Escherichia coli O157:H7 can contaminate dropped apples used for juicing via contact with manure or fecally tainted irrigation water and attach to the flesh of the apple through bruises and wounds where surface sanitizers are not effective. The goal of this project was to determine the efficacy of gamma irradiation at the maximum allowed dose of 1000 Gy to inactivate Escherichia coli O157: H7 in whole apples used for juicing. Whole apples were punctured to simulate wounds which were then inoculated with an outbreak strain of E.coli O157:H7 and subjected to gamma irradiation at doses upto 1000 Gy. The D-value of the E.coli O157:H7 strain was 334 Gy indicating that irradiation at 1000 Gy would result in a 3-log reduction of this pathogen. Contaminated apples were also stored for 3 weeks at refrigerated temperature during which time E.coli O157:H7 survived but did not grow. The inoculated apples were juiced, and the juice was stored up to 72 h. There was no change in counts of E.coli O157:H7 in the juice from the control apples, but irradiation at >600 Gy reduced counts by >3 logs, and survivors were not detected after 72 h storage. Sensory testing of juice treated at 652 Gy indicated consumers could tell the difference from control juice, due mostly to greater sweetness of the juice from irradiated apples. These results show that E.coli O157:H7 can easily survive in bruised apples and the juice made from them. Irradiation at 1000 Gy can provide significant lethality of E.coli O157:H7 in apples and juice conferring a greater level of safety without negative effects on sensory quality.

Soil amended with manure has been implicated as a source of produce contamination leading to foodborne gastrointestinal-disease outbreaks. While current composting guidelines require temperatures ≥ 55°C for 3 days to destroy bacterial pathogens, these requirements have not been evaluated for all pathogens. Investigation of parasite survival in manure required development of a flow cytometry method integrating the cell-impermeant viability dye SytoX for simultaneous quantification and viability assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts/cysts. Further studies will be required to apply this method to investigate thermal reduction in parasites. Studies conducted with bacterial pathogens indicated that E. coli O157:H7 survived longer than other pathogens at 50°C to 55°C. Listeria monocytogenes survived significantly better in chicken manure compared to cow manure at 50°C to 55°C. Results suggest composting guidelines are adequate for bacterial pathogen reduction; however, testing for E. coli O157 along with Salmonella may increase confidence in compost safety.

The effect of sub-lethal chlorine stress on various strains/serotypes of Salmonella on biofilm formation and thermal resistance was studied. The effect of oxidative stress (induced by 150 ppm of chlorine in TSB) on Salmonella biofilm formation on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces at three temperatures (4°C, 30°C, and room temperature) in nutrient rich (full strength TSB) and nutrient limited conditions (1/10th TSB) was evaluated. On polystyrene surface, chlorine stressed S. Heidelberg (strain ID 72), S. Newport (strain ID 107) and S. Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) formed stronger (P < 0.05) biofilms at 30°C. On stainless steel, the chlorine stressed S. Heidelberg (ATCC 8326) and S. Enteritidis (ATCC 4931) at room temperature formed stronger (P < 0.05) biofilms as compared to the non-stressed control cells. The thermal resistance of short-term (1h) and long-term (27d) chlorine stressed Salmonella Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium were compared with the non-stressed controls at three different temperatures (55°C, 58°C and 61°C) and two growth phases (logarithmic and stationary). The short-term stressed log phase cells (both serotypes) were found to be more sensitive (P< 0.05) to thermal inactivation in TSB. Upon long-term sub-lethal chlorine exposure, Salmonella developed a rugose morphotype on tryptic soy agar at 37°C. The rugose morphotype provided significant thermal protection (P< 0.05) against heat stress as compared to smooth morphotype. In chicken broth, at 55°C, short-term chlorine stressed stationary phase S. Typhimurium displayed a higher D55 value compared to non-stressed cells. The findings from this research reveal that some Salmonella strains have the potential to form stronger biofilms and exhibit higher thermal tolerance upon exposure to sub-lethal chlorine concentration.

