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Dickens formule un projet de la mémoire qui s’étend sur plusieurs de ses romans publiés entre 1840 et1870. Cette dimension de son œuvre se place entre les deux pôles de la memoria – une forme institutionnalisée de la mémoire technique chez les classiques et les médiévaux – et une mémoire subjective, proustienne. Les romans étudiés s’articulent autour d’une mise en scène de cette combinaison à travers laquelle les deux sujets de l’individu et de la société sont liés aux thèmes de la Loi, du savoir, et du désir. Ils sont autant de « livres de la mémoire » qui font système de l’univers psychique et social représentés en mettant en œuvre les outils métaphoriques et logiques propres à l’art et aux phénomènes mnémoniques.Cependant, ce système de la mémoire correspond aussi bien à ce qui organise les données du réel qu’à ce qui les perturbe. Ainsi, il constitue une manière de représenter tant l’effort de symbolisation que ce qui l’entrave, le subvertit ou le pervertit. Les personnages du roman sont pris entre les deux pôles de l’ordre et de la discipline, d’un côté, et du choc traumatique qui sème le chaos, de l’autre. L’évolution de ce parcours de la représentation correspond à la poursuite du processus de subjectivation que les personnages de Dickens traversent, allant du premier moment de la sujétion à la Loi symbolique au dernier moment de l’accès au savoir ou à la vérité, une révolution subjective. / Dickens formulates a project of memory which extends over several of his novels published between1840 and 1870. This dimension of his work is to be situated between the two poles of memoria – aninstitutionalized form of technical memory developed during the classic and medieval periods – and asubjective, Proustian memory. The novels studied here are built on an enactment of this combinationthrough which the agencies of the individual and society are related to the themes of Law, knowledge,and desire. They are “books of memory” that totalize the psychic and social worlds represented infiction by using metaphorical and logical material peculiar to the art of memory and to mnemonicphenomena.However, this system of memory corresponds to that which orders the coordinates of reality as to thatwhich disturbs them. It is a way of representing the effort of symbolization as well as the factor thatimpedes, subverts, or perverts it. The characters are placed between the two poles of order anddiscipline, on one side, and traumatic shock leading to disorder, on the other. The evolution of this lineof representation corresponds to the process of subjectivization that Dickens’s characters undergo,moving from a first moment of subjection to the symbolic Law to an ultimate moment of access toknowledge or truth, a real subjective revolution.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar como o romance A Tale of Two Cities de Charles Dickens reflete em sua estrutura questões políticas importantes que estavam presentes na sociedade inglesa no século XIX, principalmente a formação na Inglaterra de uma cultura antirrevolucionária que pintava a Revolução, usando o exemplo Francês, como um episódio comandado por uma multidão desvairada e fora de controle. Essa cultura encontra-se presente na forma como Dickens figurou a Revolução Francesa, nas incessantes comparações que faz entre a França e a Inglaterra e na constante oscilação no posicionamento do narrador. Ao mesmo tempo, a análise do romance nos permite ver que essa mesma cultura não excluiu totalmente a percepção de que a situação clamava por mudanças. Nossa hipótese é que subjacente ao enredo do romance e aderido à sua estrutura encontra-se a discussão acerca de duas soluções para a crise pressentida: a Reforma e a Revolução. O romance suscita, por causa da volubilidade do narrador, a defesa das duas posições, ora pendendo para a Revolução, pela crítica à aristocracia, ora para a Reforma, ao promover a demonização das massas. Defenderemos que essa oscilação culmina na construção de uma terceira solução, que, apesar de ser à primeira vista conservadora, torna-se radical ao expor a impossibilidade de outra saída política quando a Revolução é excluída do horizonte de possiblidades. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze how the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens reflects in its structure important political issues which were part of the English society in the 19th Century, mainly the construction of a counter-revolutionary culture which portrayed the Revolution, using the French example, as an episode led by a crazed mob. This culture is present in the way Dickens depicted the Revolution, in the recurrent comparisons between France and England and in the continuous shift in the narrators opinion. At the same time, the analysis of the novel enables us to observe that this very culture did not exclude the perception that the situation claimed for changes. Our hypothesis is that the issue underlying the plot of the novel and interwoven in its structure is the discussion about two solutions to the perceived crisis: Reform and Revolution. The novel raises, because of the volubility of the narrator, arguments in the defense of both positions, sometimes advocating the Revolution in the criticism against the aristocracy, sometimes supporting the Reform, in the demonising of the mob. We argue that the alternation between these two positions culminates in the construction of a third solution, which, althought conservative at first sight, turns out to be radical for exposing the impossilbity of any other political solution when the Revolution is excluded as a possiblility.

