Através da presente pesquisa, inserida no âmbito dos estudos lexicais, particularmente com ênfase nos estudos metalexicográficos, verifica-se a qualidade do tratamento dispensado às expressões idiomáticas de natureza verbal em um dicionário geral de língua, o Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, edição 2006. Analisando aspectos ligados aos níveis estruturais de um dicionário (superestrutura, macroestrutura e microestrutura) no que diz respeito ao registro de fraseologias, confirma-se o tratamento ainda insuficiente das fraseologias nesse tipo de dicionário à medida que tais unidades lexicais não constituem entradas lexicais e também não constam de maneira uniforme no interior dos verbetes. Para o reconhecimento das expressões idiomáticas de natureza verbal, ou locuções verbais, adotou-se como referencial teórico os postulados de Gross (1996), que prevê, em especial, critérios de identificação do grau de congelamento lexical. Nesse aspecto, constatou-se que o dicionário analisado registra como ‘locuções’ outros tipos de unidades lexicais complexas. / Through the present research, inserted in the scope of lexical studies, with particular emphasis on metalexicographical studies, the quality of the treatment given to the idiomatic expressions of verbal nature in a general language dictionary, the Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, 2006 edition, is verified. Analyzing the structural aspects of a dictionary (superstructure, macrostructure and microstructure) with regard to the record of phraseologies, it is confirmed the still insufficient treatment of phraseologies in this kind of dictionary as such lexical units are not lexical entries and also they are not uniformly inside the articles. For the recognition of the idiomatic expressions of verbal nature, or verbal locutions, it was adopted as a theoretical framework the postulates of Gross (1996), wich foresees, specially, criteria for identifying the degree of lexical freezing. In this aspect, it was found that the analyzed dictionary records as ‘locutions’ other types of complex lexical units.

This Dissertation, entitled The functionality of such lexical dictionary school to high school, analyzes the examples of UNESP Dictionary of Contemporary Portuguese, approved by the National Textbook Dictionary/2012 for distribution and use in Brazilian public schools high school, in order to reflect on the functions of the set of examples in that lexicographical work in the school context that level of Basic Education. Under the theoretical and methodological basis of lexicography, are presented and discussed the elements that make up the macro and microstructure types of dictionaries, with the aim of better understanding the overall structure of the work discussed in this research, and the criteria used by the organizing team for examples of the construction. The methodological procedures for the analysis of the object of study example guided by selection criteria sample corpus on which we applied the categories of functionality proposed by Drysdale (1987). The conclusions arrived this dissertation possible that, in regard to the roles of examples in the work effectively serve to provide context, to differentiate meanings and especially when observed as contextualizers of a given word, supplementary vocabulary definitions, the example can be used by the user as template. This research showed that monolingual dictionaries should rethink the set of examples so that the functions 4, 5 and 6 are evident, thus affecting other dimensions of the lexicon, and assisting students analyzed dictionary users. The analyzes suggest, in short, not only prospects for the development of studies and improvement of lexicographical example, but also for their functions within a lexicographical work for school use. / Esta Dissertação, intitulada A funcionalidade do exemplo lexicográfico em dicionário escolar para o ensino médio, analisa os exemplos do Dicionário UNESP do Português Contemporâneo, aprovado pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático Dicionários/2012, para distribuição e uso nas escolas públicas brasileiras do Ensino Médio, com objetivo de refletir sobre as funções do exemplário na referida obra lexicográfica no contexto escolar desse nível da Educação Básica. Sob a fundamentação teórico-metodológica da Lexicografia, são apresentados e discutidos os elementos que compõem a macro e a microestrutura de tipos de dicionários, com o fito de melhor compreender a estrutura geral da obra analisada nessa pesquisa, bem como os critérios utilizados pela equipe organizadora para construção dos exemplos. Os procedimentos metodológicos para a análise desse objeto de estudo o exemplo orientam-se por critérios de seleção de amostra do corpus sobre a qual foram aplicadas as categorias de funcionalidade propostas por Drysdale (1987). As conclusões a que esta Dissertação chegou possibilitam afirmar que, quanto às funções dos exemplos na obra, efetivamente servem para apresentar contextos, para diferenciar significados e, principalmente, quando observados como contextualizadores de uma dada palavra, complementar definições vocabulares, podendo o exemplo ser usado pelo usuário como modelo. Esta pesquisa mostrou que os dicionários monolíngues devem repensar o exemplário de forma que as funções 4, 5 e 6 sejam evidentes, assim, atingindo outras dimensões do léxico, e auxiliando os alunos usuários do dicionário analisado. As análises apontam, enfim, não só perspectivas para o desenvolvimento dos estudos e aperfeiçoamento do exemplo lexicográfico, como também para suas funções no interior de uma obra lexicográfica para uso escolar.