Les thèmes de recherche développés dans le mémoire d'HdR se rapportent à l'étude de l'endommagement des géomatériaux. Ils associent toujours des expériences et des modélisations pour répondre à des exigences industrielles. La première partie de l'exposé portera sur l'étude du comportement des bétons de fibres à ultra haute performance (BFUHP). Ce travail de recherche, réalisé à plusieurs échelles, a mis en évidence l'impact d'une hétérogénéité locale sur le comportement global d'une structure en béton. La deuxième partie a pour objet l'étude du comportement des barrières argileuses des centres de stockage de déchets industriels spéciaux. Ce travail de recherche a permis, entre autre, de définir pour l'argile un critère de flexion sans fissuration qui tient compte des conditions de mise en œuvre. Pour ces deux travaux de recherche, la démarche scientifique retenue, a conduit au développement d'expériences spécifiques souvent uniques et non-conventionnelles pour les matériaux étudiés (bitraction sur le béton et flexion sur l'argile). De plus, ce travail a utilisé des modélisations non usuelles dans lesquelles ont été intégrées les particularités relatives aux problèmes posés (couplages modèles d'inclusion et éléments finis, modélisations discrètes et matériaux cohérents). Dans les deux cas l'objectif était de maîtriser la mise en œuvre et le comportement jusqu'à la ruine des matériaux afin d'optimiser leurs performances mécaniques.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att beskriva och förstå hur tidningen Dagens Nyheter skildrar unga killar med invandrarbakgrund. De frågeställningar som uppsatsen tog avstamp i var följande tre: Vilka bilder förmedlar Dagens Nyheter av unga killar med invandrarbakgrund och hur kan föreställningarna som bilderna ger uttryck för beskrivas? Går det att urskilja vissa stereotyper bland föreställningarna? Om så, hur kan dessa beskrivas och förstås? Undersökningsmaterialet bestod av 32 artiklar under tidsperioden 2004-11-07 till 2005-11-07. Våra teoretiska utgångspunkter var teorin om sociala representationer och postkolonial teori/orientalism. Materialet bearbetades genom kvalitativ textanalys och diskursanalys. Resultatet visade att Dagens Nyheter skildrar unga killar med invandrarbakgrund på många olika sätt. Gemensamt för de flesta av bilderna var dock att de innehöll stereotyper, både positiva och negativa. Endast två av 32 artiklar var så vitt författarna kunde förstå fria från stereotyper och beskrev killarna som individer. Bilden som dominerade var dock den av den unga killen med invandrarbakgrund som kriminell och med problem. Killarna med invandrarbakgrund beskrevs ofta i artiklarna i samband med gängmentalitet eller som gärningsmän. En annan återkommande beskrivning var killen med invandrarbakgrund i sportsammanhang. En slutsats var att tidningen Dagens Nyheter är med och skapar samt upprätthåller de stereotypa bilder av unga killar med invandrarbakgrund som enligt tidigare forskning förmedlas av massmedia.

Fine-scale resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) created from data collected using high precision instruments have become ubiquitous in fluvial geomorphology. They permit a diverse range of spatially explicit analyses including hydraulic modeling, habitat modeling and geomorphic change detection. Yet, the intercomparison of survey technologies across a diverse range of wadeable stream habitats has not yet been examined. Additionally, we lack an understanding regarding the precision of DEMs derived from ground-based surveys conducted by different, and inherently subjective, observers. This thesis addresses current knowledge gaps with the objectives i) to intercompare survey techniques for characterizing instream topography, and ii) to characterize observer variability in instream topographic surveys. To address objective i, we used total station (TS), real-time kinematic (rtk) GPS, terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), and infrared airborne laser scanning (ALS) topographic data from six sites of varying complexity in the Lemhi River Basin, Idaho. The accuracy of derived bare earth DEMs was evaluated relative to higher precision TS point data. Significant DEM discrepancies between pairwise techniques were calculated using propagated DEM errors thresholded at a 95% confidence interval. Mean discrepancies between TS and rtkGPS DEMs were relatively low (≤ 0.05 m), yet TS data collection time was up to 2.4 times longer than rtkGPS. ALS DEMs had lower accuracy than TS or rtkGPS DEMs, but ALS aerial coverage and floodplain topographic representation was superior to all other techniques. The TLS bare earth DEM accuracy and precision were lower than other techniques as a result of vegetation returns misinterpreted as ground returns. To address objective ii, we used a case study where seven field crews surveyed the same six sites to quantify the magnitude and effect of observer variability on DEMs interpolated from the survey data. We modeled two geomorphic change scenarios and calculated net erosion and deposition volumes at a 95% confidence interval. We observed several large magnitude elevation discrepancies across crews, however many of these i) tended to be highly localized, ii) were due to systematic errors, iii) did not significantly affect DEM-derived metric precision, and iv) can be corrected post-hoc.

