Automated pattern recognition of stone walls, within both point cloud and image processing, can help identify previously inaccessible areas than with only image pro-cessing. This is important as stone walls are biotopes and serve as structures and have ecological functions for both plants and animals. An automated pattern recog-nition can also benefit Sweden with the fulfillment of the national environmental quality objectives, as well as several commitments from the EU which promote the preservation of biological diversity and cultural heritage. However, conventional airborne laser scanners, via airplanes, have not had a sufficiently high point density and penetration of dense forests. This study therefore aims to use an improved tech-nology in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), where data is collected from Sin-gle Photon LiDAR (SPL). Then, the automated pattern recognition will be used to discover stone walls in varied terrain. After the evaluation, two out of five stone walls were identified, one of which had rendered 99.99% of the target area and the other had a 75% target area, although both also displayed one false hit outside of the desired area. The remaining missing area, as well as the other stone walls, could not be identified because of nearby fac-tors such as shrubbery and trees, but even though the method selection for this study did not provide a 100% match on all stone walls, the data from the SPL tech-nology is still useful for pattern recognition with its point density and penetration. The conclusion of this work is that a point cloud filtering must be improved, if not adapted for each area of stone walls, to create better areas of interest before image processing of segmentation and pattern recognition can be implemented. However, the study shows that a combination of point cloud and image processing for auto-matic pattern recognition is a useful way of identifying stone walls. / En automatiserad mönsterigenkänning av stenmurar, inom både punktmolns- och bildbehandling, kan bidra till att identifiera tidigare oåtkomliga områden än med endast bildbehandling. Detta är viktigt då stenmurar är biotoper och fungerar som strukturer och ekologiska funktioner för både växter och djur. En automatiserad mönsterigenkänning kan även bidra till att Sverige gynnar uppfyllandet av de nation-ella miljökvalitetsmålen, samt flera åtaganden från EU enklare inom bevarelse av den biologiska mångfalden och kulturarv. Däremot har konventionella flygburna la-serskanningar, med flygplan, inte haft en tillräcklig hög punkttäthet och genom-trängning av tät skog. Denna studie syftar därför till att använda sig av en förbättrad teknik inom Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), där data är insamlat från Single Photon LiDAR (SPL). Därefter ska den automatiserade mönsterigenkänningen an-vändas på dess data för att identifiera stenmurar i varierad terräng. Efter utvärderingen identifierades två av fem stenmurar, varav den ena muren hade 99,99 % upphittad träffyta med en felträff och den andra muren hade en 75 % upp-hittad träffyta med en felträff. Resterande saknad träffyta, samt de övriga stenmu-rarna, kunde inte identifieras på grund av närliggande faktorer som buskage och träd, men även om metodvalet till den här studien inte gav en 100 % träffyta på alla samtliga stenmurar är data från SPL-tekniken fortfarande användbart för mönsteri-genkänning med dess punkttäthet och genomträngning. Slutsatsen av detta arbete är att en punktmolnsfiltreringen måste förbättras, om inte anpassas för varje område av stenmurar, för att på så sätt skapa bättre intresseområden av stenmurar innan bildbe-handling av segmentering och mönsterigenkänning kan implementeras. Däremot vi-sar studien att en kombination av punktmolns- och bildbehandling för automatisk mönsterigenkänning är ett användbart arbetssätt för identifiering av stenmurar.