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:33:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wanderson.pdf: 2478946 bytes, checksum: 854238cf4114ab65652ed32f310fab18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-05 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As atuais aplicações embarcadas têm exigido cada vez mais dos sistemas embarcados que por sua vez apresentam inúmeras limitações físicas e de recursos computacionais, sendo a memória um dos recursos mais críticos, devido a sua capacidade de armazenamento ser limitada de acordo com sua área ocupada no sistema. Assim justifica-se o esforço para otimizar o seu uso. Pesquisas têm mostrado que as técnicas de compressão de código servem como uma alternativa para resolver alguns problemas como: espaço, desempenho e consumo de energia nos sistemas embarcados. Esta tese trata da compressão de código dos programas para execução em sistemas embarcados baseados em processadores RISC. Na tese mostra-se que a utilização dos quatro novos métodos propostos e desenvolvidos neste trabalho (CPBARM, HDPB, CCHPB e CC-MLD) resulta em boas taxas de compressão. Implementações eficientes e simples do hardware descompressor também são apresentados. Além disto, um novo tipo de dicionário dividido em níveis também é introduzido por esta tese. O paradigma aplicado por esse novo dicionário consiste em armazenar instruções unitárias e padrões de blocos encontrados no código dos programas ao mesmo tempo e por isto é chamado de Dicionário Multi-Nível. Nas simulações realizadas com os métodos desenvolvidos nesta tese usaram-se alguns programas do benchmark MiBench. As taxas de compressão média obtidas nos métodos variaram de 24,2% a 32%. Assim, os algoritmos propostos oferecem uma melhor exploração da tríade compressão-desempenho-consumo.

The purpose of this paper is to work out criteria for selection of Russian conjunctions for the Swedish-Russian and Russian-Swedish dictionary Mini+ and to suggest a list of conjunctions to be included in it. The present study aims at collecting information, classifying it and examining Russian conjunctions in present-day Russian. The study also systemizes gathered material according to its diachronic features and makes corpus-based co-occurrence analysis, using Russian National Corpus (RNC) and Google Scholar. The paper presents a list of conjunctions to be included into the Russian part of the lexicon, based primarily on their grammatical and stylistic criteria as well as the results of the corpus-based frequency analysis. The choice takes into consideration limitations in size of the given dictionary. Out of a total 272 conjunctions, 55 were chosen for the Russian Swedish Mini+ dictionary. The major group (35) is simple conjunctions that frequently occur in corpus-based search and that are necessary to build basic grammar structures as well as other compound conjunctions, ex. а, даже, едва, если, чтобы, хотя. The second group (13) is compound conjunctions that are important for building most frequent subordinate clauses. The third group (7) is compound conjunctions that frequently occur in corpora.

Video games are very popular among children in the Western world. This study was done in order to investigate if video games had an effect on 49 Swedish students‟ comprehension of English words (grades 7-8). The investigation was based on questionnaire and word test data. The questionnaire aimed to measure with which frequency students were playing video games, and the word test aimed to measure their word comprehension in general. In addition, data from the word test were used to investigate how students explained the words. Depending on their explanations, students were categorized as either using a “video game approach” or a “dictionary approach” in their explanations. The results showed a gender difference, both with regard to the frequency of playing and what types of games that were played. Playing video games seemed to increase the students‟ comprehension of English words, though there was no clear connection between the frequency with which students were playing video games and the choice of a dictionary or video game approach as an explanation.