O objetivo desta tese é uma análise do romance Dombey e Filho (1848), de Charles Dickens. Esse é seu sétimo romance e representa um divisor de águas em sua obra: a crítica social, a observação dos costumes e o diagnóstico da época passaram a ser feitos de um modo mais incisivo. Sempre com a preocupação de relacionar a forma literária e o processo social, nossa hipótese é a de que o narrador de Dombey e Filho, ao materializar os paradoxos da sociedade inglesa em meados do século XIX, busca soluções estéticas para contradições da realidade. A despeito das mudanças ocorridas nesses cento e cinquenta anos, e agora num contexto mais amplo, partes substanciais de tais contradições foram acentuadas, continuando em vigor, além disso, o certo estatuto de normalidade que as acompanham. Nesse sentido, nosso desafio é procurar na própria forma da obra os índices de algo que está para além dela: em seu presente e em seu futuro. / The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the novel Dombey and Son (1848), by Charles Dickens. It is his seventh novel and represents a watershed in his work: in it, social criticism, the observation of manners and the diagnosis of the age became more incisive. Always bearing in mind the attempt to establish the relationship between literary form and social process, I argue that the narrator in Dombey and Son tries to elaborate aesthetic solutions for real contradictions while dealing with paradoxical midnineteenth- century English society. Despite all the changes since then, and in a broader context now, substantial parts of these contradictions have been emphasized, acquiring a certain degree of accepted normality. In this sense, our challenge is to investigate in the very form of the novel signs of something that goes beyond it: in its present and in its future.

Les études qui entreprennent d’évaluer la place de la maladie dans les romans de Dickens et Collins adoptent souvent le point de vue du médecin, montrant comment leurs peintures de la maladie constituent des diagnostics scientifiquement exacts. Or la médecine est d’abord un discours sur la maladie : diagnostiquer les personnages des romanciers reviendrait donc à considérer la grille de lecture médicale comme outil d’analyse valable pour évaluer la maladie dans leur œuvre. Cette thèse se propose d’interroger la pertinence d’une telle grille de lecture, qui semble anachronique [ce discours se construit tout au long du XIXe siècle, il n’est donc pas constitué au moment où les deux romanciers écrivent]. Il s’agit de comprendre comment le discours médical s’est imposé au fil du XIXe siècle : pour dire et écrire la maladie, la médecine s’est inspirée d’autres types de discours, et en premier lieu celui du roman, qu’elle a utilisé pour tenter de prendre place dans les esprits victoriens. Après avoir établi les conditions dans lesquelles est né ce nouveau discours normatif, cette thèse analyse la relation de Dickens et Collins avec ce discours. Conscients que les médecins tentent de passer d’un art à une science positive, les deux romanciers semblent se méfier des nouvelles catégories nosographiques et méthodes cliniques. Nous sommes alors fondés à lire leurs romans non plus seulement comme des documents qui questionnent la pathologie scientifique, mais aussi comme des prismes d’autres imaginaires du corps malade. L’étude de leur œuvre dévoile ainsi les soubassements imaginaires de la nouvelle médecine, mais aussi l’esthétique du morbide propre à chacun des deux auteurs. / Studies concentrating on the value of disease in novels by Collins or Dickens often adopt a medical point of view, showing that the novelists depict illness with the eyes of trained clinicians, offering surprisingly precise case studies and diagnoses. This approach sheds light on some episodes; yet, the “medico-realists” seem to overlook that by viewing literature through a medical prism, they are using the tools and rationale of a constructed discourse. Pathology, which is the science that studies the disease and not the disease itself, was created all long the 19th century. Viewing the novelists’ treatment of disease only through the filter of pathology gives a reductive image of the way they understand morbidity. This research aims at deconstructing the medical discourse, and at showing how, to take up Dickens’s words, “for theories, as for organised beings, there is also a Natural Selection and a Struggle for Life”, which str! uggle scientific medicine has apparently won. Doctors have used other types of discourse to create their own, and in so doing, novels have been a great source of inspiration. After positing that medicine creates a myth of positivism, this study goes on to analyse the way Dickens and Collins considered the rise of this new field. Unlike what medico-realists seem to take for granted, the novelists did not subscribe to the new medical methods and even denied understanding disease according to pathological categories. Their use of diseases unexpectedly unveils the way doctors wrote and imagined disease. Studying Dickens’s and Collins’s ways of conceiving pathology offers insight into the imaginary origins of a burgeoning science.

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