O projeto BIOTA “Diversidade, dinâmica e conservação de florestas do Estado de São Paulo: 40 ha de parcelas permanentes" vem sendo conduzido para o conhecimento dos processos geradores, mantenedores e reguladores da biodiversidade nas principais formações vegetacionais do Estado. Uma parcela permanente de 10 ha foi instalada na unidade de conservação correspondente à Floresta Ombrófila Densa (Mata Atlântica) para a caracterização completa do ecossistema. A investigação de elementos químicos nesse ecossistema altamente ameaçado foi desenvolvida nesta Tese de Doutoramento. Diversos processos são responsáveis pela manutenção de ecossistemas naturais. À ciclagem mineral corresponde o caminhamento dos elementos químicos, que fluem entre os compartimentos bióticos (folha e serrapilheira) e abióticos (atmosfera e solo). A complexidade desse mecanismo regulatório está relacionada com a deficiência, a toxicidade, a fitodisponibilidade e as interações dos elementos químicos, além das condições ambientais de crescimento como luminosidade, temperatura e umidade. Devido à sua adaptabilidade, as plantas absorvem elementos químicos, acumulando-os nos seus tecidos. A acumulação é ativa, ou seja, independentemente do meio, as plantas mantêm as concentrações de determinados elementos. Essa característica corrobora o uso desses organismos para a quantificação da qualidade do ambiente a partir dos estudos de biomonitoração de poluição atmosférica. A análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental – INAA foi a técnica analítica empregada para a biomonitoração devido ao seu nível metrológico elevado e sua capacidade de determinação simultânea de diversos elementos. Para a comparabilidade dos resultados gerados, a qualidade do procedimento analítico, a representatividade das amostras e o efeito da contaminação com particulados de terra aderida à superfície das folhas foram também estudados. Os compartimentos solo, serrapilheira e folha tiveram sua composição química avaliada por INAA. De modo geral, foram detectadas concentrações totais de elementos químicos mais elevadas nos solos de vales (baixa altitude) do que nas regiões de alta altitude (solos mais desenvolvidos). Essa variabilidade não foi determinante das concentrações encontradas nas folhas, indicando a composição química elementar intrínseca das plantas. As concentrações nas folhas também não se alteraram significativamente (nível de 95% de confiança) de acordo com os resultados provenientes de quatro épocas de coleta diferenciadas. Foram identificadas espécies acumuladoras dos nutrientes Ca, Co, K, Na, Se e Zn, dos elementos traços Br, Ba, Cs, Hg, Rb, Sc, Sr e dos lantanídeos Ce, La e Sm. A utilização das espécies arbóreas para a biomonitoração da parcela permanente proporcionou o conhecimento das concentrações naturais dos elementos químicos. O trecho de Mata Atlântica avaliado foi considerado de baixo nível de poluição, pois a maior parte das espécies estudadas apresentou concentrações dos elementos químicos dentro da faixa esperada, com exceção das espécies naturalmente acumuladoras. Elementos traços como As, Cd, Cr e Ni ficaram abaixo dos limites de detecção. O trabalho concentrou esforços para o estabelecimento de padrões de referência para estudos de impacto ambiental considerando a composição química da parcela permanente da Mata Atlântica. O reservatório de elementos químicos no ecossistema foi estimado, evidenciando-se a importância desse conhecimento para a conservação da biodiversidade. / The BIOTA Project “Diversity, dynamic and conservation of forests from the São Paulo State: 40 ha of permanent parcels" has been conducted to provide the knowledge on the generation, sustainability and regulation processes of the biodiversity of the State. A long-term plot (permanent parcel) was installed in the conservation unit corresponding to the Dense Ombrophilous Forest (Atlantic Forest) for the environmental characterization of the ecosystem. The investigation of chemical elements in this highly threatened forest was performed in this Doctorate Thesis. Several processes are responsible for the sustainability of the natural ecosystems. Mineral cycling defines the pathway of chemical elements from non-biotic compartments (soil and atmosphere) to biotic compartments (leaf and litter). The complexity of this regulatory mechanism is related to the deficiency, toxicity, phytoavailability and the interactions of the chemical elements, in addition to environmental growth conditions like luminosity, temperature and humidity. Due to its adaptability, plants are able to uptake and accumulate chemical elements in their tissues. This accumulation is an active process in which the plants tend to maintain the concentrations of some chemical elements independently of the environmental conditions. Such characteristic corroborates the use of these organisms for quantifying the environmental quality by biomonitoring studies of atmospheric pollution. Instrumental neutron activation analysis – INAA was the analytical technique employed for biomonitoring due to its high metrological level and its capability for simultaneous determination of several chemical elements. For the comparability of the results, the quality of analytical procedure, the representativeness of samples and the effect of contamination with earth particles adhered to the leaf surface were also studied. The chemical composition of the soil, litter and leaf compartments was evaluated by INAA. The concentrations of some elements were higher for the soils of the valleys and considerably lower for the soils at higher altitudes. Such variability was not observed for the concentrations found in leaves, indicating the intrinsic chemical composition in plants. The concentrations in leaf did not change significantly (at the 95% confidence level) as demonstrated by the results from four different periods of sampling. Some tree species were able to accumulate the nutrients Ca, Co, K, Na, Se and Zn, the trace elements Br, Ba, Cs, Rb, Sc and Sr and the lanthanides Ce, Eu, La, Sm, Tb and Yb. The use of plants species for biomonitoring the long-term plot provided knowledge on the background concentrations of chemical elements. The Atlantic Forest can be considered to have a low status of pollution since most plants have shown concentrations within the expected range with exception of the accumulator species. Concentrations of some trace elements like As, Cd, Cr and Ni were below the detection limits. This work concentrated efforts to establish reference standards for studies on environmental impact considering the chemical composition in the long-term plot of the Atlantic Forest. The reservoir of chemical elements in the ecosystem was estimated, evidencing the importance of such knowledge for the biodiversity conservation.

