A pesquisa que aqui se apresenta trata dos sufixos aumentativos -ão; -aço(a); -uço(a); -arro(a) e -orro(a). Essa investigação pautou-se em aspectos etimológicos, morfológicos e semânticos. Sendo assim, foi possível apontar a origem e delimitar os significados que cada afixo assume em português. Além disso, puderam-se verificar as transformações e o desenvolvimento semântico desses elementos formativos. Para tanto, utilizou-se, como base inicial para o estudo, o Dicionário Houaiss, do qual foram extraídos os vocábulos derivados a partir dos sufixos arrolados acima. A análise diacrônica forneceu indícios do percurso histórico, revelando as influências de algumas línguas românicas. Por isso, em muitos momentos também foi necessário recorrer ao estudo desses formantes lexicais no galego, espanhol, catalão, francês e italiano para esclarecer o trajeto por eles percorrido. Realizou-se ainda uma comparação, no que se refere à função aumentativo-intensiva desses elementos derivacionais. A pesquisa empreendeu também uma análise acerca da produtividade e frequência de uso. A primeira apoiou-se na observação das criações neológicas e a segunda foi estipulada a partir de páginas da internet, escritas em português. Esse procedimento permitiu observar a situação atual dos sufixos em apreço. / The research that is here presented is about the augmentatives suffixes -ão; -aço(a); -uço(a); -arro(a) and -orro(a) from Portuguese language. This investigation is based on etymologic al, semantical and morphological aspects. This way, it was possible to point the origin to stablish boundaries for the meanings that each affix holds in Portuguese. In addition, it was also possible to verify the semantical development and transformations of those elements. In order to do that, the Houaiss Dictionary was used as original source of this study, from where words with the suffixes mentioned before could be extracted. The diachronic analysis showed some evidences of the historical pathway and the influence of some Romance languages. Because of that, for many times it was necessary to study those lexical pieces in spanish, catalan, french, italian and galician to clarify the way they have been through. It was also possible to compare them, when talking about the intensive-augmentative function of those derivational elements. Still, the research was an analysis about the productivity and frequency of usage. The first one, the productivity, was based on the observations of neologistical creations and the second one, the frequency, was based on the research on the internet. During this process it was possible to observe the behavior those suffixes have nowadays.

L'objet de notre travail porte sur les mots-valises. En effet, les résultats des études de la sémantique et de la lexicologie structurales ont démontré qu'il n'y a de signe qui ne soit dérivé d'un autre signe et donc de création lexicale qui ne soit le rappel de structures déjà existantes. Au cœur de la réflexion sur la motivation du signe, le mot-valise représente le mot saisi dans sa totalité et dans sa segmentalité. Pour comprendre la technique d'agencement qui aboutit à la formation des mots, Alain Finkielkraut explique qu'il faut transgresser la linéarisation du signe en récitant à l'envers sa leçon de parole. Le mot-valise prend au sérieux cette hypothèse car en réalité les mots contenus dans le dictionnaire ne sont que des morceaux errants d'un lexique inconnu. Désormais, le mot n'est plus un groupe de son correspondant à un sens, un véhicule passif porteur d'un signifié comme l'enseignent les dictionnaires et la vieille grammaire. C'est pourquoi, Freud et Saussure on bien chacun démontré par une voie qui lui est propre, qu'à travers le mécanisme du lapsus, le sens peut aussi s'appréhender par métanalyse pour l'un, et par dérivation anagrammatique pour l'autre. Ainsi, quelque soit le procédé, le mécanisme analogique reste toujours le même qui assure la fusion du son et du sens. Pour terminer, l'objet de cette thèse sera d'explorer dans le cadre d'une étude sémiologique, les mécanismes à l'œuvre dans la formation des mots-valises ainsi que les effets de sens et de style suscités par ce type de création. / The focus of our work is on “portmanteau words”. Indeed, results of studies of semantics and structural lexicology have shown that there is no sign that is not derived from another sign and therefore of lexical creation which is not a reminder of already existing structures. At the heart of reflection on the motivation of the sign, a portmanteau word represents the sign grasped in its totality and its segmentality. To understand the technique of the arrangement that leads to the formation of words, Alain Finkielkraut, argues that it is paramount to transgress the linearity of the sign by reciting one’s speech lesson backwards. The portmanteau word considers this assumption seriously considering that in reality words contained in the dictionary constitute stray pieces of an unknown lexicon. Henceforth, a word is no longer a group of different sounds corresponding to a meaning, a passive vehicle carrying a signification as taught by the old grammar dictionary. This is why Freud and Saussure have clearly demonstrated in a peculiar way, that through the mechanism of the slip, the meaning of a word can also be understood by metanalysis for one, and by anagrammatic derivation for the other. Thus, whatever the process, the analog mechanism remains the same, ensuring the fusion of sound and meaning. Finally, the purpose of this thesis will be to explore, in the context of a semiological study, the mechanisms at work in the formation of portmanteau words as well as the effects of meaning and generated style by this type of creation.