Le travail dans cette thèse porte sur le problème de détection «one among many» où l’on doit distinguer entre un bruit sous H0 et une parmi L alternatives connues sous H1. Ce travail se concentre sur l’étude et la mise en œuvre de méthodes de détection robustes de dimension réduite utilisant des dictionnaires optimisés. Ces méthodes de détection sont associées au test de Rapport de Vraisemblance Généralisé. Les approches proposées sont principalement évaluées sur des données hyperspectrales. Dans la première partie, plusieurs sujets techniques associés à cette thèse sont présentés. La deuxième partie met en évidence les aspects théoriques et algorithmiques des méthodes proposées. Deux inconvénients liés à un grand nombre d’alternatives se posent. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons des techniques d’apprentissage de dictionnaire basées sur un critère robuste qui cherche à minimiser la perte de puissance dans le pire des cas (type minimax). Dans le cas où l’on cherche un dictionnaire à K = 1 atome, nous montrons que la solution exacte peut être obtenue. Ensuite, nous proposons dans le cas K > 1 trois algorithmes d’apprentissage minimax. Finalement, la troisième partie de ce manuscrit présente plusieurs applications. L’application principale concerne les données astrophysiques hyperspectrales de l’instrument Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer. Les résultats numériques montrent que les méthodes proposées sont robustes et que le cas K > 1 permet d’augmenter les performances de détection minimax par rapport au cas K = 1. D’autres applications possibles telles que l’apprentissage minimax de visages et la reconnaissance de chiffres manuscrits dans le pire cas sont présentées. / This Ph.D dissertation deals with a "one among many" detection problem, where one has to discriminate between pure noise under H0 and one among L known alternatives under H1. This work focuses on the study and implementation of robust reduced dimension detection tests using optimized dictionaries. These detection methods are associated with the Generalized Likelihood Ratio test. The proposed approaches are principally assessed on hyperspectral data. In the first part, several technical topics associated to the framework of this dissertation are presented. The second part highlights the theoretical and algorithmic aspects of the proposed methods. Two issues linked to the large number of alternatives arise in this framework. In this context, we propose dictionary learning techniques based on a robust criterion that seeks to minimize the maximum power loss (type minimax). In the case where the learned dictionary has K = 1 column, we show that the exact solution can be obtained. Then, we propose in the case K > 1 three minimax learning algorithms. Finally, the third part of this manuscript presents several applications. The principal application regards astrophysical hyperspectral data of the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer instrument. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithms are robust and in the case K > 1 they allow to increase the minimax detection performances over the K = 1 case. Other possible applications such as worst-case recognition of faces and handwritten digits are presented.

[pt] Neste trabalho estudam-se os nomes com a estrutura NdeN que podem ser descritos como nomes compostos por justaposição. São observadas 1.500 seqüências de palavras, com o objetivo de contribuir na descrição formal do léxico do português do Brasil e de definir os critérios de identificação de um nome composto com essa estrutura. O critério geral está baseado no conceito da nãocomposicionalidade semântica. Os testes são feitos a partir das propriedades sintáticas e semânticas que há na relação entre os elementos que constituem o grupo nominal, mostrando as distinções entre um grupo nominal livre e um grupo nominal composto. Entre as propriedades, podem ser destacadas: o bloqueio distribucional, a inseparabilidade, a inserção lexical, o apagamento de N2, a substituição de N2 e as variações em gênero e número. Essa descrição mostra-se útil na medida em que um conjunto de regras e critérios de delimitação de unidades lexicais foi definido, constituindo uma base para a incorporação de novos itens ao léxico. Por fim, as propriedades das entradas incorporadas receberam uma representação formal, resultando na criação de um dicionário eletrônico utilizável em processos eletrônicos. / [en] This paper is a study of the NofN structure nouns, which may be described as compound nouns by juxtaposition. 