A percepção crescente da sociedade em relação aos perigos inerentes às instalações industriais que manipulam grandes inventários de substâncias perigosas faz com que a ferramenta análise quantitativa de risco ganhe importância na complexa discussão sobre a viabilidade destes empreendimentos, no intuito de promover a ocupação adequada do solo na área urbana e prevenir a ocorrência do chamado acidente maior. Contudo, para se chegar à expressão de risco de uma determinada instalação industrial deve-se aplicar um conjunto de técnicas e de modelos matemáticos, entre os quais estão os modelos de dispersão atmosférica, usados para se estimar a área afetada na vizinhança da mesma por liberações acidentais que levam à formação de nuvens de substâncias químicas na atmosfera. Em decorrência da complexidade inerente ao próprio processo de dispersão atmosférica, especialmente no que tange aos denominados gases densos, existe uma diversidade de modelos que podem ser aplicados no escopo da análise de risco, o que leva a seus usuários, naturalmente, ao questionamento sobre a suscetibilidade dos resultados finais ao tipo de modelagem adotada. Neste sentido, este trabalho estuda o processo de dispersão atmosférica de nuvens densas formadas em liberações acidentais, identificando as principais possibilidades de modelagem deste processo e, ao final, apresenta um estudo de caso demonstrando que diferentes modelagens desta dispersão, comumente empregadas em análise de risco de instalações industriais, podem produzir variações na estimativa do risco de uma mesma instalação e, portanto, influenciar as decisões baseadas em risco. / The concern of the society about the risks posed by activities that deal with hazardous substances has increased in an environment strongly industrialized and with high population density in view of the inherent potential hazards of them as well as the impact of recent accidental episodes, even though their benefits provided. In this context the quantitative risk analysis is presented as an essential tool to assess the risk of these activities and compose a complex discussion about its feasibility. Some of these accident scenarios may involve the formation of a hazardous product cloud and its subsequent air dispersion in the off-site region when an accidental released take place and one should apply the so-called atmospheric dispersion models for estimating the consequences of the releases. Due to the complexity involved in this atmospheric dispersion process, there is a wide variety of mathematical models that can be applied for estimating the offsite consequences of the accidental releases leading, naturally, to one wonder whether the final risk expression of a facility is susceptible to these differences. Often in the world of industrial use of hazardous materials, toxic or flammable there is a possibility that these accidental releases produce clouds that are denser than air, a situation that demands even more attention in terms of risk aspects involved. Then, this dissertation studies the process of atmospheric dispersion of heavier-than-air clouds produced after an accidental release, identifying the main ways of modelling the process and presents a case study comparing different dispersion models that demonstrates that the final expression of risk of a typical installation can be different when it is used different dispersion model in the process.