Low resolution (LR) Grid Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are the inputs of multi frame super resolution (MFSR) algorithm to obtain high resolution (HR) grid DEM. In digital image MFSR, non-redundant information carrying LR image pairs are a necessity. By using the analogy between digital image and grid DEMs, it is proven that, although the LR grid DEMs have a single source, they carry non-redundant information and they can be inputs of MFSR. Quality of grid DEM can be increased by using MFSR techniques. The level of spatial enhancement is directly related to the amount of non-redundant information that the LR grid DEM pairs carry. It is seen that super resolution techniques have potential to increase the accuracy of grid DEMs from a limited sampling.

The general objective of the research effort reported in this thesis was to develop the knowledge required to optimize the design and operation of solid and semi-solid manure handling and land application equipment. Selected physical and rheological properties of manure products deemed to have an influence on the performances of manure handling and land application equipment were measured and general trends were identified among the measured properties. Relationships were also established between the measured properties and the type of manure as well as its total solids concentration. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of selected mechanical configurations, operating parameters and product properties on the discharge of manure spreaders. The influence of the type of conveying system (scraper conveyor and system of four augers) and the velocity at which it is operated, the geometry of the holding system and the position of a flow-control gate were all included in the analysis. The discharge rates of the machines as well as the specific energy required by the unloading operations were measured. A numerical modeling method called discrete element method (DEM) was used to create virtual manure, a numerical model of the real product. The measured physical and flow properties were used to develop and validate the virtual manure models. It was found that manure products could successfully be represented in a DE framework and that several parameters defining the contact constitutive model in the DEM had an influence on the behaviour of the virtual products. The DEM was then used to study machine-product interactions taking place in handling and land application equipment. Results from field experiments carried out using various land application equipment were used in the development and validation of the interaction models. The predicted flow rates and power requirements were in good agreement with measured data. The results obtained allowed for a better understanding of the flow of manure products in manure handling and land application equipment. It was found that the constitutive model used for the product influenced the results of the machine-product interactions models. A precision banded applicator under development at the University of Saskatchewan was also modeled. The discharge rate of this equipment is influenced by a number of parameters. The predicted mass distribution across the width of the banded applicator was well correlated to the experimental results. The models developed in this thesis have the potential to become powerful engineering tools for the design of improved machines for the handling and land application of solid and semi-solid manure.

I denna uppsats undersöks hur begreppet ”vi och dem” manifesteras i tre romaner med utgångspunkt i en samhällskontext. I studien används Franco Morettis (Elektronisk källa: 8.10.2012) analysmetod, ”distant reading”, vilket innebär att man bortser från detaljer och istället fokuserar på helheten. Syftet har således varit att belysa begreppet ”vi och dem” i romanerna Om jag kunde drömma (Meyer, 2005), Hungerspelen (Collins, 2008) samt Ett öga rött (Khemiri, 2003). I samspel med metoden ”distant reading” har även Illman och Nynäs (2005) tanke om att texter alltid läses och tolkas utifrån individers tidigare erfarenheter samt den omgivande kontexten varit till hjälp. Illman och Nynäs (2005) beskriver begreppen ”grupperingar”, ”fördom” och ”gränsöverskridande möten” som används i analyskapitlet. Dessa begrepp belyses sedan ur ett samhällsperspektiv med utgångspunkt i begreppet ”vi och dem” där en diskussion förs kopplat till tidigare forskning, romananalyserna och egna reflektioner. Resultatet åskådliggör att delar ur dessa romaner kan gestalta olika förhållanden där förutfattade meningar samt grupperingar av olika slag kan leda till fördom och hur dessa kan motverkas genom gränsöverskridande möten.

