), actin and tubulin showed the same punctual pattern observed in CNPase distribution. Treatment also caused a reduction of focal adhesion sites showed by FAK. As treatment progressed, after 24 and 48h, actin and tubulin seemed to be rearranged into a filament-like pattern. These data showed an effect of the MAPK/ERK pathway on oligodendroglial branching, with possible consequences for the formation of the myelin sheath.

L'adhésion cellulaire est un phénomène important en biologie. Le but de ce travail est le développement d'un modèle mécanique décrivant des phénomènes d'adhésion cellulaire à différentes échelles. La première échelle, microscopique, a pour objet la description des phénomènes cinétiques moléculaires durant le rolling. La seconde échelle, mésoscopique, est relative à la modélisation des déformations actives de la cellule durant la motilité. La troisième échelle, dite macroscopique, concerne la description de l'évolution dans le temps de l'adhésion d'une population de cellules. Les simulations réalisées mettent en évidence le rolling, et la déformation active de la cellule / Cell adhesion is an important phenomenon in biology, especially in the immune defence and tissue growth.We focus in this work on the development of a mechanical model for the description of the cell adhesion in a multiscal context. The first one is microscopic scale, which describes the molecular rupture and adhesion kinetics.At the mesoscopic scale, we model the active deformation of the cell during the motility phenomenon. At the macroscopic scale, we model the time evolution of the adhesion of cell population, under the action of the fluid. Numerical simulations emphasize the rolling phenomenon and the active deformation of a cell

Les parasites de la classe des Kinetoplastidae, comprenant notamment les trypanosomes et les leishmanies, sont responsables pour plusieurs maladies d’importance socio-économique et de santé publique. La maladie du sommeil, la maladie de Chagas et la leishmaniose, classées comme maladies tropicales négligées (NTD) par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) et la Surra, reportée par l’Organisation pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture, des Nations Unies (FAO). La Trypanosomiase Animale Africain sub-saharienne entraîne la mort de 3 millions bovins par an accompagné d'une perte annuelle de l'économie de 4,5 milliards de dollars américains. La leishmaniose cutanée, une maladie zoonose, présente 1,5 millions de nouveaux cas chaque année.Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) est un ancien eucaryote, utilisé comme organisme modèle dans le laboratoire pour l’étude des cils et des flagelles. Le remodelage du cytosquelette des trypanosomes est essentiel pour la morphologie cellulaire, le positionnement et la division des organites. L’étude des protéines essentielles du cytosquelette permet de mieux comprendre les processus cellulaires. Ces protéines pourraient également constituer des cibles potentielles pour des traitements thérapeutiques. Les trypanosomes échappent au système immunitaire de l’hôte en modifiant périodiquement les antigènes de présent à leur surface. En effet ces antigènes de surface sont endocytés, ainsi que les anticorps de l’hôte qui y sont attachés, au niveau d’une structure appelée la poche flagellaire (FP). TbBILBO1 est une protéine structurelle du collier de la poche flagellaire (FPC), essentielle à la biogenèse du FPC et à la survie du parasite. En raison du rôle majeur de la protéine TbBILBO1 dans le parasite, des partenaires de TbBILBO1 ont été recherchés.Dans ce travail, j’ai pu caractériser une nouvelle protéine essentielle du cytoskelette, la protéine FPC6, partenaire de TbBILBO1, qui se situe au niveau du complexe FPC/Complexe du Hook de T. brucei. L’ARN interférence de FPC6 conduit à une mort rapide des formes sanguines des trypanosomes, accompagnée d’un blocage de l’endocytose. Ensuite, j’ai produit un nanobody (Nb48), dirigé contre TbBILBO1, dans le système d’expression bactérien. Je l’ai également exprimé dans les lignées de trypanosomes. Le Nb48 reconnait TbBILBO1 sur les trypanosomes fixés par immunofluorescence et dans les extraits totaux de protéines dénaturées. L’analyse par résonance plasmonique de surface (SPR) a confirmé une haute affinité du Nb48 pour TbBILBO1. L’expression de Nb48 dans le parasite T. brucei en tant qu’intrabody demontrant que ce nanobody pouvait être exprimé de manière fonctionnelle, capable de reconnaitre spécifiquement sa cible protéique, TbBILBO1, intra-cellulaire et de bloquer sa fonction conduit à un effet trypanocide rapide. Ces études ouvrant ainsi la voie pour de nouvelles utilisations potentielles thérapeutiques dans le traitement des trypanosomiases. / Kinetoplastid parasites, including trypanosomes and leishmania, are responsible for several diseases of socio-economic and public health importance worldwide. These include the Neglected Tropical Diseases: Sleeping Sickness, Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis, as classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the global wasting disease of animals, Surra, as reported by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). Animal African Trypanosomiais (AAT) causes the death of 3 million cattle per year in sub-Saharan Africa, with an annual loss of 4.5 billion US dollars to the African economy. Cutaneaous leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease, with 1.5 million new cases reported globally each year.Trypanosoma brucei is an ancient, early diverging eukaryote, used as a model organism in the laboratory for studying eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Remodelling of the trypanosome cytoskeleton is essential for cell morphology, organelle positioning and division. Study of essential proteins of the cytoskeleton provides insight into intracellular processes and could provide potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Trypanosomes evade the host immune system by periodically changing their external surface coat, which is endocytosed, along with any attached host antibodies, via a structure called the flagellar pocket. TbBILBO1 is a structural protein of the Flagellar Pocket Collar (FPC) that is essential for FPC biogenesis and parasite survival. Due to the importance of TbBILBO1 for the parasite, protein partners were investigated.In my thesis, I describe, firstly, the characterisation of a novel and essential cytoskeletal protein, FPC6, of the FPC/Hook complex of T. brucei; FPC6 is a partner of TbBILBO1. RNAi Knock-down of FPC6 protein leads to rapid cell death in the blood-stream form of the parasite accompanied with a block in endocytosis. Secondly, I describe the purification and intracellular expression of a nanobody (Nb48), raised against TbBILBO1. The purified Nb is able to identify TbBILBO1 in fixed trypanosomes and denatured protein. Surface Plasmon Resonance analysis confirmed a high affinity of Nb48 to TbBILBO1. Expression of Nb48 as an intrabody in T. brucei, reveals that it binds precisely to its target, TbBILBO1 and leads to rapid cell death. Further exploration of the potential uses of this trypanocidal nanobody is warranted.