Com o atual desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico da sociedade, a presença de substâncias inflamáveis e/ou tóxicas aumentou significativamente em um grande número de atividades. A possível dispersão de gases perigosos em instalações de armazenamento ou em operações de transporte representam uma grande ameaça à saúde e ao meio ambiente. Portanto, a caracterização de uma nuvem inflamável e/ou tóxica é um ponto crítico na análise quantitativa de riscos. O objetivo principal desta tese foi fornecer novas perspectivas que pudessem auxiliar analistas de risco envolvidos na análise de dispersões em cenários complexos, por exemplo, cenários com barreiras ou semi-confinados. A revisão bibliográfica mostrou que, tradicionalmente, modelos empíricos e integrais são usados na análise de dispersão de substâncias tóxicas / inflamáveis, fornecendo estimativas rápidas e geralmente confiáveis ao descrever cenários simples (por exemplo, dispersão em ambientes sem obstruções sobre terreno plano). No entanto, recentemente, o uso de ferramentas de CFD para simular dispersões aumentou de forma significativa. Estas ferramentas permitem modelar cenários mais complexos, como os que ocorrem em espaços semi-confinados ou com a presença de barreiras físicas. Entre todas as ferramentas CFD disponíveis, consta na bibliografia que o software FLACS® tem bom desempenho na simulação destes cenários. Porém, como outras ferramentas similares, ainda precisa ser totalmente validado. Após a revisão bibliográfica sobre testes de campo já executados ao longo dos anos, alguns testes foram selecionados para realização de um exame preliminar de desempenho da ferramenta CFD utilizado neste estudo. Foram investigadas as possíveis fontes de incertezas em termos de capacidade de reprodutibilidade, de dependência de malha e análise de sensibilidade das variáveis de entrada e parâmetros de simulação. Os principais resultados desta fase foram moldados como princípios práticos a serem utilizados por analistas de risco ao realizar análise de dispersão com a presença de barreiras utilizando ferramentas CFD. Embora a revisão bibliográfica tenha mostrado alguns dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura, nenhuma das fontes encontradas incluem estudos detalhados sobre como realizar simulações de CFD precisas nem fornecem indicadores precisos de desempenho. Portanto, novos testes de campo foram realizados a fim de oferecer novos dados para estudos de validação mais abrangentes. Testes de campo de dispersão de nuvem de propano (com e sem a presença de barreiras obstruindo o fluxo) foram realizados no campo de treinamento da empresa Can Padró Segurança e Proteção (em Barcelona). Quatro testes foram realizados, consistindo em liberações de propano com vazões de até 0,5 kg/s, com duração de 40 segundos em uma área de descarga de 700 m2. Os testes de campo contribuíram para a reavaliação dos pontos críticos mapeados durante as primeiras fases deste estudo e forneceram dados experimentais para serem utilizados pela comunidade internacional no estudo de dispersão e validação de modelos. Simulações feitas utilizando-se a ferramenta CFD foram comparadas com os dados experimentais obtidos nos testes de campo. Em termos gerais, o simulador mostrou bom desempenho em relação às taxas de concentração da nuvem. O simulador reproduziu com sucesso a geometria complexa e seus efeitos sobre a dispersão da nuvem, mostrando claramente o efeito da barreira na distribuição das concentrações. No entanto, as simulações não foram capazes de representar toda a dinâmica da dispersão no que concerne aos efeitos da variação do vento, uma vez que as nuvens simuladas diluíram mais rapidamente do que nuvens experimentais. / With the industrial and technological development of the present-day society, the presence of flammable and toxic substances has increased in a growing number of activities. Dispersion of hazardous gas releases occurring in transportation or storage installations represent a major threat to health and environment. Therefore, forecasting the behaviour of a flammable or toxic cloud is a critical challenge in quantitative risk analysis. The main aim of this dissertation has been to provide new insights that can help technological risks analysts when dealing with complex dispersion modelling problems, particularly those problems involving dispersion scenarios with barriers or semi-confined. A literature survey has shown that, traditionally, empirical and integral models have been used to analyse dispersion of toxic/flammable substances, providing fast estimations and usually reliable results when describing simple scenarios (e.g. unobstructed gas flows over flat terrain). In recent years, however, the use of CFD tools for simulating dispersion accidents has significantly increased, as they allow modelling