The main objective of the project was to develop a model for the motion of granular media under vibration in a tub vibrator. For such a system, it was decided that a discrete element method (DEM) was the most appropriate tool to model bulk velocity and circulation of media. In the first phase of the work, a vibratory finisher was modified to introduce planar vibration into a single layer of particles. The motion of the tub was measured using accelerometers and the corresponding granular media behavior was determined by video recording. A discrete element model, based on Cundall’s approach to contact, was developed to model granular flow in different vibratory beds, and the results were compared with experimental measurements of bulk flow velocity and bed expansion for the tub finisher. The sensitivity of the model predictions to the contact parameters was considered and the parameters were optimized with respect to the experimental results. After optimization, the difference between the model predictions of the bulk flow velocity and the measurements was less than 20% at four locations in media beds of two depths. The average bulk density of the vibrating beds was also predicted to be within 20% of the measured values. In the next phase, a two-dimensional discrete element model was developed to model single-cell circulation in vibratory beds that had both vertical and horizontal components of motion. The model predictions were compared with experimental measurements of the onset and growth of circulation in beds of steel and glass spheres as a function of bed depth, inter-particle and wall friction coefficients, and the amplitude of vibration. While the values from the DEM showed an error of up to 50% in the predicted circulation strength, depending on the type of the media and system conditions, the trends predicted by the model closely matched those in the experiments. Finally, a physical model was developed to describe the relationship between the onset and direction of circulation with the vibration of the container. A similar model was used to describe the experimental results as well as the transition in circulation patterns in terms of the resultant shear forces at the vibrating container walls and the interlocking of media close to the container walls. It was also demonstrated that a two-dimensional DEM could model a granular flow in which the media had three-dimensional contact and freedom of movement, but that was driven by vibrations in a plane. In summary, it was found that the linear optimization procedure for the contact parameters is an efficient way to improve the results from DEM. Additionally, the circulation in a tub-vibrator increased with the depth of the particulate media in the container, and with the magnitude of the wall-particle and particle-particle friction coefficients. The strength of circulation also increased with the amplitude of vibration. A strong correlation existed between the total shear force along the vibrating container walls and the circulation behavior. Bulk circulation increased sharply when increasing bed depth increased the pressure and the shear forces at the walls and between particle layers. It was also concluded that dimensionless bed depth (the ratio of bed depth to particle diameter) was not a proper dimensionless group when discussing the circulation behavior and it should act in conjunction with other parameters.

Anthropogenic infrastructure such as roads, ditches and culverts have strong impacts on hydrological processes, particularly surface drainage patterns. Despite this, these structures are often not present in the digital elevation models (DEMs) used to provide surface drainage data to hydrological models, owing to the coarse spatial resolution of many available DEMs. Modelling drainage patterns in human-modified landscapes requires very accurate, high-resolution DEM data to capture these features. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is a remote sensing technique that is used for producing DEMs with fine resolutions that can represent anthropogenic landscapes features such as human modifications on the landscape such as roadside ditches. In these data, roads act as a barrier to flow and are treated as dams, where on the ground culverts and bridges exist. While possible to locate and manually enforce flow across these roads, there is currently no automated technique to identify these locations and perform flow enforcement. This research improves the modelling of surface drainage pathways in rural anthropogenic altered landscapes by utilizing a novel algorithm that identifies ditches and culverts in LiDAR DEMs and enforces flow through these features by way of breaching. This breaching algorithm was tested on LiDAR datasets for two rural test sites in Southern Ontario. These analyses showed that the technique is an effective tool for efficiently incorporating ditches and culverts into the hydrological analysis of a landscape that has both a gradient associated with it, as well as a lack of densely forested areas. The algorithm produced more accurate representations of both overland flow when compared to outputs that excluded these anthropogenic features all together.

Research shows that Muslims are often reproduced within the context that reinforces stereotyping of Muslims, see for example Otterbeck and Schielke. They are often regarded as a collective group with no distinct individuals and thereby the Islamic religiosity is portrayed as different and deviant from the more secular and private practiced Protestantism that is a common belief in Sweden. The purpose of this work is to study the already existing representation of Muslim women in a Western context, i.e. Muslim women in Sweden. This is done through an analysis of two ethnographic interviews and observational studies, written by researchers in Sweden (Karlsson Minganti and Sultan Sjöqvist) to investigate the existence of an "us and them" mindset. The two ethnographic studies which are analyzed in this work, deal with different types of Muslims: women who have been Muslims since birth and converted Muslim women. Furthermore, each researcher's results are put in relation to postcolonial theories to interpret and understand the conclusions of the researchers. My conclusion is that there are clear tendencies of an "us and them" mindset, where researchers place their research object as "them". The women are portrayed as different, with different values in relation to the "Swedish society" or the "Western world". Many of the women show awareness of being assigned the position of "the others" by the society. The women, both the converted and the ones who have been Muslim since birth, think that they do not fall into the norm of whiteness, they do not identify themselves as the "normal western woman" and they position themselves as a minority, forming the notion that they are "them" and confirming the exclusion of themselves. Other clear trends are the researchers ways to interpret and understand women's lives on the basis of the white 'middle-class women's experiences and thereby excluding the Muslim women’s own perception of their conditions of life.

