The thesis deals with the differences in Czech and German language in the word-formation, specifically the issue of composite. The main part is devoted to the word-formation of both languages possibilities of vocabulary enrichment are given, important terms of the word-formation are defined and word forming kinds are introduced. It is further processed the theory of composite concepts from different authors. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that in German language appear significantly more composites than sketched options of their Czech equivalents and create a list of Czech equivalent structures. As the basis for this analysis are used texts from the field of hotel industry and tourism in Austria, which are available online on the websites of tourist portals (www.oberoesterreich.at and www.niederoesterreich.at).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 435456 bytes, checksum: c38ab9cb93018e6c4d934dde6c174c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present dissertation furnishes a detailed study about modules of logarithmic derivations, here dubbed tangential idealizers, and some of their main features. Initially, several comparisons between such modules are investigated starting from sufficiently related ideals, motivated by a previous study due to Kaplansky as well as by their close relationship with the classical theory of differential ideals of Seidenberg. We then obtain the first central result, which describes a primary decomposition of the tangential idealizer of an ideal without embedded primary component. Finally, in the second main result, we explore the structure of the derivation module for the class of Stanley-Reisner rings, thus corresponding to tangential idealizers of monomial ideals. An application of such a result is an affirmative answer for the homological Zariski-Lipman conjecture for the present class of rings. / A presente dissertação fornece um estudo detalhado sobre módulos de derivações logarítmicas, aqui denominados idealizadores tangenciais, bem como algumas de suas principais características. Inicialmente, várias comparações entre tais módulos são investigadas, a partir de ideais suficientemente relacionados, motivadas por um estudo prévio de Kaplansky e por sua estreita relação com a clássica teoria dos ideais diferenciais de Seidenberg. Em seguida obtém-se o primeiro resultado central, que descreve uma decomposição primária do idealizador tangencial de um ideal sem componente primária imersa. Finalmente, no segundo resultado principal, é explorada a estrutura do módulo de derivações para a classe de anéis de Stanley- Reisner, correspondendo portanto a idealizadores tangenciais de ideais monomiais. Uma aplicação de tal resultado é a resposta afirmativa para a conjectura homológica de Zariski-Lipman para a presente classe de anéis.

Este trabalho tem um caráter multidisciplinar; faz parte de uma pesquisa mais extensa, cujo objetivo principal é o de estudar, diacronicamente, a formação de palavras do português, com ênfase no processo de sufixação. Direciona-se ao estudo morfológico-diacrônico do sufixo MENTO, precisamente na formação de palavras, por meio do processo derivacional de sufixação; observamos as palavras portuguesas formadas pelo sufixo derivacional MENTO (do latim MEN, MENTUM). Nosso objetivo foi o de identificar os substantivos deverbais, formados por meio de um verbo unido ao sufixo MENTO, e seus significados, para então podermos afirmar a hipótese de todos se originarem de uma ação, construídos pelo modelo verbo + sufixo MENTO. Além disso, também consideramos as acepções semânticas desse sufixo, a fim de apresentarmos algumas formações parafrásticas que denotam um significado no morfema sufixal e não na base das palavras. Com o objetivo de pesquisarmos diacronicamente, como corpus adotamos o Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa em duas versões: publicado em livro e em arquivo digital. Também utilizamos o Corpus do Português e as Cantigas de Santa Maria como corpora para acrescentarmos e alterarmos as datações do dicionário utilizado, além de incluirmos palavras não registradas naquele. A aplicação deste trabalho dá-se no campo da educação superior por meio do estudo da mudança gramatical e da história social do português, com organização simultânea de um corpus de análise. / The present work has a multidisciplinary character and finds its justification before the challenges faced by the contemporary world educational institutions; it is part of a more extensive research, which main objective is to diachronically study the formation of words in Portuguese, with emphasis in the process of suffixation. This work is directed to the diachronic morphological study of the suffix MENTO, more specifically in the formation of words, by means of the derivational process of suffixing; we will observe the Portuguese words formed by the derivational suffix MENTO (from the Latin, MEN, MENTUM). Our objective is to observe the deverbal nouns formed by a verb connected to the suffix MENTO, and its meanings, so we can state the hypothesis that they all origin from an action, formed by the model verb + suffix MENTO. Moreover, we will also research the semantic meanings of this suffix, in order to present some paraphrastic formations that denote a meaning in the suffix morpheme, and not in the base of the word. In order to search diachronically we adopted as corpus the Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa in two versions: as published and in its digital archive. We have also used the Corpus do Português and the Cantigas de Santa Maria as corpora to add and alter the datings of the adopted dictionary, and furthermore, to include words that do not figure in it. The area of application of this work is higher education by means of study of grammatical change and the social history of Portuguese, with the simultaneous organization of an analysis corpus.