Un défi majeur en cancérologie est le traitement des tumeurs mammaires dites triple-négatives (ER-, PR-, HER2-). Elles sont le plus souvent résistantes aux traitements conventionnels et présentent un haut risque de récidive. De plus, l’absence de cibles thérapeutiques ne permet pas le développement de thérapie spécifique. 78% de ces tumeurs expriment faiblement la claudine 1 et sont de très mauvais pronostic. Cette protéine est impliquée dans l'adhérence des cellules entre elles et pourrait jouer un rôle suppresseur de tumeur dans les cancers mammaires. Dans ce contexte, nous étudions si sa réexpression pourrait être une piste de traitement. Au laboratoire, nous avons développé des dérivés de la famille des thiazolidinediones (TZD) qui stimulent l’expression de la claudine 1 et induisent l’apoptose des cellules cancéreuses mammaires. Les objectifs de ma thèse ont consisté 1) à déterminer l’implication de la claudine 1 dans l’effet pro-apoptotique de ces composés 2) à l’étude de leurs mécanismes d’action 3) évaluer si l’expression de la claudine 1 pourrait sensibiliser les cellules cancéreuses triple-négatives aux agents de chimiothérapie. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons montré que la surexpression de la claudine 1 et le composé Δ2-TGZ induisent l’apoptose des cellules triple-négatives « claudin 1-low » MDA-MB-231 et Hs578T. De plus, la claudine 1 est impliquée dans l’effet pro-apoptotique de la Δ2-TGZ dans les cellules MDA-MB-231. Par ailleurs, nous avons démontré que les dérivés TGZ, la Δ2-TGZ et l’AB186, agissent de manière précoce en modifiant la morphologie des cellules suivie d’une réexpression de la claudine 1 membranaire et d’une inhibition de la migration cellulaire avant même d’induire la mort cellulaire par apoptose. De plus, la surexpression de la claudine 1 inhibe la migration cellulaire associée à la perte des fibres de stress et la formation des jonctions intercellulaires. Nous avons également montré que la réexpression de la claudine 1 sensibilise les cellules MDA-MB-231 à l’agent de chimiothérapie, le 5-FU. L’ensemble des résultats de thèse a permis de mieux comprendre le mécanisme d’action de la Δ2-TGZ et de l’AB186 sur les cellules cancéreuses mammaires mais aussi d’identifier la claudine 1 comme cible potentielle prometteuse dans les cellules triple-négatives « claudin 1-low » / A major challenge in oncology is the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (ER-, PR-, HER2-) as no targeted therapy are available. These tumors present often a chemotherapy resistance and a higher relapse incidence. 78% of them do not express claudin 1 and display a poor prognosis. Claudin 1 is involved in cell-cell adhesion and may be a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer. In this context, we study if claudin 1 re-expression could be a possible approach. In the laboratory, we developed derivatives thaziolidinediones (TZD) compounds, which increase claudin 1 expression and lead to apoptosis of breast cancer cells. The goals of my thesis is 1) to characterize the involvement of claudin 1 in their pro-apoptotic effect 2) to study their mechanism of action 3) to determine if claudin 1 could sensitize the TNBC cells to the chemotherapy agents. During my thesis, we showed that claudin 1 overexpression and the compound Δ2-TGZ induce apoptosis of TNBC « claudin 1-low » MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells. Claudin 1 is involved in the pro-apoptotic effect of Δ2-TGZ in MDA-MB-231 cells. Then, we demonstrated that Δ2-TGZ and AB186 lead to early action through a modification of cell morphology followed an expression of claudin 1 at the membrane and an inhibition of cell migration before the apoptosis process. In addition, claudin 1 overexpression decreases the cell migration through the loss of stress fibers and the formation of cell junctions. We showed that claudin 1 overexpression potentialize the pro-apoptotic effect of Δ2-TGZ in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, we observed that claudin 1 sensitize the MDA-MB-231 cells to 5-FU. In fine, our data allowed a better understanding of Δ2-TGZ and AB186 mechanism of action and identification of claudin 1 as a promising target in TNBC « claudin 1-low »