Devido ao número crescente de surtos de infecção hospitalar, torna-se proeminente o estabelecimento de um programa de sanitização que liste os agentes químicos a serem empregados e o modo de aplicação mais efetivo. Processos de desinfecção também são relevantes em sistemas de tratamento de água (em indústrias farmacêuticas e centros de saúde) para que a qualidade da água seja assegurada e atenda os parâmetros estabelecidos, evitando proliferação microbiana. Validação da eficácia de descontaminação é uma tarefa ao mesmo tempo importante e desafiadora. Indicadores biológicos são sistemas ou moléculas que detectam atividade biológica, permitindo a validação de processos de descontaminação ou desinfecção. O indicador biológico pode ser uma suspensão de microrganismos específicos (sistema biológico) com resistência definida a um determinado processo de descontaminação. Enzimas e proteínas também têm sido empregadas como indicadores biológicos para avaliar a eficácia de processos industriais. A proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) tem sido sugerida como potencial indicador biológico para tratamentos de desinfecção, devido facilidade de sua detecção por espectrofluorimetria ou por inspeção visual. Para estudar e comparar o comportamento dos microrganismos selecionados e da GFP foram realizados ensaios de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e tempo de redução decimal (valor D). A CIM capaz de reduzir o bioburden inicial (>8log10) foi: 59 - 156 mg/L- 3250 mg/mL de glutaraldeído, 39 - 246 mg/L de formaldeído, 43750 - 87500 mg/L de álcool etílico 1250 - 6250 mg/L de polivinilpirrolidona iodo, 150 - 4491 mg/L de compostos liberadores de cloro, 469 -2500 mg/L de peróxido de hidrogênio e 2310 - 18500 mg/L de ácido peracético. A. calcoaceticus apresentou resistência à maioria dos agentes químicos testados, seguido de E. cloacae e S. marcescens. No sistema de purificação de água os resultados para Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram: (i) 0,5% de ácido cítrico, D = 3,8 min; (ii) 0,5% de ácido clorídrico, D = 6,9 min; (iii) 70% álcool etílico, D = 9,7 min; (iv) 0,5% bissulfito de sódio, D = 5,3 min; (v) 0,4% de hidróxido de sódio, D = 14,2 min; (vi) 0,5% de hipoclorito de sódio, D = 7,9 min; (vii) mistura de peróxido de hidrogênio (2,2%) e ácido peracético (0,45%), D = 5,5 min. GFP testada frente a soluções cloradas (com diferentes valores de pH e concentração) resultou em diminuição da fluorescência, sendo mais evidente em concentrações de cloro maiores que 150 ppm, com valores D entre 1,3 - 1,7 min. Em soluções de cloro em tampão fosfato (pH=7,15±0,08), a proteína manteve sua estrutura em contato com soluções 52-94 ppm de cloro. Frente a 110 ppm de cloro a estabilidade da proteína foi reduzida 10 vezes. A proteína GFP se mostrou um marcador fluorescente apropriado para monitorar eficácia de desinfecção. Para ser empregada como indicador biológico a proteína deve ser purificada através de um método de fácil ampliação de escala e com boa relação custo benefício, com este intuito o sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas foi estudado, e a proteína GFP foi parcialmente recuperada do homogeneizado celular de E. coli, outros contaminantes presentes no meio foram removidos na mesma etapa. A demonstração de que é possível se extrair uma biomolécula alvo utilizando ligantes de afinidade representa um passo importante no desenvolvimento de um método eficaz de separação que poderá ser utilizado na purificação de outras biomoléculas. / Due to the growing number of outbreaks of infection in hospital and nurseries, it becomes essential to set up a sanitation program that indicates that the appropriate chemical agent was chosen for application in the