more complicated gas dispersion scenarios, like those occurring in complex topographies, semi-confined spaces or with the presence of physical barriers. Among all the available CFD tools, FLACS® software is envisaged to have high performance when simulating dispersion scenarios, but, as other codes alike, still needs to be fully validated. This work contributes to the validation of FLACS software for dispersion analysis. After a literature review on historical field tests, some of them have been selected to undertake a preliminary FLACS performance examination, inspecting all possible sources of uncertainties in terms of reproducibility capacity, grid dependence and sensitivity analysis of input variables and simulation parameters. The main outcomes of preliminary FLACS investigations have been shaped as practical guiding principles to be used by risk analysts when performing dispersion analysis with the presence of barriers using CFD tools. Although the literature survey has shown some experimental data available, none of the works include detailed exercises giving new insights of how to perform accurate CFD simulations nor giving precise rates of FLACS performance. Therefore, new experiments have been performed in order to offer new sets of cloud dispersion data for comprehensive validation studies. Propane cloud dispersion field tests (unobstructed and with the presence of a fence obstructing the flow) have been designed and undertaken at Can Padró Security and Safety training site (Barcelona) by which intensive data on concentration has been acquired. Four tests were performed, consisting on releases up to 0.5 kg/s of propane during 40 seconds in a discharge area of 700 m2. The field tests have contributed to the reassessment of the critical points raised in the guiding principles and have provided experimental data to be used by the international community for dispersion studies and models validation exercises. FLACS software has been challenged against the experimental data collected during the field tests. In general terms, the CFD-based simulator has shown good performance when simulating cloud concentration. FLACS reproduces successfully the presence of complex geometry and its effects on cloud dispersion, showing realistic concentration decreases due to cloud dispersion obstruction by the existence of a fence. However, simulated clouds have not represented the whole complex accumulation dynamics due to wind variation, since they have diluted faster than experimental clouds.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos da cal hidratada e do ácido polifosfórico nas propriedades mecânicas e suscetibilidade à umidade de misturas asfálticas densas. O ligante utilizado foi o CAP 50/70, chamado de controle, modificado com 0,6 e 1,2% de PPA, e como aditivo a cal hidratada em concentrações de 1,5 e 3,0%, perfazendo nove combinações de misturas asfálticas. Foram moldados 108 corpos-de-prova, divididos em 4 e 7% de volume de vazios, sendo que os corpos-de-prova de 7% foram divididos em condicionados e não condicionados. Os ensaios realizados para análise das propriedades mecânicas foram o Módulo de Resiliência e a Resistência à Tração Indireta. Os resultados mostram que o aumento da concentração de ácido polifosfórico melhora a rigidez e a flexibilidade, e melhora a suscebilidade ao dano por umidade, assim como aumenta a resistência à tração; para a cal hidratada, com o aumento da sua concentração, ocorreu aumento da rigidez e da flexibilidade de maneira mais discreta, se comparado ao ácido polifosfórico, e proporciona a diminuição da resistência à tração: o teor que apresentou melhor suscetibilidade ao dano por umidade foi de 1,5% de cal hidratada. / This work aims to analyze the effects of hydrated lime and polyphosphoric acid on the mechanical properties and moisture susceptibility of dense asphalt mixtures. In nine combinations of asphalt mixtures, CAP 50/70, named control and modified with 0,6 and 1,2% of PPA, was employed as binder, and hydrated lime in concentrations of 1,5 and 3,0% was used as additive. 108 test specimens have been molded and divided into 4 and 7% of volume void, considering that 7% were separated into conditioned and non-conditioned. The Resilient Modulus and the Tensile Strength were the tests conducted for the analysis of mechanical properties. The results showed that the increase in polyphosphoric acid concentration improved stiffness and flexibility and increased the susceptibility to moisture damage, as well as the tensile strength. Also in the results, with the concentration increase of the hydrated lime, there was a smaller increase of stiffness and flexibility, and it provided a decrease of tensile strength, considering that the percentage of 1,5% of hydrated lime presented the best susceptibility to moisture damage.