随着社会的发展，尤其是互联网的发展，很多语言每年都涌现出了不少新词汇。词语是每个语言最基本也是最重要的组成部分，因此分析这些新词汇的结构特点以及构词法是很有意义的。这篇文章分析了2014年出现在中文里的新词汇和它们的构词方式，论文的目的是为了更好地了解中文词汇的发展和特点。本文以《2014汉语新词语》中公布的2014年出现的新词汇作为语料进行分析，发现了以下两个主要特点：第一，合成法，派生法，缩略法是2014年产生的新词汇的主要构词方式；第二， 百分之七十二的新词汇是多音节词（包含三个或者三个以上音节），而百分之八十的是名词。这些特点说明中文词汇现阶段的特点和发展趋势，跟传统的中文词汇有不同之处。 / The aim of this thesis was to investigate how new Chinese words are formed and to examine the linguistic patterns among them. This thesis focused on the analysis of Chinese words formed in 2014. The quantitative data for the analysis included a collection of 423 new Chinese words from the book 2014 汉语新词语 (hànyǔxīn cíyǔ) by Hou and Zhou. Parts of speech and number of syllables in the new words were investigated, although the focus was on word-formation processes. A discussion of derivation, blending, abbreviation, analogy, borrowing, change of meaning, compounding and inventions is also included. The share of each word-formation process used for each of the new words was presented statistically in order to reveal the significance of each word-formation process. The analysis showed that compounding, derivation and abbreviation were the major word-formation processes in 2014. The study also suggests that words formed by derivation and analogy were much more frequent in 2014, in comparison to previous studies. Furthermore, the ways words are formed in Chinese are changing and evolving, as some word-formation processes are becoming more frequently used in the formation of new words.

Suppletion is a term used to describe the occurrence of unpredictable and irregular patterns. Although typological research has been devoted to verb suppletion, not as much attention has been given to suppletion in nominal and adjectival paradigms. The thesis presents the cross-linguistic distribution of nominal and adjectival suppletion. The lexical distribution as well as the features involved are presented. The results of nominal suppletion show that nouns referring to humans are most often suppletive, that number is the most common grammatical feature involved in nominal suppletion and that „child‟ is by far the most common noun to be suppletive cross-linguistically. The results on adjectival suppletion show that adjectival suppletion is well spread though not very common cross-linguistically. A study of 8 Semitic languages shows that „woman‟ versus „women‟ are stable suppletive forms in this language family.

