La relativa sistematización de la actuación de la metonimia, siendo un procedimiento creativo para la renovación semántica del léxico, es el punto de partida de esta Tesis, que propone un modelo de seguimiento de la repercusión de la metonimia sobre el léxico del español actual. La Tesis se estructura en cuatro partes, a las que se suman las conclusiones. En primer lugar, se introducen los objetivos y metodología del trabajo, así como la perspectiva adoptada con relación al cambio lingüístico: nos planteamos un estudio sincrónico, según los patrones sistemáticos de actuación del procedimiento. En la segunda parte, desarrollamos una lingüística de la metonimia, superando las restricciones que imponía su caracterización en los tratados retóricos como figura de significación aplicada ad hoc sobre el léxico. Para esta lingüística es medular la condición de contigüidad semántico-referencial en el marco de actuación del procedimiento, que está constituido por un entorno sintagmático infra-discursivo en el que se tiene una categorización lingüística del continuum del mundo. La actuación sistemática de la metonimia tiene que ver con la previsibilidad de las relaciones de contigüidad que perturba en este sintagma virtual. La proyección en el nivel sintáctico discursivo de estos desórdenes relacionales ocasiona incompatibilidades semánticas como resultado de una sustitución paradigmática que otorga a la metonimia su dimensión de tropo. Otros tropos y figuras retóricos, como la sinécdoque, la metalepsis y la hipálage, son caracterizados asimismo en esta parte como procedimientos metonímicos, en tanto que implican una transferencia denotativa, si bien se señalan las condiciones específicas que los diferencian de la metonimia, ya sean relativas al tipo relacional perturbado, o a las características de los polos denotativos relacionados. Especial atención hemos otorgado a la elipsis, por su convergencia con la metonimia cuando genera léxico autónomo y, por tanto, adquiere una dimensión trópica. En la tercera parte, y como resultado de la descripción del procedimiento, delimitamos los parámetros de observación de la metonimia en un diccionario, según su manifestación en los distintos niveles lingüísticos, y los aplicamos también a la relación entre acepciones, estudiando la que se ha llamado metonimia polisémica. A continuación, presentamos los índices lexicográficos para su identificación en el Diccionario del español actual (1999) de Manuel Seco, Olimpia Andrés y Gabino Ramos, que constituye nuestro corpus de estudio. Estos índices nos han proporcionado un patrón de seguimiento de la metonimia en el estado de lengua que recoge este diccionario, lo que ha hecho posible la creación de una base de datos informatizada que constituye la cuarta parte de la Tesis: LexAMET, donde se tiene una recopilación de más de 2.000 palabras del español con una o varias acepciones metonímicas, extraídas de una muestra de 21.000 palabras de nuestro corpus. En esta base de datos clasificamos los cambios semánticos atendiendo al procedimiento metonímico que ha actuado: metonimia, sinécdoque, elipsis metonímica, símbolo metonímico, metalepsis, hipálage, metalogía. Con LexAMET se tiene un recurso lingüístico para la identificación de la intervención de la metonimia en un estado de lengua del español. / This thesis deals with the sistematization process of metonymy as a creative process for the semantic renewal of lexicon. The project proposes a monitoring model to assess the impact of metonymy in contemporary Spanish lexicon.The thesis is structured in four parts plus the final conclusions. In the fist part, our aims and methodology are detailed, together with our view on the linguistic change. We develop a synchronic study, according to the systematic patterns by which the metonymy process acts.In the second part, we develop a metonymy linguistic, going beyond the classic limitations that appeared in theoretical works which considerer metonymy as a meaning figure applied ad hoc to the lexicon.The key for this linguistic is the semantic-referential continuity condition in the acting framework of the process. This process is built by an under-discursive syntagmatic setting where a linguistic categorization of the world's continuum is established. The systematic acting of metonymy is closely linked with the foreseeable continuity relationships that this virtual syntagm disturbs. The projection of these relationship disturbances in the syntactic discursive level produces semantic incompatibilities as the result of a paradigmatic substitution that makes metonymy acquire its trope dimension. Other tropes and rhetorical figures, such as synecdoche, metalepsis and hypallage, are considered as metonymic processes as they imply a denotative transference. We highlight, however, the specific conditions that differentiate them from metonymy, whether the conditions regard the relational type under disturbance or the characteristics of the denotative poles under relation. Ellipsis has been paid special attention, as it overlaps with metonymy when generating autonomous lexicon, thus acquiring a trope dimension. In the third part, and as a result of the process description, we establish the descriptive parameters of metonymy in a dictionary, according to its manifestation in various linguistic levels, and we apply them to the relationship between meanings, studying what has been called polysemic metonymy. Following this study, we show the lexicographic rates for the identification of metonymy in the Diccionario del español actual (1999), by Manuel Seco, Olimpia Andrés y Gabino Ramos. This dictionary makes up our corpus in the study.These rates have provided us with a monitoring pattern of metonymy in the Spanish language recorded in this dictionary, what has allowed us to create an electronic database to which we have devoted the fourth part of our study: LexAMET. This database compiles more than 2000 Spanish words with one or more metonymic sense, taken from our 21000 words corpus.In this database we classify the semantic changes according to the metonymic process in action: metonymy, synecdoche, metonymic ellipsis, metonymic symbol, metalepsis, hypallage, metalogy. LexAMET can be thus defined as a linguistic resource for the identification of metonymy in the Spanish language.