most effective way. Disinfection processes are also relevant in water purification systems (in pharmaceutical industries and in health environments) to assure water quality, meeting ionic and organic chemical standards, and avoiding microbial proliferation. Validating the effectiveness of decontamination and disinfection is an important and often challenging task. A biological indicator is a system or a molecule that enables the detection of biological activity, and as such, permits the validation of decontamination or disinfection treatments. The biological indicator can be a specific microorganism suspension (microbiological test system) with a defined resistance to a particular decontamination treatment. Enzymes and proteins have also been used as biological indicators to evaluate the immediate efficacy of industrial procedures, such as blanching, pasteurization, and disinfection treatments, as well as to monitor the satisfactory preservation of a product subjected to disinfection or sterilization. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been proposed as an ideal choice for a protein-based biological indicator for use in the validation of decontamination or disinfection treatments. In order to study and compare microorganism (in hospital infections outbreaks and isolated from the water purification system) and protein behavior, microorganisms were submitted to minimal inhibitory concentration (CIM) and decimal reduction time determination (D value). The CIM intervals, which reduced bacteria populations over 8log10, were: 59 to 156 mg/L of quaternarium ammonium compounds (QACs); 63 to 10000 mg/L of chlorhexidine; 1375 to 3250 mg/L of glutaraldehyde; 39 to 246 mg/L of formaldehyde; 43750 to 87500 mg/L of ethanol; 1250 to 6250 mg/L of iodine in polyvinyl-pyrolidone complexes, 150 to 4491 mg/L of chlorine-releasing-agents (CRAs); 469 to 2500 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide; and, 2310 to 18500 mg/L of peracetic acid. Chlorhexidine showed non inhibitory activity over germinating spores. A. calcoaceticus showed resistance to the majority of the agents tested, followed by E. cloacae and S. marcescens. In the water purification system the results were for P. aeruginosa into: (i) 0.5% citric acid, D = 3.8 min; (ii) 0.5% hydrochloric acid, D = 6.9 min; (iii) 70% ethanol, D = 9.7 min; (iv) 0.5% sodium bisulfite, D = 5.3 min; (v) 0.4% sodium hydroxide, D = 14.2 min; (vi) 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, D = 7.9 min; (vii) mixture of hydrogen peroxide (2.2%) plus peracetic acid (0.45%), D = 5.5 min. GFP was challenged with chlorine solutions (different pH and chlorine concentrations) and its fluorescence decreased abruptly on contact with chlorine in concentrations greater than 150 ppm, with D-values between 1.3 min (147 ppm chlorine) and 1.7 min (183 ppm chlorine). In phosphate buffered chlorine solutions (pH=7.15±0.08), GFP maintained its structure between 52-94 ppm of chlorine, but protein stability decreased 10-fold when exposed to 110 ppm chlorine. GFP performed as a suitable fluorescent marker for monitoring disinfection effectiveness. To be used as a biological indicator GFP has to be purified through a potentially scalable and cost-effective way to purify the recombinant protein, produced by E. coli. The method studied was two-phase aqueous micellar system, and GFP was partially recovered from a clarified E. coli cell lysate. Other contaminating proteins were simultaneously removed. The demonstration of proof-ofprinciple of the direct affinity-enhanced extraction of CBM9-GFP from the cell lysate represents an important first step towards developing a cost-effective separation method for GFP, and more generally, for other proteins of interest.