Neste estudo apresentamos as origens da Programação Neurolingüística (PNL), seus principais fundamentos, pressupostos teóricos e objetivos; analisamos o “metamodelo”, sua relação com a linguagem e sua exploração por meio do processo de “modelagem”, a partir do enfoque presente na obra A estrutura da magia I: um livro sobre linguagem e terapia, de Richard Bandler e John Grinder, idealizadores da PNL. Examinamos as transformações obtidas mediante o processo de derivação, com base na Gramática Gerativo-Transformacional de Noam Chomsky, objetivando verificar sua relação com o “metamodelo”. Explorando o discurso do Sujeito submetido ao processo de “modelagem”, verificamos em que medida os novos conteúdos semânticos revelados pelas transformações poderiam influenciá-lo, a ponto de mudar sua visão de mundo. Para esta análise, investigamos ainda as teorias clássicas da Argumentação, em especial os conceitos de convicção e persuasão, constatando que a “modelagem” oferece ao Sujeito recursos para ampliar seu repertório lingüístico, apreender novos significados a partir de seus próprios enunciados e, por meio da deliberação consigo mesmo, convencer-se e persuadir-se. / This study aims at presenting the origins of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), its main ideas, theoretical presuppositions and goals. Furthermore, it will be analyzed the meta-model, its relationship with language and its exploitation through the modeling process, all based on the book The structure of magic I: a book about language and therapy, by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, the founders of NLP. Moreover, it will be examined the transformations obtained from the derivation process, based on Noam Chomsky´s Transformational-generative grammar, with the goal of verifying its relationship with the meta-model. When exploiting the subject´s discourse submitted for the process of modeling, it will be verified in which way the new semantic contents revealed by the transformations could influence that subject and made him alter his vision of the world. For this analysis, it will be investigated also the classic theories of Argumentation, especially the conviction and persuasion concepts. It will also be verified that the process of modeling can offer resources to the subject, for him to enhance his linguistic vocabulary, to learn new meanings from his own sentences and to be able to persuade and convince himself through deliberating with his inner self.

Neste estudo apresentamos as origens da Programação Neurolingüística (PNL), seus principais fundamentos, pressupostos teóricos e objetivos; analisamos o “metamodelo", sua relação com a linguagem e sua exploração por meio do processo de “modelagem", a partir do enfoque presente na obra A estrutura da magia I: um livro sobre linguagem e terapia, de Richard Bandler e John Grinder, idealizadores da PNL. Examinamos as transformações obtidas mediante o processo de derivação, com base na Gramática Gerativo-Transformacional de Noam Chomsky, objetivando verificar sua relação com o “metamodelo". Explorando o discurso do Sujeito submetido ao processo de “modelagem", verificamos em que medida os novos conteúdos semânticos revelados pelas transformações poderiam influenciá-lo, a ponto de mudar sua visão de mundo. Para esta análise, investigamos ainda as teorias clássicas da Argumentação, em especial os conceitos de convicção e persuasão, constatando que a “modelagem" oferece ao Sujeito recursos para ampliar seu repertório lingüístico, apreender novos significados a partir de seus próprios enunciados e, por meio da deliberação consigo mesmo, convencer-se e persuadir-se. / This study aims at presenting the origins of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), its main ideas, theoretical presuppositions and goals. Furthermore, it will be analyzed the meta-model, its relationship with language and its exploitation through the modeling process, all based on the book The structure of magic I: a book about language and therapy, by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, the founders of NLP. Moreover, it will be examined the transformations obtained from the derivation process, based on Noam Chomsky´s Transformational-generative grammar, with the goal of verifying its relationship with the meta-model. When exploiting the subject´s discourse submitted for the process of modeling, it will be verified in which way the new semantic contents revealed by the transformations could influence that subject and made him alter his vision of the world. For this analysis, it will be investigated also the classic theories of Argumentation, especially the conviction and persuasion concepts. It will also be verified that the process of modeling can offer resources to the subject, for him to enhance his linguistic vocabulary, to learn new meanings from his own sentences and to be able to persuade and convince himself through deliberating with his inner self.