Les écosystèmes forestiers naturels du Sud-Ouest de l’océan Indien (SOOI) sont fortement impactés par la déforestation et font face à de nombreuses invasions biologiques pouvant altérer leur processus, en particulier les interactions de type plantes-pollinisateur. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit cette thèse, décrivant les relations entre un pollinisateur généraliste indigène : Apis mellifera unicolor et la flore de deux écosystèmes de Ranomafana : RA et de Mare Longue : ML. La description palynologique de 135 espèces issues de 52 familles de plantes mellifères de la formation de RA, a fait ressortir les caractères spécifiques des pollens liés à une pollinisation entomophile. Dans un second temps, des suivis phénologiques mensuels de 131 espèces (90% d’indigènes) à RA et 120 espèces (53% d’exotiques) à ML ont permis d’identifier et d’estimer les ressources florales disponibles. Pendant un an, l’analyse mensuelle des miels et pollens collectés a permis de dresser l’inventaire des ressources florales réellement exploitées. Les espèces indigènes ont été significativement plus butinées que les espèces exotiques, malgré une diversité de ressources exotiques supérieures à celles des indigènes (ML). Le comportement de butinage de l’abeille sur le genre Weinmannia a été analysé sur la base de 104 h de vidéo (W. bojeriana et W. rutenbergii à Madagascar, et W. tinctoria à La Réunion). Les fleurs ont été visitées par un cortège de pollinisateurs potentiels : coléoptères, diptères, lépidoptères et autres hyménoptères. A. m. unicolor était le visiteur le plus fréquent à Madagascar. L’ensemble de ces résultats a permis de confirmer le comportement généraliste d’A. m. unicolor, avec toutefois une préférence forte et significative pour les espèces florales indigènes des strates arborées et arbustives et permet d’émettre des hypothèses sur la complexité des interactions entre l’abeille et les écosystèmes du hotspot de biodiversité SOOI. / The natural forest ecosystems of the Southwest Indian Ocean (SOOI) have been strongly impacted by deforestation and face many biological invasions that are alter their balance, particularly plant-pollinator interactions. It is in this context that this thesis is set, describing the relations between an indigenous general pollinator: Apis mellifera unicolor and the flora of two ecosystems of Madagascar (Ranomafana: RA) and Reunion (Mare Longue: ML). The palynological description of 135 species from 52 families of melliferous plants from the RA formation, highlighted the specific criteria of pollens associated with entomophilous pollination. In a second time, monthly phenological monitoring of 131 species (90% native) to RA and 120 species (53% exotic) to ML allowed to identify and estimate the available floral resources. During one year, the monthly analysis of honeys and pollen collected enabled an inventory of the floral resources actually exploited. Native species were significantly more visited than exotic species, despite a diversity of exotic resources superior to that of the natives (ML). The foraging behaviour of the honeybee on the genus Weinmannia was analysed on the basis of 104 hours of video (W. bojeriana and W. rutenbergii in Madagascar, and W. tinctoria in Reunion Island). The flowers were visited by many potential pollinators: Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and other Hymenoptera. A. m. unicolor was the most frequent visitor to the two species from Madagascar. The results confirmed the generalist behaviour of A. m. unicolor, with, however, a strong and significant preference for native floral species of tree and shrub strata and makes it possible to speculate on the important place of this bee in the ecosystems of the SOOI biodiversity hotspot.

Les villes n’ayant pas vocation à produire elles-mêmes leurs moyens de subsistance sont un point de départ pour l’étude du système alimentaire. L’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur dense des métropoles participe à l’amont au métabolisme territorial, impliquant des échanges matériels entre la société organisatrice du système alimentaire et la biosphère qui la sustente. Si des analyses historiques des modalités de l’approvisionnement alimentaire de la capitale ont été produites, ses mécanismes contemporains complexes sont aujourd’hui méconnus. Un objectif de la thèse réside en l’établissement d’un récit circonstancié de la trajectoire socio-écologique de l’approvisionnement alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienne, de la fin de l’Ancien Régime à nos jours. Inscrites dans un paysage économique mondialisé, les aires de préhension alimentaire de Paris confirment l’existence d’une empreinte globale du système alimentaire parisien. Cependant, des initiatives récentes promeuvent un retour à un approvisionnement de proximité. Le tournant 2010-2011 marque l’essor de ces démarches nouvelles, jusqu’alors ignorées ou considérées comme marginales et anecdotiques tant par le grand public que par la plupart des acteurs décisionnaires du système alimentaire. La reterritorialisation de l’approvisionnement est issue d’une construction sociale de proximités tant géographique qu’organisée, dont les prétextes et les intérêts des acteurs qui l’encouragent sont multiples. Un second objectif est donc constitué par l’analyse des politiques de trois acteurs (public, associatif et privé) quant à l’avènement d’une transition dans le système alimentaire, impliquant un rapprochement entre les aires de production et les bassins de consommation. Prenant appui sur un cadre théorique fondé par l’écologie territoriale, l’analyse des trajectoires et transitions socio-écologiques et les apports de l’école de la proximité, cette thèse propose une vision pluridisciplinaire de l’évolution du système alimentaire du cœur de la métropole parisienne. / Cities are not meant to produce their own livelihood, and so, they are an interesting starting point to the study of the food system. Based on a threefold theoretical framework – territorial ecology, socio-ecological paths and transitions, and proximity strategies – this thesis aims at a multidisciplinary analysis attesting how the food system has been evolving inside the Paris metropolis. The thesis gives a detailed account of the food supply’s socio-ecological trajectory, from the end of the Ancien Régime to the present day. The 2010-2011 turning point settles new initiatives aiming at proximity foodsheds – which had hitherto been ignored altogether or considered marginal and minor. Reterritorialization of the supply is the result of social constructions of geographical and organized proximities. This work also investigates the policies of three food-system stakeholders (public, community and private) regarding an impending transition in the socio-ecological pathway that would imply a merger between production and consumption foodsheds.