Devido ao número crescente de surtos de infecção hospitalar, torna-se proeminente o estabelecimento de um programa de sanitização que liste os agentes químicos a serem empregados e o modo de aplicação mais efetivo. Processos de desinfecção também são relevantes em sistemas de tratamento de água (em indústrias farmacêuticas e centros de saúde) para que a qualidade da água seja assegurada e atenda os parâmetros estabelecidos, evitando proliferação microbiana. Validação da eficácia de descontaminação é uma tarefa ao mesmo tempo importante e desafiadora. Indicadores biológicos são sistemas ou moléculas que detectam atividade biológica, permitindo a validação de processos de descontaminação ou desinfecção. O indicador biológico pode ser uma suspensão de microrganismos específicos (sistema biológico) com resistência definida a um determinado processo de descontaminação. Enzimas e proteínas também têm sido empregadas como indicadores biológicos para avaliar a eficácia de processos industriais. A proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) tem sido sugerida como potencial indicador biológico para tratamentos de desinfecção, devido facilidade de sua detecção por espectrofluorimetria ou por inspeção visual. Para estudar e comparar o comportamento dos microrganismos selecionados e da GFP foram realizados ensaios de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e tempo de redução decimal (valor D). A CIM capaz de reduzir o bioburden inicial (>8log10) foi: 59 - 156 mg/L- 3250 mg/mL de glutaraldeído, 39 - 246 mg/L de formaldeído, 43750 - 87500 mg/L de álcool etílico 1250 - 6250 mg/L de polivinilpirrolidona iodo, 150 - 4491 mg/L de compostos liberadores de cloro, 469 -2500 mg/L de peróxido de hidrogênio e 2310 - 18500 mg/L de ácido peracético. A. calcoaceticus apresentou resistência à maioria dos agentes químicos testados, seguido de E. cloacae e S. marcescens. No sistema de purificação de água os resultados para Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram: (i) 0,5% de ácido cítrico, D = 3,8 min; (ii) 0,5% de ácido clorídrico, D = 6,9 min; (iii) 70% álcool etílico, D = 9,7 min; (iv) 0,5% bissulfito de sódio, D = 5,3 min; (v) 0,4% de hidróxido de sódio, D = 14,2 min; (vi) 0,5% de hipoclorito de sódio, D = 7,9 min; (vii) mistura de peróxido de hidrogênio (2,2%) e ácido peracético (0,45%), D = 5,5 min. GFP testada frente a soluções cloradas (com diferentes valores de pH e concentração) resultou em diminuição da fluorescência, sendo mais evidente em concentrações de cloro maiores que 150 ppm, com valores D entre 1,3 - 1,7 min. Em soluções de cloro em tampão fosfato (pH=7,15±0,08), a proteína manteve sua estrutura em contato com soluções 52-94 ppm de cloro. Frente a 110 ppm de cloro a estabilidade da proteína foi reduzida 10 vezes. A proteína GFP se mostrou um marcador fluorescente apropriado para monitorar eficácia de desinfecção. Para ser empregada como indicador biológico a proteína deve ser purificada através de um método de fácil ampliação de escala e com boa relação custo benefício, com este intuito o sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas foi estudado, e a proteína GFP foi parcialmente recuperada do homogeneizado celular de E. coli, outros contaminantes presentes no meio foram removidos na mesma etapa. A demonstração de que é possível se extrair uma biomolécula alvo utilizando ligantes de afinidade representa um passo importante no desenvolvimento de um método eficaz de separação que poderá ser utilizado na purificação de outras biomoléculas. / Due to the growing number of outbreaks of infection in hospital and nurseries, it becomes essential to set up a sanitation program that indicates that the appropriate chemical agent was chosen for application in the most effective way. Disinfection processes are also relevant in water purification systems (in pharmaceutical industries and in health environments) to assure water quality, meeting ionic and organic chemical standards, and avoiding microbial proliferation. Validating the effectiveness of decontamination and disinfection is an important and often challenging task. A biological indicator is a system or a molecule that enables the detection of biological activity, and as such, permits the validation of decontamination or disinfection treatments. The biological indicator can be a specific microorganism suspension (microbiological test system) with a defined resistance to a particular decontamination treatment. Enzymes and proteins have also been used as biological indicators to evaluate the immediate efficacy of industrial procedures, such as blanching, pasteurization, and disinfection treatments, as well as to monitor the satisfactory preservation of a product subjected to disinfection or sterilization. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been proposed as an ideal choice for a protein-based biological indicator for use in the validation of decontamination or disinfection treatments. In order to study and compare microorganism (in hospital infections outbreaks and isolated from the water purification system) and protein behavior, microorganisms were submitted to minimal inhibitory concentration (CIM) and decimal reduction time determination (D value). The CIM intervals, which reduced bacteria populations over 8log10, were: 59 to 156 mg/L of quaternarium ammonium compounds (QACs); 63 to 10000 mg/L of chlorhexidine; 1375 to 3250 mg/L of glutaraldehyde; 39 to 246 mg/L of formaldehyde; 43750 to 87500 mg/L of ethanol; 1250 to 6250 mg/L of iodine in polyvinyl-pyrolidone complexes, 150 to 4491 mg/L of chlorine-releasing-agents (CRAs); 469 to 2500 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide; and, 2310 to 18500 mg/L of peracetic acid. Chlorhexidine showed non inhibitory activity over germinating spores. A. calcoaceticus showed resistance to the majority of the agents tested, followed by E. cloacae and S. marcescens. In the water purification system the results were for P. aeruginosa into: (i) 0.5% citric acid, D = 3.8 min; (ii) 0.5% hydrochloric acid, D = 6.9 min; (iii) 70% ethanol, D = 9.7 min; (iv) 0.5% sodium bisulfite, D = 5.3 min; (v) 0.4% sodium hydroxide, D = 14.2 min; (vi) 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, D = 7.9 min; (vii) mixture of hydrogen peroxide (2.2%) plus peracetic acid (0.45%), D = 5.5 min. GFP was challenged with chlorine solutions (different pH and chlorine concentrations) and its fluorescence decreased abruptly on contact with chlorine in concentrations greater than 150 ppm, with D-values between 1.3 min (147 ppm chlorine) and 1.7 min (183 ppm chlorine). In phosphate buffered chlorine solutions (pH=7.15±0.08), GFP maintained its structure between 52-94 ppm of chlorine, but protein stability decreased 10-fold when exposed to 110 ppm chlorine. GFP performed as a suitable fluorescent marker for monitoring disinfection effectiveness. To be used as a biological indicator GFP has to be purified through a potentially scalable and cost-effective way to purify the recombinant protein, produced by E. coli. The method studied was two-phase aqueous micellar system, and GFP was partially recovered from a clarified E. coli cell lysate. Other contaminating proteins were simultaneously removed. The demonstration of proof-ofprinciple of the direct affinity-enhanced extraction of CBM9-GFP from the cell lysate represents an important first step towards developing a cost-effective separation method for GFP, and more generally, for other proteins of interest.

The research developed a UV Taylor Couette reactor for disinfecting milk as a model opaque fluid. The principal of the reactor was to generate laminar vortices to support efficient mixing and homogenous UV photon distribution. The UV reactor parameters were optimized to generate laminar vortices that were stabilized by modification of the unit with baffles. A model was developed to predict the UV dose required to inactivate model microbes in milk. Through verification trials it was noted the predicted UV dose underestimated that required to support a 5 log cfu reduction of microbes. It was subsequently identified that the deviation from predicted values could be attributed to fat content that enhances the UV inactivation of microbes in milk with proteins providing protection to microbes. In conclusion, the UV Taylor Couette reactor has strong potential for disinfecting opaque fluids although matrix effects need to be considered when undertaking validation trials.