Des travaux menés au laboratoire sur la biologie des neurofilaments et sur leurs interactions avec les autres constituants du cytosquelette ont montré, sur différents filaments intermédiaires, des sites de fixation de la tubuline libre TBS (« tubulin-binding site »). Parmi les peptides synthétisés correspondants à ces séquences, le peptide NFL-TBS.40-63 issu de la sous-unité légère des neurofilaments (NFL) a révélé in vitro et in vivo des propriétés de ciblage et une action anti-tumorale sur des cellules de glioblastome, tumeur cérébrale la plus fréquente et la plus agressive, pour laquelle l’efficacité des traitements actuels reste très limitée. L’intérêt thérapeutique de ce peptide est renforcé par le fait qu’il entre peu et qu’il n’a pas d’effet cytotoxique dans des cellules saines (astrocytes, neurones). Dans cette thèse les travaux décrivent les mécanismes d’entrée du peptide NFL-TBS.40-63 dans les cellules de glioblastome, pour mieux comprendre sa sélectivité. Sa spécificité d’action dans ces cellules a été complétée en analysant les effets du peptide sur l’organisation et la fonction mitochondriales. Enfin, nous montrons que le peptide cible des cellules souches neurales, qui pourraient être à l’origine du développement des glioblastomes, et qui pourraient servir d’outil thérapeutique dans de nombreuses pathologies cérébrales, telles que des lésions traumatiques et des maladies neurodégénératives. Ces travaux indiquent que le peptide NFL-TBS.40-63 représente un outil prometteur dans la stratégie thérapeutique des glioblastomes. Il peut aussi permettre de cibler les cellules souches neurales pour développer de nouveaux traitements des pathologies cérébrales. / In the laboratory, investigations on neurofilament biology and on their interactions with other cytoskeleton components showed tubulin-binding sites (TBS) on different intermediate filaments. Among the synthesized peptide corresponding to these sequences, the NFLTBS.40-63 peptide derived from the neurofilament light subunit (NFL), revealed in vitro and in vivo targeting properties and anti-tumour effect on glioblastoma cells, the most frequent and aggressive brain tumour, for which current treatments show very limited effects. The therapeutic value of this peptide is reinforced by its lower uptake and the lack of a major cytotoxic effect in healthy cells (astrocytes, neurons). Works in this thesis describe the uptake mechanisms of the NFL-TBS.40-63 peptide in glioblastoma cells, to better understand its selective internalization. Its specificaction on glioblastoma cells has been completed by the analysis of the peptide effects on the mitochondrial organization and function. Finally, we show that the peptide targets neural stem cells, which could be at the origin of glioblastoma, and serve as a therapeutic tool inseveral brain diseases, such as traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Altogether these works indicate that this NFL-TBS.40-63 peptide is a promising tool for therapeutic strategies of glioblastoma. It can also target neural stem cells in order to develop new treatments for various brain disorders.