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The objective of this thesis is to formulate a generic dictionary learning method with the guiding principle that states: Efficient representations lead to efficient estimations. The fundamental idea behind using transforms or dictionaries for signal representation is to exploit the regularity within data samples such that the redundancy of the representation is minimized subject to a level of fidelity. This observation translates to rate-distortion cost in compression literature, where a transform that has the lowest rate-distortion cost provides a more efficient representation than the others. In our work, rather than using as an analysis tool, the rate-distortion cost is utilized to improve the efficiency of transforms. For this, an iterative optimization method is proposed, which seeks an orthonormal transform that reduces the expected value of rate-distortion cost of an ensemble of data. Due to the generic nature of the new optimization method, one can design a set of orthonormal transforms either in the original signal domain or on the top of a transform-domain representation. To test this claim, several image codecs are designed, which use block-, lapped- and wavelet-transform structures. Significant increases in compression performances are observed compared to original methods. An extension of the proposed optimization method for video coding gave us state-of-the-art compression results with separable transforms. Also using the robust statistics, an explanation to the superiority of new design over other learning-based methods such as Karhunen-Loeve transform is provided. Finally, the new optimization method and the minimization of the "oracle" risk of diagonal estimators in signal estimation is shown to be equal. With the design of new diagonal estimators and the risk-minimization-based adaptation, a new image denoising algorithm is proposed. While these diagonal estimators denoise local image patches, by formulation the optimal fusion of overlapping local denoised estimates, the new denoising algorithm is scaled to operate on large images. In our experiments, the state-of-the-art results for transform-domain denoising are achieved.

Reducing interference noise in a noisy speech recording has been a challenging task for many years yet has a variety of applications, for example, in handsfree mobile communications, in speech recognition, and in hearing aids. Traditional single-channel noise reduction schemes, such as Wiener filtering, do not work satisfactorily in the presence of non-stationary background noise. Alternatively, supervised approaches, where the noise type is known in advance, lead to higher-quality enhanced speech signals. This dissertation proposes supervised and unsupervised single-channel noise reduction algorithms. We consider two classes of methods for this purpose: approaches based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and methods based on hidden Markov models (HMM).  The contributions of this dissertation can be divided into three main (overlapping) parts. First, we propose NMF-based enhancement approaches that use temporal dependencies of the speech signals. In a standard NMF, the important temporal correlations between consecutive short-time frames are ignored. We propose both continuous and discrete state-space nonnegative dynamical models. These approaches are used to describe the dynamics of the NMF coefficients or activations. We derive optimal minimum mean squared error (MMSE) or linear MMSE estimates of the speech signal using the probabilistic formulations of NMF. Our experiments show that using temporal dynamics in the NMF-based denoising systems improves the performance greatly. Additionally, this dissertation proposes an approach to learn the noise basis matrix online from the noisy observations. This relaxes the assumption of an a-priori specified noise type and enables us to use the NMF-based denoising method in an unsupervised manner. Our experiments show that the proposed approach with online noise basis learning considerably outperforms state-of-the-art methods in different noise conditions.  Second, this thesis proposes two methods for NMF-based separation of sources with similar dictionaries. We suggest a nonnegative HMM (NHMM) for babble noise that is derived from a speech HMM. In this approach, speech and babble signals share the same basis vectors, whereas the activation of the basis vectors are different for the two signals over time. We derive an MMSE estimator for the clean speech signal using the proposed NHMM. The objective evaluations and performed subjective listening test show that the proposed babble model and the final noise reduction algorithm outperform the conventional methods noticeably. Moreover, the dissertation proposes another solution to separate a desired source from a mixture with arbitrarily low artifacts.  Third, an HMM-based algorithm to enhance the speech spectra using super-Gaussian priors is proposed. Our experiments show that speech discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients have super-Gaussian rather than Gaussian distributions even if we limit the speech data to come from a specific phoneme. We derive a new MMSE estimator for the speech spectra that uses super-Gaussian priors. The results of our evaluations using the developed noise reduction algorithm support the super-Gaussianity hypothesis. / <p>QC 20130916</p>