HIV/AIDS treatment is costly. Lesotho as a resource–limited country depends mostly on donor funding for HIV/AIDS treatment and care. Knowledge of how much was spent on treatment of HIV/AIDS was lacking. This leads to overstocking of some ART medicines resulting in expiry. Sufficient funds need to be secured for the treatment programme. The main objective of the study is to assess the cost of antiretroviral medication treatments, by specifically assessing the cost of antiretroviral regimens, antiretroviral side effects, and the cost of medicines used for prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections as well as the cost of monitoring laboratory tests and dietary supplements. The study engaged both public and private ART clinics in the Maseru District in Lesotho. The study population consisted of 1 424 patients and study period was between 12 and 56 months from January 2004 to August 2008. Retrospective observational method was used. The cost for HIV/AIDS treatment comprised the cost of antiretroviral medicines and those used for their side effects, opportunistic infections (OI) prophylaxis and treatment, dietary supplements as well as monitoring laboratory tests. Prescribed daily dose (PDD) was used to calculate the cost of all the medicines used. To determine significant differences in average costs for various regimens d– values were used, while a cost/prevalence index was used to determine whether the cost was worth spending on the population or not. Cost–effectiveness ratio was also utilized in order to assess whether the cost born was worth the benefit. The main findings revealed that regimens 1a (stavudine/lamivudine/nevirapine) and 1c (zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine) were the least expensive (cost/prevalence index of 0.6 and 0.7 respectively). Regimens containing efavirenz were found to be more expensive than those containing nevirapine (cost/prevalence index of 1.2 and 1.7 respectively). When using d–values, there was a significant difference between the cost of regimens 1a and 1b, 1a and 1d, 1c and 1d and the information could be used for regimen switching decisions. Increase in CD4 cell count was more in stavudine–based regimens than in zidovudine–based regimens, which cost less per treatment. Cost effectiveness ratio was lower in 1a with R9.42/1cell/mm3 of CD4 cell count increase, and the highest was 1d with R31.77/1cell/mm3 of CD4 cell count increase. Therefore it was concluded that stavudine–based regimens are less costly as they have the lowest cost– effectiveness ratio in the Lesotho clinic environment. / Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

HIV/AIDS treatment is costly. Lesotho as a resource–limited country depends mostly on donor funding for HIV/AIDS treatment and care. Knowledge of how much was spent on treatment of HIV/AIDS was lacking. This leads to overstocking of some ART medicines resulting in expiry. Sufficient funds need to be secured for the treatment programme. The main objective of the study is to assess the cost of antiretroviral medication treatments, by specifically assessing the cost of antiretroviral regimens, antiretroviral side effects, and the cost of medicines used for prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections as well as the cost of monitoring laboratory tests and dietary supplements. The study engaged both public and private ART clinics in the Maseru District in Lesotho. The study population consisted of 1 424 patients and study period was between 12 and 56 months from January 2004 to August 2008. Retrospective observational method was used. The cost for HIV/AIDS treatment comprised the cost of antiretroviral medicines and those used for their side effects, opportunistic infections (OI) prophylaxis and treatment, dietary supplements as well as monitoring laboratory tests. Prescribed daily dose (PDD) was used to calculate the cost of all the medicines used. To determine significant differences in average costs for various regimens d– values were used, while a cost/prevalence index was used to determine whether the cost was worth spending on the population or not. Cost–effectiveness ratio was also utilized in order to assess whether the cost born was worth the benefit. The main findings revealed that regimens 1a (stavudine/lamivudine/nevirapine) and 1c (zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine) were the least expensive (cost/prevalence index of 0.6 and 0.7 respectively). Regimens containing efavirenz were found to be more expensive than those containing nevirapine (cost/prevalence index of 1.2 and 1.7 respectively). When using d–values, there was a significant difference between the cost of regimens 1a and 1b, 1a and 1d, 1c and 1d and the information could be used for regimen switching decisions. Increase in