This research proposes a new dynamic energy management framework for a backbone Internet Protocol over Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (IP over DWDM) network. Maintaining the logical IP-layer topology is a key constraint of our architecture whilst saving energy by infrastructure sleeping and virtual router migration. The traffic demand in a Tier 2/3 network typically has a regular diurnal pattern based on people‟s activities, which is high in working hours and much lighter during hours associated with sleep. When the traffic demand is light, virtual router instances can be consolidated to a smaller set of physical platforms and the unneeded physical platforms can be put to sleep to save energy. As the traffic demand increases the sleeping physical platforms can be re-awoken in order to host virtual router instances and so maintain quality of service. Since the IP-layer topology remains unchanged throughout virtual router migration in our framework, there is no network disruption or discontinuities when the physical platforms enter or leave hibernation. However, this migration places extra demands on the optical layer as additional connections are needed to preserve the logical IP-layer topology whilst forwarding traffic to the new virtual router location. Consequently, dynamic optical connection management is needed for the new framework. Two important issues are considered in the framework, i.e. when to trigger the virtual router migration and where to move virtual router instances to? For the first issue, a reactive mechanism is used to trigger the virtual router migration by monitoring the network state. Then, a new evolutionary-based algorithm called VRM_MOEA is proposed for solving the destination physical platform selection problem, which chooses the appropriate location of virtual router instances as traffic demand varies. A novel hybrid simulation platform is developed to measure the performance of new framework, which is able to capture the functionality of the optical layer, the IP layer data-path and the IP/optical control plane. Simulation results show that the performance of network energy saving depends on many factors, such as network topology, quiet and busy thresholds, and traffic load; however, savings of around 30% are possible with typical medium-sized network topologies.

Ces dernières décennies, la spectroscopie moléculaire a bénéficié du progrès des spectromètres, notamment en terme de sélectivité et sensibilité, et de méthodes d'analyse et de calculs de chimie quantique toujours plus avancés. Désormais, la spectroscopie rotationnelle s'oriente vers l'analyse de systèmes moléculaires plus complexes caractérisés spectralement par une forte densité de raies. La congestion spectrale des espèces étudiées dans ma thèse s'explique non seulement par de faibles constantes rotationnelles mais aussi par la présence d'états vibrationnels excités à température ambiante, une forte richesse isotopique, un haut degré de splittings dus aux mouvements de grande amplitude ou encore par un paysage conformationnel complexe. Cette thèse illustre ainsi divers scénarii à travers les études du chlorure de thionyle, des nitrotoluènes et des méthoxyphénols. Les spectres rovibrationnels des bandes v2 et v5 des isotopologues du chlorure de thionyle ont été mesurés dans l'infrarouge lointain au synchroton SOLEIL et analysés en utilisant une approche semi-automatique basée sur des algorithmes évolutionnaires. Les isomères du nitrotoluène ont été ciblés pour leur intérêt défense comme traceurs d'explosif (TNT), les spectres de rotation pure ont été mesurés dans les régions micro-ondes en jet moléculaire et millimétrique à température ambiante. Le spectre millimétrique du 3-nitrotoluène était particulièrement faible et congestionné avec des splittings dus à la rotation interne très importants (jusqu'à plusieurs GHz) en raison d'une barrière de rotation très faible ( Vз=6.7659(24)cmˉ ¹). La limite de détection a été estimée et une liste de raies établie. Les spectres millimétriques des 2-nitrotoluène et 4-nitrotoluène ont également été partiellement analysés. Enfin, les méthoxyphénols émis lors de feux de biomasse ont également étudiés comme précurseurs d'aérosols organiques secondaires pour leur détection atmosphérique future. Associée à des calculs de chimie quantique, l'analyse du spectre millimétrique du 3-méthoxyphénol mesuré à température ambiante dans la région