My paper, “Us and Them – an analysis of the creation of “the Other” in The Reluctant Fundamentalist and The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas”, aims to examine Mohsin Hamid´s and John Boyne´s novels from the years 2007 and 2008. The paper tries to answer the following questions: How is “the Other”and“Us and Them”created in the novels? And: What consequences does the thinking in terms of “the Other”and“Us and Them”lead to in the novels? The examination is done through the method of close reading and by applying the theory of Orientalism and Edward W. Said’s analysis of the theory to the reading. It is, I believe, of utmost importance for teachers to create unity among their pupils, and peaceful and democratic classrooms where co-work is promoted. This is especially important in multi-cultural classrooms where different ethnicities, cultures, religions, nationalities, and so on, are present and represented. Unity, peace, democracy, and co-work prevent negative ways of thinking in terms of “the Other”or/and“Us and Them”among pupils, and they are also terms that the curriculum refer to. Literature can be a tool and a method to do this by, used properly. This is why I, a becoming teacher, have decided to close examine two novels that many Swedish schools have in class settings and find out whether they are creating unity, peace, and democracy between people or if they on the contrary are creating disruption between people and maybe support negative ways of thinking in terms of “the Other”and“Us and Them”. The examination of the novels revealed that they both do create “the Other”and“Us and Them ”and that it leads to negative consequences in the novels. But this only makes the novels perfect material for teaching, if, the teacher offering this material to pupils does not just expect pupils to read the novels, but helps them reflect upon them and problematize the themes, the events, and the characters in them.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att se vad situationen att positioneras som “andra generationens invandrare” har för inverkan på identitetsskapandet hos unga kvinnor. Vi använder oss av ett diskurspsykologiskt och intersektionellt angreppssätt där vi vill synliggöra de identiteter, det vill säga de subjektspositioner de unga kvinnorna intar, tillskrivs och erbjuds i interaktionen. Med detta vill vi nå en ökad förståelse för och kunskap om vilka konsekvenser, möjligheter och/eller begränsningar denna position har för den enskilda individen. Vi ämnar synliggöra de processer som samverkar och påverkar de unga tjejernas identiteter. Det vi funnit är att det genom ett aktivt skillnadsskapande hos respondenterna konstrueras ett delat samhälle där en tolkningsrepertoar kring “vi” och “dem” används aktivt. Detta diskursiva sammanhang gör vissa subjektspositioner möjliga och andra omöjliga. De mest framträdande subjektspositionerna som framkommer av vår analys är “den stolta invandraren”, “den problemtyngda invandrartjejen” och den dubbla positionen som “svensk” och “icke-svensk”.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur elever i ett SVA-klassrum kommunicerar. Ämnet är aktuellt i vårt mångkulturella samhälle. Forskningsstrategin tar utgångspunkt i etnografi. Datainsamlingsmetoden har varit deltagande observation i den naturliga miljön. Resultatet visar att eleverna använder sig av verbal och icke-verbal kommunikation. Resultatet visar även att man tydligt kan urskilja ett ”vi” och ett ”dem” i ett SVA-klassrum. En av slutsatserna som kan dras från denna studie är att elevernas bakgrund har en stor påverkan på grupperingen i klassen. En annan slutsats är att eleverna använder sig mycket av höjt röstläge för att få fram sin verbala kommunikation och att den icke-verbala kommunikationen tar mycket plats i de SVA-klassrum jag observerat.

IsaMill is a stirred type mill used in mineral industry for fine and ultra-fine grinding. The difficulty in obtaining the internal flow information in the mill by experimental techniques has prevented the development of the fundamental understanding of the flow and generating general methods for reliable scale-up and optimized design and control parameters. This difficulty can be effectively overcome by numerical simulation based on discrete element method (DEM). In this work a DEM model was developed to study particle flow in a simplified IsaMill. The DEM model was validated by comparing the simulated results of the flow pattern, mixing pattern and power draw with those measured from a same scale lab mill. Spatial distributions of microdynamic variables related to flow and force structure such as local porosity, particle interaction forces, collision velocity and collision frequency have been analyzed. Among the materials properties of particles, it is shown that by decreasing particle/particle sliding friction coefficient, the particle flow becomes more vigorous which is useful to grinding performance. Restitution coefficient does not affect the particle flow significantly. A too low or too high particle density could decrease grinding efficiency. Although grinding medium size affects the flow, its selection may depend on the particle size of the products. Among the operational variables considered, the results show that fill volume and mill speed proved to be important factors in IsaMil process. Increase of fill volume or mill speed increases the interaction between particles and agitating discs which results in a more vigorous motion of the particles. Among the mill properties, particle/stirrer sliding friction plays a major role in energy transfer from stirrer to particles. Although there exists a minimum collision energy as particle/stirrer sliding friction increases, large particle/stirrer sliding friction may improve grinding performance as it has both large collision frequency and collision energy. However, that improvement is only up to a critical particle/disc sliding friction beyond which only input energy increases with little improvement on collision frequency and collision energy. Reducing the distance between stirrers or increasing the size of disc holes improves high energy transfer from discs to particles, leading to high collision frequency and collision energy. Among the different stirrer types, the energy transfer is more effective when disc holes are present. Pin stirrer shows increased collision energy and collision frequency which also result in a high power draw. Using the DEM results, a wear model has been developed to predict the wear pattern of the discs. This model can be used to predict the evolution of the disc wear with the time. It is shown that energy transfer from discs to particles are increased when discs are worn out. An attempt has also been made to analyze the microdynamic properties of the mill for different sizes. It is shown that specific power consumption and impact energy are correlated regardless of the mill size and mill speed.