Avec l’apparition du véhicule électrique, le besoin électrique est en progression constante. La taille des batteries étant contrainte et leurs performances étant limitées, il est devenu indispensable de disposer d’une Gestion de l’Energie Electrique (GEE) performante. Il est donc nécessaire de maitriser l’énergie et la puissance disponibles de l’accumulateur grâce à des estimateurs d’états internes. Ce travail de thèse présente une étude détaillée de la modélisation des accumulateurs lithium-ion à partir de la théorie des électrodes poreuses ainsi que des méthodes de paramétrisation de ces modèles. Sur la base de cette étude, des structures d’observation de l’état de charge d’un accumulateur lithium-ion ont été créées. Ces structures permettent d’estimer l’état de charge de manière fiable tout en prenant en compte des erreurs de mesures des courants et tensions mises en jeu. / In electric cars, electrical need increases continuously. Since, the battery size is limited and its performances do not improve any more, it is essential to have a high-performance electrical energy management. It is thus necessary to control the battery resources, in terms of available energy and power, thanks to an ageing-integrated state estimator. This thesis work presents a detailed study of the modeling of the lithium-ion battery thanks to the porous electrodes theory and parameterization methods of these models. Following this study, structures of observation of the SOC of lithium-ion batteries has been made. Those structures allow us to estimate the Soc in a reliable way taking into account of currents and voltages errors involved.

This diploma thesis takes a comprehensive look at the matter of prefixation in contemporary Spanish and it is therefore divided into two parts. In the first one, we occupy ourselves with the area of constructional morphology and tackle theoretical matters. From the more general topics of word formation we then proceed to prefixation itself which we then attempt to define and describe in more detail. We outline the issues of concept delimitations, definition of prefixation, classification of prefixes and other controversial matters related to this process in the Spanish language. The second part of the thesis is of a more practical nature. There, we focus on the semantic meanings (locative and gradative) some prefixes may acquire. We then concentrate on specific prefixes (entre-, inter-, sobre-, super-), their distribution among word classes, and finally, using InterCorp, a parallel language corpus, we study Czech equivalents of selected elements.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá zkoumáním nových verzí automatů a gramatik a je proto rozdělena do dvou částí. První část definuje a studuje čisté více zásobníkové automaty a navíc zavádí úplná uspořádání nad jejich zásobníky nebo zásobníkovými symboly. Práce dokazuje, že zavedená omezení snižují vyjadřovací sílu automatů. Ve druhé části práce jsou definovány a popsány nové derivační módy gramatik s rozptýleným kontextem, které zobecňují relaci přímé derivace. Je dokázáno, že jejich použití nesnižuje vyjadřovací sílu gramatik.

The diploma thesis deals with negation in Spanish, especially lexical negation and negative prefixes. It is divided into two parts: the first one is theoretical which is followed by a practical one, which contains its own research. The aim of the first part is to genereally define negation from the perspective of various disciplines and to characterize the means that are used to create the negative (in Spanish and Czech). The greatest emphasis is placed on word- formation negation, that is why basic word-forming processes are defined here. In the theoretical part, the greatest attention is paid to prefixation: basic categories of prefixes are described with emphasis on negative prefixes. The second part focuses on the research which is based on the work with the language corpus and subsequently the questionnaire, which was created for the purpose of the work. The aim of the practical part is to discover some specifics in the behaviour of individual negative prefixes (a-, des-, in-, anti- and contra-) and their possible interchangeability. Subsequently conclusions are drawn from this part, following the theoretical part and completing the overall view of lexical negation in Spanish.

In the field of Natural Language Processing, word-formation is under-resourced comparing to inflectional morphology. Moreover, the existing resources capturing word-formation differ in many aspects. This thesis aims to review existing language resources for word-formation across languages and to unify them to a common data structure and file format. Basic notions of word-formation are followed by a review of existing language resources and their comparison in both quantitative and qualitative aspects. In the core part of the thesis, the harmonisation process is presented. Design decisions on the unification procedure are presented, and the selection of the resources to unify is described. The resources are unified to the rooted tree data structure and stored in a lexeme-based file format, which is already used in DeriNet 2.0. The procedure applies supervised machine learning model and the Maximum Spanning Tree algorithm. While the model scores word-formation relations, the MST algorithm uses the scores for identifying the rooted tree structure in each word-formation family. The resulting collection of harmonised resources covering 20 European languages was published under the title 'Universal Derivations' (UDer).