CD4 cell count was more in stavudine–based regimens than in zidovudine–based regimens, which cost less per treatment. Cost effectiveness ratio was lower in 1a with R9.42/1cell/mm3 of CD4 cell count increase, and the highest was 1d with R31.77/1cell/mm3 of CD4 cell count increase. Therefore it was concluded that stavudine–based regimens are less costly as they have the lowest cost– effectiveness ratio in the Lesotho clinic environment. / Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de suco de laranja, da mesma forma que a produção é elevada, a geração de resíduos também é significativa. Sabe-se que estes resíduos, os quais incluem sementes, cascas e restos de polpa são ricos em nutrientes que poderiam ser utilizados como substrato por micro-organismos, seja para o crescimento ou para a obtenção de subprodutos. Esporos de Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 são utilizados como indicadores biológicos, IBs, em processos térmicos por formarem esporos termorresistentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de resíduos do processamento de suco de laranja como um meio de cultura alternativo para obtenção de esporos de B. atrophaeus, para serem aplicados em processos industriais. Ao bagaço de laranja (de 1,0 g a 20,0 g), obtido por processamento em centrífuga de frutas, foram adicionados 100 mL de água, e incubados a 150 rpm / 37 ºC por até 6 dias. Evidenciada a viabilidade de crescimento celular (&#181;máx = 0,0238 h-1 e Px = 0,0787 g/L.h, para 5,0 g de bagaço) procedeu-se ao estudo de planejamento experimental fatorial 22 em formato estrela com 6 pontos centrais, considerando a concentração de bagaço e o volume de meio. Foram determinados os valores de pH, de biomassa, de esporos viáveis e a resistência térmica dos mesmos a 102 ºC. Observou-se que houve aumento nos valores de pH após o cultivo e que as maiores concentrações de esporos foram de 1,73 x 109 esporos /mL e 5,75 x 109 esporos /mL após 3 e 6 dias de cultivo e os tempos de redução decimal determinados variaram de D102C = 0,92 min a D102C = 2,71 min e de D102C = 1,34 min a D102C = 3,98 min após 3 e 6 dias de cultivo, respectivamente. Com base no planejamento proposto e a análise de regressão, o desenvolvimento de esporos em bagaço segue a relação: Esporos = {-1,15 + 0,0303* [bagaço (g)] - 0,00611* [volume (mL)] + 0,611* [tempo (dias)]}, p=0,000, R2 =0,452, sendo o tempo (p=0,000) o fator de maior influência na formação de esporos. Os meios preparados com bagaço de laranja apresentaram-se viáveis para a produção de esporos de B. atrophaeus termorresistentes, produto de interesse farmacêutico e industrial, agregando valor ao resíduo que seria descartado. / Brazil is one of the world´s largest producers of oranges juice, in the same way that the production is high the amount of generated waste is also significant. It is well known that these residues, which include seeds, peel and pulp, are rich in nutrients that could be used as substrate by microorganisms whether for growth or for obtaining by-products. Bacillus atrophaeus ATCC 9372 spores are used as biological indicators, BIs, in thermal processes due to their ability to form heat-resistant spores. This study aimed to evaluate the use of orange juice processing waste as an alternative culture media to obtain B. atrophaeus spores, to be applied in industrial processes. To orange\'s bagasse (from 1.0 g to 20.0 g), obtained by processing in a fruit\'s centrifuge, 100 mL of water was added, and sterilized at 121 ºC. An aliquot of 0.1g/L of Bacillus atrophaeus spores was inoculated to bagasses\'s media and incubated at 150 rpm / 37 ºC up to 6 days. As cells (&#181;máx = 0.0238 h-1 and Px = 0.0787 g/L.h, for 5.0 g of bagasse) were obtained, a factorial experimental design 22, with star-shaped model and 6 central points, was performed considering the bagasse concentration and the media volume used. Values of pH, biomass, viable spores and their thermal resistance at 102 ºC were determined. It was observed that pH increased after cultivation and major values of spore concentration achieved were 1.73 x 109 spores /mL and 5.75 x 109 spores /mL after 3 and 6 days, respectively. Decimal reduction times determined ranged from D102C = 0.92 min to D102C = 2.71 min and from D102C = 1.34 min to D102C = 3.98 min after 3 and 6 days of incubation, correspondingly. The regression analysis showed that the development of spores in bagasse can be defined by the equation: Spores = , p=0.000, R2 =0.452 and time has a positive influence in the spore formation. Results demonstrated media prepared with oranges\' bagasse were capable to grow and to develop B. atrophaeus heat-resistant spores, being an alternative to add value to a waste that would be discarded, generating a product of great importance in the pharmaceutical field.