Anders als menschengemachte Maschinen verfügen Zellen über keinen festgeschriebenen Bauplan und die Positionen einzelner Elemente sind häufig nicht genau festgelegt, da die Moleküle diffusiven Zufallsbewegungen unterworfen sind. Darüber hinaus sind einzelne Bauteile auch nicht auf eine einzelne Funktion festgelegt, sondern können parallel in verschiedene Prozesse einbezogen sein. Basierend auf Selbstorganisation und Selbstassemblierung muß die Organisation von Anordnung und Funktion einer lebenden Zelle also bereits in ihren einzelnen Komponenten inhärent enthalten sein. Die intrazelluläre Organisation wird zum großen Teil durch ein internes Biopolymergerüst reguliert, das Zytoskelett. Biopolymer-Netzwerke und –Fasern durchdringen die gesamte Zelle und sind verantworlich für mechanische Integrität und die funktionale Architektur. Unzählige essentielle biologische Prozesse hängen direkt von einem funktionierenden Zytoskelett ab. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt auf ein besser Verständnis und den Nachbau zweier verschiedener funktionaler Module lebender Zellen anhand stark reduzierter Modellsysteme. Als zentrales Element wurde Aktin gewählt, da dieses Biopolymer eine herausragende Rolle in nahezu allen eukaryotischen Zellen spielt. Mit dem ersten Modellsystem wird der bewegliche Aktin-Polymerfilm an der Vorderkante migrierender Zellen betrachtet. Die wichtigsten Elemente dieser hochdynamischen Netzwerke sind bereits bekannt und wurden in dieser Arbeit benutzt um ein experimentelles Modellsystem zu etablieren. Vor allem aber lieferten detailierte Computersimulationen und ein mathematisches Modell neue Erkenntnisse über grundlegende Organisationsprinzipien dieser Aktinnetzwerke. Damit war es nicht nur möglich, experimentelle Daten erfolgreich zu reproduzieren, sondern das Entstehen von Substrukturen und deren Charakteristika auf proteinunabhängige, generelle Mechanismen zurückzuführen. Das zweite studierte System betrachtet die Selbstassemblierung von Aktinnetzwerken durch entropische Kräfte. Aktinfilamente aggregieren hierbei durch Kondensation multivalenter Ionen oder durch Volumenausschluss hochkonzentrierter inerter Polymere. Ein neu entwickelter Experimentalaufbau bietet die Möglichkeit in gut definierten zellähnlichen Volumina, Konvektionseinflüsse zu umgehen und Aggregationseffekte gezielt einzuschalten. Hierbei wurden neuartige, regelmäßige Netzwerkstrukturen entdeckt, die bislang nur im Zusammenhang mit molekularen Motoren bekannt waren. Es konnte ferner gezeigt werden, dass die Physik der Flüssigkristalle entscheidend zu weiteren Variationen dieser Netzwerke beiträgt. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass entstehende Netzwerke in ihrer Architektur direkt die zuvor herrschenden Anisotropien der Filamentlösung widerspiegeln.

We developed new methods for controlling and studying microtubules (MTs) outside the complex workings of the living cell. Several surface treatments for preventing MT fouling on surfaces were analyzed and, for the first time, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was developed which prevented MT adsorption in the absence of passivating proteins. The morphology and thickness of the SAM was measured to determine the mechanism of formation and origin of the MT-resistant behavior. The SAM was integrated into electron beam lithography for patterning and manipulating MTs using electrophoresis. Reversible MT adsorption and patterning and alignment of single MTs were achieved. We characterized the mechanism for the MT migration under electric field with a focus on the electrodynamics of the flow cell and the forces acting on the MT, along with the time dependence of the process.

The purpose of this study was to establish whether curcumin protects renal proximal tubule cells against ischemic injury, determine whether this postulated cytoprotective effect is mediated through the upregulation of HSP70, and investigate whether the mechanism by which curcumin induces HSP70 expression and confers its protective effect is through activation of the Unfolded Protein Response. LLC-PK1 cells were cultured on collagen-coated filters to mimic conditions of in vivo renal proximal tubule cells and induce cell polarization. Injury with and without curcumin treatment was studied by using chemically-induced ATP-depletion which mimics renal ischemic injury. Cell injury was assessed using a TUNEL assay in order to evaluate DNA cleavage associated with ischemia-induced apoptosis and actin staining used to assess cytoskeletal disruption. Renal ischemic damage was further investigated by determining detachment of the Na-K ATPase from the basolateral membrane, which represents loss of cell polarity. Cells were incubated with curcumin in a dose- and time-response fashion and subsequent levels of HSP70 expression were assessed. Cells were then incubated with AEBSF, an inhibitor of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and HSP70 and BiP/GRP78 (an ER resident chaperone that is upregulated by the UPR) expression levels were evaluated. Results demonstrated that treatment with curcumin during two hours of injury results in significantly less injury-related apoptosis and cytoskeletal disruption compared to control injured cells. It was demonstrated that curcumin induces HSP70 in both a dose- and time-response fashion. Moreover, curcumin treatment resulted in profound stabilization of Na-K ATPase on the basolateral membranes as there was significantly less Na-K ATPase detachment in cells treated with curcumin during two hours of injury compared to control injured cells. Finally, treatment with AEBSF inhibited HSP70 upregulation in curcumin-treated cells as well as inhibiting the GRP78 over-expression otherwise demonstrated in curcumin-treated cells. Protection of proximal tubule cells against renal ischemic injury by curcumin was therefore indicated to be mediated by the activation of the UPR through which HSP70 is upregulated. Curcumins activation of the UPR and induction of HSP70 explains the stabilization of Na-K ATPase on the cytoskeleton and also provides a potential mechanism explaining many of curcumins therapeutic and protective qualities.

No description available.