1500 word sequences are observed, aiming at contributing to the formal description of the Brazilian Portuguese lexicon, and defining the identification criteria of a compound noun with such a structure. The general criterion is based on the concept of semantic non- compositionality. The tests are made from the syntactic and semantic properties existing in the relationship between the elements that constitute the nominal group, showing the differences between a free nominal group and a compound nominal group. Among such properties, the following can be pointed out: distributional blockage, inseparability, lexical insertion, N2 erasing, N2 substitution, and gender and number variations. Such description proves to be useful in the sense that a set of lexical units delimitation rules and criteria has been defined, constituting a basis for the incorporation of new items to the lexicon. Finally, the incorporated entries` properties received a formal representation, which resulted in the creation of an electronic dictionary that can be used in electronic processes. / [fr] On étudie dans ce travail les noms formés par la structure NdeN qui caractérise un nom composé par juxtaposition. On a observé 1.500 séquences de mots, pour définir les critères d`identification d`un nom composé par cette structure. Le critère general est fondé sur le concept de la non compositionalité sémantique. Les tests ont été faits à partir des propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques qu`il y a dans la relation existante entre les éléments qui constituent le groupe nominal, en démontrant les distinctions entre un groupe nominal libre et un groupe nominal composé. Parmi ces propriétés, on peut remarquer le bloquement distributionnel, l`inséparabilité, l`insertion lexical, l`effacement de N2, le remplacement de N2 et les variations en genre et en nombre. En examinant ces propriétés, on a pu observer qu`il y a des irrégularités dans la formation de ce procès. Cette description devient utile dans la mesure que cette reconnaissance peut être formulée et qu`un ensemble de règles et de critères de délimitation d`unités lexicales peut être defini, et que, par là, on peut aboutir à l`incorporation de nouveaux items lexicaux. Au bout, en tenant compte de la possibilité de formalisation, les mots composés peuvent être processés automatiquement dans les diccionnaires électroniques.

Cette thèse explore l'analyse de l'activité électrique du cerveau. Un défi important de ces signaux est leur grande variabilité à travers différents essais et/ou différents sujets. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode appelée "adaptive waveform learning" (AWL). Cette méthode est suffisamment générale pour permettre la prise en compte de la variabilité empiriquement rencontrée dans les signaux neuroélectriques, mais peut être spécialisée afin de prévenir l'overfitting du bruit. La première partie de ce travail donne une introduction sur l'électrophysiologie du cerveau, présente les modalités d'enregistrement fréquemment utilisées et décrit l'état de l'art du traitement de signal neuroélectrique. La principale contribution de cette thèse consiste en 3 chapitres introduisant et évaluant la méthode AWL. Nous proposons d'abord un modèle de décomposition de signal général qui inclut explicitement différentes formes de variabilité entre les composantes de signal. Ce modèle est ensuite spécialisé pour deux applications concrètes: le traitement d'une série d'essais expérimentaux segmentés et l'apprentissage de structures répétées dans un seul signal. Deux algorithmes sont développés pour résoudre ces problèmes de décomposition. Leur implémentation efficace basée sur des techniques de minimisation alternée et de codage parcimonieux permet le traitement de grands jeux de données.Les algorithmes proposés sont évalués sur des données synthétiques et réelles contenant des pointes épileptiformes. Leurs performances sont comparées à celles de la PCA, l'ICA, et du template-matching pour la détection de pointe. / This thesis investigates the analysis of brain electrical activity. An important challenge is the presence of large variability in neuroelectrical recordings, both across different subjects and within a single subject, for example, across experimental trials. We propose a new method called adaptive waveform learning (AWL). It is general enough to include all types of relevant variability empirically found in neuroelectric recordings, but can be specialized for different concrete settings to prevent from overfitting irrelevant structures in the data. The first part of this work gives an introduction into the electrophysiology of the brain, presents frequently used recording modalities, and describes state-of-the-art methods for neuroelectrical signal processing. The main contribution of this thesis consists in three chapters introducing and evaluating the AWL method. We first provide a general signal decomposition model that explicitly includes different forms of variability across signal components. This model is then specialized for two concrete applications: processing a set of segmented experimental trials and learning repeating structures across a single recorded signal. Two algorithms are developed to solve these models. Their efficient implementation based on alternate minimization and sparse coding techniques allows the processing of large datasets. The proposed algorithms are evaluated on both synthetic data and real data containing epileptiform spikes. Their performances are compared to those of PCA, ICA, and template matching for spike detection.