The general objective of the research effort reported in this thesis was to develop the knowledge required to optimize the design and operation of solid and semi-solid manure handling and land application equipment. Selected physical and rheological properties of manure products deemed to have an influence on the performances of manure handling and land application equipment were measured and general trends were identified among the measured properties. Relationships were also established between the measured properties and the type of manure as well as its total solids concentration. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of selected mechanical configurations, operating parameters and product properties on the discharge of manure spreaders. The influence of the type of conveying system (scraper conveyor and system of four augers) and the velocity at which it is operated, the geometry of the holding system and the position of a flow-control gate were all included in the analysis. The discharge rates of the machines as well as the specific energy required by the unloading operations were measured. A numerical modeling method called discrete element method (DEM) was used to create virtual manure, a numerical model of the real product. The measured physical and flow properties were used to develop and validate the virtual manure models. It was found that manure products could successfully be represented in a DE framework and that several parameters defining the contact constitutive model in the DEM had an influence on the behaviour of the virtual products. The DEM was then used to study machine-product interactions taking place in handling and land application equipment. Results from field experiments carried out using various land application equipment were used in the development and validation of the interaction models. The predicted flow rates and power requirements were in good agreement with measured data. The results obtained allowed for a better understanding of the flow of manure products in manure handling and land application equipment. It was found that the constitutive model used for the product influenced the results of the machine-product interactions models. A precision banded applicator under development at the University of Saskatchewan was also modeled. The discharge rate of this equipment is influenced by a number of parameters. The predicted mass distribution across the width of the banded applicator was well correlated to the experimental results. The models developed in this thesis have the potential to become powerful engineering tools for the design of improved machines for the handling and land application of solid and semi-solid manure.

This essay is about the hostility towards strangers and foreigners within a Swedish historic context, not only towards foreigners coming from another country, but also directed to people within the Swedish society among the ethnic Swedes themselves. From their accounts of the concept I will discuss why and how this hostility towards strangers has developed and been expressed when they were younger, but also how they perceive the phenomena today as it express itself.

This dissertation focuses mainly on three topics: (1) mixed-mode branching and segmentation of hydraulic fractures in brittle materials, (2) hydraulic fracture propagation in particulate materials, and (3) hydraulic fracturing in water flooding conditions. Mixed-mode loading is one of the primary causes of fracture branching and segmentation in brittle materials. We conducted the first laboratory experiments on the mixed mode I+III hydraulic fracturing. We found that a KIII/KI ratio as small as ~1% is sufficient for fracture front segmentation. In reality, such a small mode III component is always expected, for example, due to the small deviations of the fracture shape from planar. Thus, we concluded that fracture segmentation is likely to accompany growth of most, if not all, real hydraulic fractures. We also proposed a theoretical model that captures the main features of experimental observations and indicates the importance of the hydraulic effect of segmentation. Particulate materials often exhibit pronounced non-linear behavior and yielding even at relatively small loads. In order to adequately describe hydraulic fracturing in particulate materials with low or no cohesion, plasticity at the crack tip must be explicitly considered. We investigated the shear band mechanism of strain localization at the fracture front. This mechanism takes into account the fact that cohesionless material can not bear tension, and is in compression everywhere, including near the fracture front. To verify the shear band hypothesis, we conducted numerical simulations of the plastic deformation at the tip of a fracture in particulate material with strain softening. Our model describes the shear bands by properly placed and oriented dislocations. The model results are consistent with experimental observations. Water flooding, which in certain important cases, can result in processes resembly hydraulic fracturing by a low-viscosity fluid with extremely high leak-off. It is difficult to simulate this process in the laboratory. To investigate the fracture initiation mechanism in water flooding conditions, we conducted a numerical simulation of fluid injection into particulate material by using the discrete element code PFC2D. We also considered an analytical model of cavity initiation based on the fluidization mechanism. The estimates given by this model fit remarkably well with the numerical simulation results.

The method of airborne laser scanning &ndash / also named as LIDAR &ndash / has recently turned out to be an efficient way for generating high quality digital surface and elevation models. In this work, wavelet-based outlier detection and different wavelet thresholding (wavelet shrinkage) methods for denoising of airborne laser scanning data are discussed. The task is to investigate the effect of wavelet-based outlier detection and find out which wavelet thresholding methods provide best denoising results for post-processing. Data and results are analyzed and visualized by using a MATLAB program which was developed during this work.