Debris-flows pose serious hazards to communities in mountainous regions of the world and are often responsible for loss of life and damages to infrastructure. Characterised by high flow velocity, large impact forces and long runout, debris-flows have potential discharges several times greater than clear water flood discharges and possess much greater erosive and destructive potential. In combination with poor temporal predictability, they present a significant hazard to settlements, transport routes and other infrastructure located at the drainage points (fan-heads) of watersheds. Thus, it is important that areas vulnerable to debris-flows are identified in order to aid decisions on appropriate land-uses for alluvial fans. This research has developed and tested a new GIS-based procedure for identifying areas prone to debris-flow hazards in the Coromandel/Kaimai region, North Island, New Zealand. The procedure was developed using ESRI Arc View software, utilising the NZ 25 x 25 m DEM as the primary input. When run, it enabled watersheds and their associated morphometric parameters to be derived for selected streams in the study area. Two specific parameters, Melton ratio (R) and watershed length were then correlated against field evidence for debris-flows, debris-floods and fluvial processes at stream watershed locations in the study area. Overall, strong relationships were observed to exist between the evidence observed for these phenomena and the parameters, thus confirming the utility of the GIS procedure for the preliminary identification of hydrogeomorphic hazards such as debris-flow in the Coromandel/Kaimai region study area. In consideration of the results, the procedure could prove a useful tool for regional councils and CDEM groups in regional debris-flow hazard assessment for the identification of existing developments at risk of debris-flow disaster. Furthermore, the procedure could be used to provide justification for subsequent, more intensive local investigations to fully quantify the risk to people and property at stream fan and watershed locations in such areas.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Universiẗat Diss, 2007 u.d.T.: Ohls, Isgard: Albert Schweizer und die Ästhetik der Mission ... / Mit zeitgeschichtl. Dokumentenanhang.

Sammanfattning Heder är ett omdiskuterat begrepp och det finns idag ingen renodlad definition vilket även är en anledning till svårigheten i att ange problemets extension. Därför är denna studies syfte att undersöka hur media idag framställer hedersrelaterad problematik. För att studera valda ämne analyserades tidningsartiklar publicerade år 2014 från ett urval av kvälls- och dagspress. Utgångspunkten för analysen av materialet är ett feministiskt perspektiv som utgår från antagandet om att kategorierna kvinnor och män, manligt och kvinnligt är socialt skapade och där fördelningen av makt och resurser är central. En fråga för vår analys blir därför om kategorierna kvinna och man också återspeglas som ojämlika dikotomier i media. För att analysera materialet har metoden kritisk diskursanalys samt tematisk analys använts och fokus har legat på en dominerande könsskillnadsdiskurs gällande män och kvinnor. Den kunskapsteoretiska utgångspunkten är socialkonstruktivistisk, vilket innebär att verkligheten är socialt konstruerad, subjektiv och föränderlig. Vid analysen av materialet fann vi att medias framställning av hedersproblematiken dominerades av begrepp så som kön, kultur, dominans och förtryck. Problematiken grundar sig enligt media i hederskulturer där mannens överordnade position tar sig uttryck i brottsliga handlingar och kvinnoförtryck. De brottsliga gärningarna sker ofta på grund av att kvinnan brutit mot hederskoden, dessa brott mot normerna som hederskulturen präglas av är enligt artiklarna anledningen till att våld, mord och andra övergrepp sker. Normerna antas vara starkt knutna till patriarkatet där män är överordnade och kvinnor är underordnade. Övergripande faller fler kvinnor offer men media lyfter även andra sociala kategorier som vanligtvis inte associeras till hedersproblematik vilket är väsentligt att belysa. Analysen visade även att media tenderar att framställa människor från en viss kultur som en kulturell produkt, då dessa människor tillskrivs snarlika egenskaper och handlingsmönster. ”Vi” och ”dem” är en uppdelning som görs i tidningsartiklarna, en uppdelning som skildras i framställningen att skapa ett jämställt ”vi” och ett patriarkalt ”dem”. Hedersvåldet mot kvinnor framställs utifrån en kulturantropologisk förklaringsmodell som också synliggör en viss etnocentrisk sida av media.