Die Promotionsschrift „Die lexikographische Metode des Wörterbuchs von Jacob Brodowski“ befasst sich mit dem handschriftlichen deutsch-litauischen Wörterbuch Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm (vor 1744, nachstehend – B). Obwohl unvollständig überliefert, gilt dieses Wörterbuch als die größte deutsch-litauische lexikographische Arbeit des 18. Jahrhunderts. Das Ziel der Promotionsschrift ist die Untersuchung der lexikographischen Metode des Wörterbuchs, wobei unter lexikographischer Metode die Gesamtheit der Mittel und Vorgehensweisen verstanden wird, die zur Auwahl und Präsentation des sprachlichen Materials im Wörterbuch dienen. Außerdem umfasst die Untersuchung der lexikographischen Methode die Frage der Wörterbuchquellen. Das erste Kapitel der Dissertation bildet die Einleitung, darauf folgen zwei Kapitel, die einen Überblick über die Entstehungs- und Überlieferungsgeschichte des Wörterbuchs sowie die Lebensumstände des Wörterbuchverfassers bieten. Das vierte und fünfte Kapitel sind der Analyse der Makro- und Mikrostruktur des Wörterbuchs gewidmet. Hier werden der Inhalt und die Struktur des Wörterbuchs eingehend analysiert, die einzigartigen Merkmale des Wörterbuchs herausgearbeitet, das sprachliche Material und seine Präsentationsformen im Wörterbuch näher charakterisiert. Das sechste Kapitel der Dissertation befasst sich mit lexikographischen und nicht lexikographischen Wörterbuchquellen, die jeweils in separaten Abschnitten besprochen werden. Zu... [der volle Text, siehe weiter] / Disertacijoje „Jokūbo Brodovskio žodyno leksikografinis metodas“ tiriamas rankraštinis vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm (prieš 1744, toliau – B). Nors išlikęs nepilnas, šis žodynas laikomas didžiausiu XVIII a. vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų leksikografijos darbu. Disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti ir aprašyti žodyno leksikografinį metodą, kuris suprantamas kaip žodyne pateiktos kalbinės medžiagos atrankos ir pateikimo būdų bei priemonių visuma. Į leksikografinio metodo aprašymą įtrauktas ir žodyno šaltinių tyrimas. Disertacija pradedama įvadu ir dviem apžvalginiais skyriais, skirtais žodyno rankraščio atsiradimo istorijai ir autoriaus gyvenamajam laikotarpiui nušviesti. Ketvirtajame ir penktajame disertacijos skyriuose analizuojama žodyno makrostruktūra ir mikrostruktūra. Čia smulkiai nagrinėjamas B turinys, išskiriami unikalūs jo bruožai ir išsamiai apibūdinama žodyne teikiama leksikografinė informacija bei analizuojamos jos pateikimo formos. Disertacijos šeštasis skyrius skirtas žodyno šaltiniams tirti. Atskiruose skirsniuose aptariami trys pagrindiniai leksikografiniai žodyno šaltiniai ir jų naudojimo pobūdis: Konrado Agricolos Biblijos žodžių konkordancijų Concordantiae Bibliorum, emendatae ac ferè novae […] 1674 m. redakcija, naujai surastas B šaltinis Johanno Jacobo Dentzlerio vokiečių–lotynų kalbų žodynas Clavis Linguae Latinae (1709 m. redakcija) ir paskutiniu žodyno rengimo etapu naudotas anoniminiu laikomas rankraštinis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The doctoral thesis „The Lexicographical Method of the Dictionary of Jacob Brodowski“ focuses on the manuscript German-Lithuanian dictionary Lexicon Germanico=Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico=Germanicvm (before 1744, further on – B). Although the manuscript has survived till the present day incomplete, it is considered to be the largest German-Lithuanian dictionary throughout the 18th century. The aim of the thesis is to examine and describe the lexicographical method of Brodovskis’ dictionary which is understood as the whole of means and techniques of selection of linguistic material as well as its presentation in the dictionary. The lexicographical method also covers an analysis of sources of the dictionary. The thesis starts with an introduction, two overviews on the history of the survival of the manuscript and on some special circumstances of author‘s life. The fourth and fifth parts analyse the macrostructure and microstructure of the dictionary. They present a detailed description of the dictionary contents, show its unique characteristics and thoroughly analyse lexicographical information and its presentation forms in B. The sixth part of the thesis focuses on dictionary sources. The most important lexicographical sources of B are discussed in three separate sections: a revised edition of Konrad Agricola‘s concordance to the Bible Concordantiae Bibliorum, emendatae ac ferè novae […] (1674), the German-Latin dictionary Clavis Linguae Latinae by Johann Jacob Dentzler (the... [to full text]