A pesquisa que aqui se apresenta trata dos sufixos aumentativos -ão; -aço(a); -uço(a); -arro(a) e -orro(a). Essa investigação pautou-se em aspectos etimológicos, morfológicos e semânticos. Sendo assim, foi possível apontar a origem e delimitar os significados que cada afixo assume em português. Além disso, puderam-se verificar as transformações e o desenvolvimento semântico desses elementos formativos. Para tanto, utilizou-se, como base inicial para o estudo, o Dicionário Houaiss, do qual foram extraídos os vocábulos derivados a partir dos sufixos arrolados acima. A análise diacrônica forneceu indícios do percurso histórico, revelando as influências de algumas línguas românicas. Por isso, em muitos momentos também foi necessário recorrer ao estudo desses formantes lexicais no galego, espanhol, catalão, francês e italiano para esclarecer o trajeto por eles percorrido. Realizou-se ainda uma comparação, no que se refere à função aumentativo-intensiva desses elementos derivacionais. A pesquisa empreendeu também uma análise acerca da produtividade e frequência de uso. A primeira apoiou-se na observação das criações neológicas e a segunda foi estipulada a partir de páginas da internet, escritas em português. Esse procedimento permitiu observar a situação atual dos sufixos em apreço. / The research that is here presented is about the augmentatives suffixes -ão; -aço(a); -uço(a); -arro(a) and -orro(a) from Portuguese language. This investigation is based on etymologic al, semantical and morphological aspects. This way, it was possible to point the origin to stablish boundaries for the meanings that each affix holds in Portuguese. In addition, it was also possible to verify the semantical development and transformations of those elements. In order to do that, the Houaiss Dictionary was used as original source of this study, from where words with the suffixes mentioned before could be extracted. The diachronic analysis showed some evidences of the historical pathway and the influence of some Romance languages. Because of that, for many times it was necessary to study those lexical pieces in spanish, catalan, french, italian and galician to clarify the way they have been through. It was also possible to compare them, when talking about the intensive-augmentative function of those derivational elements. Still, the research was an analysis about the productivity and frequency of usage. The first one, the productivity, was based on the observations of neologistical creations and the second one, the frequency, was based on the research on the internet. During this process it was possible to observe the behavior those suffixes have nowadays.

For years, the modelling of the brain tissue has been widely investigated. Indeed, a biomechanical model of the brain would find applications in fields like image-guided neurosurgery or safety system design (helmets, car manufacturing, security fences design,...). In the present thesis, we propose an original, fractional calculus-based, constitutive equation of the brain tissue. Different types of experiments (unconfined compression, relaxation and cyclic tests) were carried out in order to characterize the mechanical behaviour of the brain tissue. The use of the digital image correlation enabled us, for the first time to our best knowledge, to prove the incompressibility of the brain tissue, a widespread assumption. The constitutive model was calibrated and validated using these experiments. The agreement between the model and the experimental results is very satisfactory. The model reproduces with only a few percent error the stress-strain curves for the compression tests at three different loading rates covering two orders of magnitude as well as the behaviour in the relaxation and cyclic tests. La modélisation du tissu cérébral fait l'objet de nombreuses recherches depuis quelques années. En effet, un modèle biomécanique du cerveau trouverait des applications dans le domaine de la neurochirurgie guidée par l'image et chez les fabricants de système de sécurité (casques, automobiles, barrières de sécurité,...). Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle d'équation constitutive original pour le tissu cérébral basé sur l'utilisation des dérivées d'ordre réel arbitraire (aussi connues sous le terme de dérivées fractionnaires). Divers types d'essais (compression, relaxation et essais cycliques) ont également été réalisés afin de caractériser le comportement mécanique du tissu cérébral. L'utilisation de la corrélation d'images numériques a permis, pour la première fois à notre connaissance, de démontrer expérimentalement son incompressibilité, justifiant ainsi une hypothèse couramment rencontrée. La loi constitutive développée a été calibrée et validée à partir de ces essais. L'accord entre le modèle et les résultats expérimentaux est très satisfaisant en ce qui concerne le comportement en compression à trois vitesse de déformation différentes s'étalant sur deux ordres de grandeur. Il en va de même pour les comportements en relaxation et lors des essais cycliques.