Células transformadas de E.coli DH5-&#945; expressando a proteína verde fluorescente (GFPuv, pico de excitação e emissão de 394nm e 509nm) foram submetidas a extração pelo método de partição de três fases (TPP) e o extrato obtido purificado por cromatografia de interação hidrofóbica (HIC). O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar a termoestabilidade da GFPuv extraída, para avaliar a sua possível utilização como indicador biológico econômico, de resposta rápida e precisa para processos térmicos de esterilização utilizando o calor úmido. A estabilidade térmica da proteína foi estudada em diferentes soluções-tampão (acetato, fosfato e tris-HCI 10mM) no intervalo de valor de pH de 5,O a 9,0 e, em temperaturas entre 75&#176; e 95&#176;C. Os parâmetros de resistência térmica determinados foram: o tempo de redução decimal (Valor D - min), valor z (&#176;C), coeficiente Q10 e valor de energia de ativação (kcal/mol). A termoestabilidade da GFPuv, expressa em valor D, mostrou correlação linear para valores de pH &#8805; 5,50, em tampão acetato. Em tampão fosfato, para valores de pH &#8805; 7,50 a estabilidade térmica da proteína foi independente do valor de pH da solução. Em tampão tris-HCI, o valor D mostrou-se inconstante ao aumento do valor de pH da solução. No intervalo de temperatura estudada, em tampão acetato a GFPuv apresentou melhor termoestabilidade (Ea de 19,27 kcal/mol) do que em tampão fosfato (Ea de 26,18 kcal/mol ao valor de pH 6,S) e em tampão tris-HCI (Ea 28,19 kcallmol ao valor de pH 7,0). Em tampão acetato e tris-HCI ao valor de pH 7,0, a termoestabilidade da proteína mostrou-se equivalente. Entretanto, em tampão fosfato aos valores de pH 7,5 e 8,0 e em tampão tris-HCI aos valores de pH 8,0 e 8,5 a GFPuv apresentou menor estabilidade térmica A GFPuv apresenta potencialidade para ser utilizada como indicador biológico em processos térmicos que utilizam calor úmido às temperaturas inferiores a 100°C. / Transformed cells of Escheríchía coli DH5-&#945; expressing recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv, excitation and emission peaks at 394nm and 509nm), were subjected to the three-phase partitioning (TPP) method and the release extracts were eluted through methyl HIC column with a buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCI, 10mM EDTA, pH=8.0). The purpose of this work was to study the thermal stability of the TPP-extracted recombinant protein, GFPuv, to determine its utility as a quick, accurate and economical biological indicator for moist heat-treatments. The thermal stability of the extracted GFPuv was studied in different buffer solutions (acetate, phosphate and tris-HCI 10mM) in the range of pH between 5.0 and 9.0 and at temperature between 75-95°C. The thermal resistance parameters determinated were: decimal reduction times (D-values, min), z-value (&#1776C), Q<sub<10 coefficient and Activation Energy (Ea, Kcal/mol). The thermal stability of GFPuv, expressed in D-values, showed linear correlation for pH &#8805; 5.50 in acetate buffer. In phosphate buffer, for pH &#8805; 7.50 the thermal stability was independent of pH value. In tris-HCI buffer the D-value was shown variable with the increase of pH value. In the studied temperature range, the acetate buffer at pH 6.0 presented better thermal stability for GFPuv (Ea 19.27kcal/mol) than phosphate (Ea 26.18 kcal/mol at pH 6.5) and tris-HCI buffer (Ea 28.19 kcal/mol at pH 7.0). In acetate and tris-HCI buffers at pH 7.0, GFPuv showed equivalent thermal stability. However, GFPuv showed lower thermal stability in phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 and 8.0 and in tris-HCI buffer at pH 8.0 and 8.5. The TPP-extracted GFPuv has great potential to be applied as a biological indicator in moist heat processes at temperatures below 100°C.