millimétrique a permis de déterminer la stabilité relative de quatre conformères. / In recent decades, molecular spectroscopy has benefited from the progress of spectrometers, particularly in terms of selectivity and sensitivity, and from the continuous advancement of the analysis methods and quantum chemistry calculations. Today, rational spectroscopy is moving towards the analysis of more complex molecular systems spectrally characterized by a high density of lines. The spectral congestion of the species studied in this thesis is not only explained by low rotational constants, but also by the presence of vibrational states excited at room temperature, a high isotopic richness, a high degree of line splitting due to large amplitude motions or by a complex conformational landscape. This thesis thus illustrates various scenarios through the studies of thionyl chloride, nitrotoluenes and methoxyphenols. The rovibrational spectra of the v2 and v5 bands of the isotopologues of thionyl chloride were measured in far-infrared at the SOLEIL synchroton and analyzed using a semi-automatic approach based on evolutionary algorithms. The isomers of nitrotoluene have been targeted for military application as explosive taggants (TNT), the pure rotation spectra were measured in the microwave region in molecular jet and in the millimeter-wave region at room temperature. The millimeter-wave spectrum of 3-nitrotoluene was especially weak and congested with very large internal rotation splittings (up to several GHz) due to a very weak rotational barrier (V3=6.7659(24)cmˉ ¹). The detection limit was estimated and a linelist established. The 2-nitrotoluene and 4-nitrotoluene millimeter-wave spectra have been also partially analyzed. Finally, methoxyphenols emitted during biomass fires have also been studied as they are secondary organic aerosol precursors for their future atmospheric detection. Combined with quantum chemistry calculations, the analysis of the millimeter-wave spectrum of the 3-methoxyphenol measured at room temperature permitted the relative stability of four conformers to be determined.

Lorsque l’on place des atomes suffisamment proches les uns des autres, l’interaction dipôle-dipôle résonante entre les atomes modifie leurs propriétés. Les atomes se comportent alors de manière collective. Ces effets collectifs se produisent lorsque les distances interparticulaires sont de l’ordre de l/(2Pi), où l est la longueur d’onde de la transition atomique. La densité atomique est alors de l’ordre de 10^14 at/cm^3. Afin de créer des échantillons d’atomes froids présentant des densités aussi élevées, nous avons mis en place plusieurs méthodes de chargement de nos pinces optiques de taille micrométrique. L’une d’elles utilise un processus d’évaporation forcée qui amène les atomes proches de la dégénérescence quantique. En utilisant des nuages denses contenant quelques centaines d’atomes à des densités spatiales élevées, et en étudiant les modifications de la diffusion de la lumière qui en résultent, nous avons pu mettre en évidence des effets collectifs entre les atomes. Nous avons par ailleurs mesuré le retard de Wigner associé à la diffusion élastique de la lumière par un atome unique de rubidium. Nous avons mesuré un retard proche de la valeur théorique, c’est-à-dire deux fois la durée de vie de la transition atomique (52 ns). / When several atoms are placed close to each other, the resonant dipole-dipole interactionbetween atoms modifies the atomic properties and atoms behave collectively. These collective effects occur for interatomic distances on the order of l/(2Pi) where l is the wavelength of the atomic transition. The atomic density is then on the order of 10^14 at/cm^3. To create such cold atomic samples, we load optical tweezers with a microscopic size according to several loading schemes. One of them uses forced evaporative cooling and brings the atoms close to quantum degeneracy. We have used dense clouds containing a few hundred atoms with a high spatial density to demonstrate collective effects between the atoms. In particular, we have studied how these effects modify the scattering of light by the cloud. Besides, we have also measured for the first time the time-delay associated to the elastic scattering of light by a single rubidium atom, the so-called Wigner delay. We have shown that this delay is close to the theoretical prediction of twice the lifetime of the atomic transition (52 ns).