This study investigates, theoretically and empirically, the role of animacy in the development of gender systems. The theoretical background is a grammaticalisation approach to language change. Concerning gender, this presupposes that classifications begin as semantic distinctions in the realm of animacy with flexible, contextually based agreement between the gender-marking elements. This kind of gender is called contextual gender. In the course of time, these classifications will spread into other areas, they become desemanticized and the agreement relation grammaticalizes into one of government where the inherent gender of the head noun controls the gender of the agreeing elements, irrespective of contextual factors When this leads to a great number of violations of the principles of contextual agreement in the realm of animacy, a new cycle of semantic classification will begin, creating layers of classifications. For German and Swedish two different layers are discerned respectively. The empirical starting point of this project was the observation of two opposite developments in the area of female person reference in Germany and Sweden. As a consequence of feminist critique of language, mainly targeted at the use of socalled masculine generics, in Germany the use of female gender-specific nouns increased substantially, the major means being female derivation with –in, so-called motion. Although similar means for female derivation exist in Swedish, i.e. -inna and -ska, the number of derivations used is decreasing. In order to isolate socio-cultural and historical facts from language-internal mechanisms behind the diverging tendencies, a historical sketch of the development of equal rights, of language criticism and of the development of the female suffixes is drawn for the respective countries. It is obvious, that the German strategy to achieve gender-fair language use is established by making women visible by means of motion, while in Sweden the use of gender-neutral forms for a long period of time has been regarded as a sign of equality. This ‘neutral’ use of former masculine and male-specific forms has been made possible by the merging of the two nominal genders masculine and feminine into uter (Sw. utrum). A contrastive study of comparable German and Swedish newspaper texts shows that the lack of motion in Swedish is partly compensated by composition and attribution with gender-specific lexemes. Still, the 64% gender-specific noun phrases in Swedish cannot compare with the 95% in German. But the use of gender-specific forms for well over half of the person references calls into doubt the general opinion shared by most Swedes that Swedish has a gender-neutral person reference system. Linguistic asymmetry persists as long as gender-specification is restricted to one half of the gendered population, whatever the means for specification. The almost exclusive use of gender-specific forms in German is seen as indicative of a grammaticalisation process. Haspelmaths invisible hand explanation of grammaticalisation is used to show how the development of -in in German fulfils just about every requirement on a grammaticalisation process – language-external as well as -internal – while -inna and -ska neither are promoted sufficiently by the speech community nor does there exist a paradigm that could accommodate them. In contrast to Swedish, where the suffixes remain strictly derivational, it is demonstrated that -in is turning into an inflectional marker. The German gender sub-system for person reference is developing into a semantically based system with genderflexible person denominations. A study of the pronouns agreeing with non-personal-agents in a parallel corpus of EU-documents shows that other aspects than purely referential or formal ones impinge on the choice of agreement forms. Non-personal-agents in certain contexts expose both agency and intentionality, which turns them into suitable agreement partners for animate pronouns. In Swedish, all animate pronouns are sexed, leaving a “Leerstelle” for these inanimate but agentive and intentional referents. In German, this problem is covered by the polysemy of the personal pronouns. Non-personal-agents are shown to be one possiblesource for the spreading of a linguistic innovation from the realm of animacy into inanimate contexts via semantic and thematic roles that share important features with animates proper. The last study makes use of different types of German monolingual corpora in order to investigate the agreement between inanimate nouns with female inherent gender – from non-personal-agents and abstracts to concrete nouns – and agent nouns which can potentially expose agreement by female derivation. Although the results are rather heterogeneous, they allow the formulation of the hypothesis that agreement is more likely to occur with nouns for which a metaphorical bridge to stereotypical conceptions of femininity can be constructed and that key collocations with high frequency such as die Kirche als Trägerin or die DNA als Trägerin der Erbinformation contribute significantly to the spread of the agreement pattern.

Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe yra nagrinėjama, kaip ir kokiu mastu, struktūrinant reikalavimus pagal J.A.Zachmano karkasą ir panaudojant Toronto grupės pasiūlytą nefunkcinių reikalavimų dekomponavimo metodiką (NFR), galima bent iš dalies formalizuoti reikalavimų nuleidimą iš verslo lygmens į programų sistemos lygmenį. Darbo teorinėje darbo dalyje, remiantis atliktos mokslinės literatūros analizės rezultatais, pasiūlyta kaip pritaikyti Toronto metodiką reikalavimams nuleisti iš verslo į programų sistemos lygmenį Zachmano tipo karkasuose. Darbo eksperimentinėje dalyje šie pasiūlymai patikrinti praktiškai, atliekant konkrečios sistemos reikalavimų nuleidimą iš verslo į programų sistemos lygmenį. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad NFR metodika tinkama ne visų reikalavimų nuleidimui žemyn, nes joje yra per silpnos dinamikos modeliavimo priemonės. / The aim of the master thesis is to investigate possibilities to use the NFR (non-functional requirements) approach proposed by Toronto group to perform the flowdown of requirements from business to software level in the methodical requirements engineering frameworks that organize requirements in a way similar to the J.A. Zachman’s Enterprise Architecture. Using results of the library research, the theoretical part of the thesis proposes a methodology how to apply NRF approach to perform flow down of the higher level requirements to lower ones in cases when requirements are organized according to principles proposed by J.A. Zachman. The experimental part of the thesis is devoted to the validation of the proposed approach using a simplified banking system example. The main conclusion of the thesis is that the NFR approach is applicable only to some part of requirements because the modelling means provided by this approach are not sufficient to model the system dynamic.

In this work, the mathematical implications of merging two different turbulence modeling approaches are addressed by deriving the exact hybrid RANS/LES Navier-Stokes equations. These equations are derived by introducing an additive-filter, which linearly combines the RANS and LES operators with a blending function. The equations derived predict additional hybrid terms, which represent the interactions between RANS and LES formulations. Theoretically, the prediction of the hybrid terms demonstrates that the hybridization of the two approaches cannot be accomplished only by the turbulence model equations, as it is claimed in current hybrid RANS/LES models. The importance of the exact hybrid RANS/LES equations is demonstrated by conducting numerical calculations on a turbulent flat-plate boundary layer. Results indicate that the hybrid terms help to maintain an equilibrated model transition when the hybrid formulation switches from RANS to LES. Results also indicate, that when the hybrid terms are not included, the accuracy of the calculations strongly relies on the blending function implemented in the additive-filter. On the other hand, if the exact equations are resolved, results are only weakly affected by the characteristics of the blending function. Unfortunately, for practical applications the hybrid terms cannot be exactly computed. Consequently, a reconstruction procedure is proposed to approximate these terms. Results show, that the model proposed is able to mimic the exact hybrid terms, enhancing the accuracy of current hybrid RANS/LES approaches. In a second effort, the Two Level Simulation (TLS) approach is proposed as a near-wall model for LES. Here, TLS is first extended to compressible flows by deriving the small-scale equations required by the model. The full compressible TLS formulation and the hybrid TLS/LES approach is validated simulating the flow over a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. Overall, results are found in reasonable agreement with experimental data and LES calculations.

This thesis deals with the formation of diminutives and augmentatives in the present-day French. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part there are explained the basic notions, such as: word, word formation processes, especially the derivation. Then the list of all augmentative and diminutive French suffixes is given. The practical part consists of two parts. At first there are presented all the French words ending with the diminutive and augmentative suffixes, found in the French electronic dictionary Le Petit Robert. Then, there is a research made in a parallel language corpus Intercorp. This research is based on the comparison of the formation of diminutives and augmentatives in French and in Czech. The aim is to introduce the formation of diminutives and augmentatives in French and then compare it with the Czech language.