A análise automática da similaridade entre imagens depende fortemente de descritores que consigam caracterizar o conteúdo das imagens em dados compactos e discriminativos. Esses dados extraídos e representados em um vetor-de-características tem o objetivo de representar as imagens nos processos de mineração e análise para classificação e/ou recuperação. Neste trabalho foi explorado o uso de dicionários visuais e contexto para representar e recuperar as características locais das imagens utilizando formalismos estendidos com alto poder descritivo. Esta tese apresenta em destaque três novas propostas que contribuem competitivamente com outros trabalhos da literatura no avanço do estado-da-arte, desenvolvendo novas metodologias para a caracterização de imagens e para o processamento de consultas por similaridade. A primeira proposta estende a modelagem Bag-of-Visual-Words, permitindo codificar a interação entre palavras-visuais e suas disposições espaciais na imagem. Para tal fim, três novas abordagem são apresentadas: (i) Weighted Histogram (WE); (ii) Bunch-of-2-grams e (iii) Global Spatial Arrangement (GSA). Cada uma dessas técnicas permitem extrair informações semanticamente complementares, que enriquecem a representação final das imagens descritas em palavras-visuais. A segunda proposta apresenta um novo descritor, chamado de Bag-of-Salience-Points (BoSP), que caracteriza e analisa a dissimilaridade de formas (silhuetas) de objetos explorando seus pontos de saliências. O descritor BoSP se apoia no uso de um dicionário de curvaturas e em histogramas espaciais para representar sucintamente as saliências de um objeto em um único vetor-de-características de tamanho fixo, permitindo recuperar formas usando funções de distâncias computacionalmente rápidas. Por fim, a terceira proposta apresenta um novo modelo de consulta por similaridade, denominada Similarity Based on Dominant Images (SimDIm), baseada no conceito de Imagens Dominantes, que é um conjunto que representa, de uma maneira mais diversificada e reduzida, toda a coleção de imagens da base de dados. Tal conceito permite dar mais eficiência quando se deseja analisar o contexto da coleção, que é o objetivo da proposta. Os experimentos realizados mostram que os métodos propostos contribuem de maneira efetiva para caracterizar e quantificar a similaridade entre imagens por meio de abordagens estendidas baseadas em dicionários visuais e análise contextual, reduzindo a lacuna semântica existente entre a percepção humana e a descrição computacional. / The automatic similarity analysis between images depends heavily on the use of descriptors that should be able to characterize the images\' content in compact and discriminative features. These extracted features are represented by a feature-vector employed to represent the images in the process of mining and analysis for classification and/or retrieval. This work investigated the use of visual dictionaries and context to represent and retrieve the local image features using extended formalism with high descriptive power. This thesis presents three new proposals that contribute in advancing the state-of-the-art by developing new methodologies for characterizing images and for processing similarity queries by content. The first proposal extends the Bag-of-Visual-Words model, by encoding the interaction between the visual words and their spatial arrangements in the image space. For this, three new techniques are presented: (i) Weighted Histogram (WE); (ii) Bunch-of--grams and (iii) Global Spatial Arrangement (GSA). These three techniques allow to extract additional semantically information that enrich the final image representation described in visual-words. The second proposal introduces a new descriptor, called Bag-of-Salience-Points (BoSP), which characterizes and analyzes the dissimilarity of shapes (silhouettes) exploring their salient point. The BoSP descriptor is based on using a dictionary of curvatures and spatial-histograms to represent succinctly the saliences of a shape into a single fixed-length feature-vector, allowing to retrieve shapes using distance functions computationally fast. Finally, the third proposal introduces a new similarity query model, called Similarity based on Dominant Images (SimDIm), based on the concept of dominant images, which is a set of images representing the entire collection of images of the database in a more diversified and reduced manner. This concept allows to efficiently analyze the context of the entire collection, which is the final goal. The experiments showed that the proposed methods effectively contributed to characterize and quantify the similarity between images using extended approaches based on visual dictionaries and contextual analysis, reducing the semantic gap between human perception and computational description.

This thesis is focused on developing a tool that is capable of generating cyber attacks. In the opening there are introduced some attacks using the ISO/OSI application layer protocols. Specifically, these are attacks known as Slowloris, RUDY, Slow Read, HTTP flood, and dictionary attack on the SSH. These attacks are implemented into an existing DoSgen Linux tool that already contains several famous network attacks. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the description of the tool and to the implementation of its own extension. The created tool is practically tested in an experimental enviroment against the Apache web server. Part of the thesis is the documentation for the improved DoSgen tool.