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents a system that is designed to replace the manual process of generating a pronunciation dictionary for use in automatic speech recognition. The proposed system has several stages. The first stage segments the audio into what will be known as the subword units, using a frequency domain method. In the second stage, dynamic time warping is used to determine the similarity between the segments of each possible pair of these acoustic segments. These similarities are used to cluster similar acoustic segments into acoustic clusters. The final stage derives a pronunciation dictionary from the orthography of the training data and corresponding sequence of acoustic clusters. This process begins with an initial mapping between words and their sequence of clusters, established by Viterbi alignment with the orthographic transcription. The dictionary is refined iteratively by pruning redundant mappings, hidden Markov model estimation and Viterbi re-alignment in each iteration. This approach is evaluated experimentally by applying it to two subsets of the TIMIT corpus. It is found that, when test words are repeated often in the training material, the approach leads to a system whose accuracy is almost as good as one trained using the phonetic transcriptions. When test words are not repeated often in the training set, the proposed approach leads to better results than those achieved using the phonetic transcriptions, although the recognition is poor overall in this case. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van die tesis is om ’n stelsel te beskryf wat ontwerp is om die handgedrewe proses in die samestelling van ’n woordeboek, vir die gebruik in outomatiese spraakherkenningsstelsels, te vervang. Die voorgestelde stelsel bestaan uit ’n aantal stappe. Die eerste stap is die segmentering van die oudio in sogenaamde sub-woord eenhede deur gebruik te maak van ’n frekwensie gebied tegniek. Met die tweede stap word die dinamiese tydverplasingsalgoritme ingespan om die ooreenkoms tussen die segmente van elkeen van die moontlike pare van die akoestiese segmente bepaal. Die ooreenkomste word dan gebruik om die akoestiese segmente te groepeer in akoestiese groepe. Die laaste stap stel die woordeboek saam deur gebruik te maak van die ortografiese transkripsie van afrigtingsdata en die ooreenstemmende reeks akoestiese groepe. Die finale stap begin met ’n aanvanklike afbeelding vanaf woorde tot hul reeks groep identifiseerders, bewerkstellig deur Viterbi belyning en die ortografiese transkripsie. Die woordeboek word iteratief verfyn deur oortollige afbeeldings te snoei, verskuilde Markov modelle af te rig en deur Viterbi belyning te gebruik in elke iterasie. Die benadering is getoets deur dit eksperimenteel te evalueer op twee subversamelings data vanuit die TIMIT korpus. Daar is bevind dat, wanneer woorde herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata, die stelsel se benadering die akkuraatheid ewenaar van ’n stelsel wat met die fonetiese transkripsie afgerig is. As die woorde nie herhaal word in die afrigtingsdata nie, is die akkuraatheid van die stelsel se benadering beter as wanneer die stelsel afgerig word met die fonetiese transkripsie, alhoewel die akkuraatheid in die algemeen swak is.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 duran_ms_dr_sjrp.pdf: 850219 bytes, checksum: b864f301519c87d221d6364a6d0dd7c4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar parâmetros que possam ser utilizados para orientar melhorias e inovações lexicográficas, a fim de atender as dificuldades dos brasileiros na codificação escrita em línguas estrangeiras. Revisam-se criticamente várias pesquisas, em busca de subsídios que contribuam para diagnosticar as dificuldades de escrever em língua estrangeira, dentre elas os trabalhos produzidos por teóricos da Lexicografia, as pesquisas sobre o uso do dicionário e estudos sobre corpus de aprendizes. Realiza-se, também, uma pesquisa empírica sobre o uso dos dicionários na codificação a fim de complementar, com dados primários, as informações obtidas nas demais fontes. Uma vez conhecidas as necessidades dos usuários de dicionários, analisam-se as obras lexicográficas que expressam o propósito de auxiliar a produção em língua estrangeira. Nessa análise, verifica-se em que medida as necessidades identificadas são atendidas e como são atendidas. Chegase, assim, à conclusão de que algumas das dificuldades solucionáveis por meio da consulta ao dicionário já são satisfatoriamente atendidas pelas obras disponíveis, embora seja oportuno otimizar o acesso dos usuários às informações. Há necessidades, porém, que não são atendidas pelos dicionários ou são atendidas apenas parcialmente. A principal delas é a busca de equivalentes para itens lexicais do português. Há carência de dicionários bilíngües na direção português línguas estrangeiras que possuam, principalmente, a grande maioria dos sentidos e as colocações mais recorrentes de cada item lexical do português, além de ampla exemplificação do uso dos equivalentes em línguas estrangeiras. Para elaborar esses dicionários, o primeiro passo é definir uma nomenclatura que tome por base o léxico ativo do português do Brasil, incluindo lexias simples e complexas, com suas... / This work aims at presenting useful parameters for lexicographical improvements and innovations that meet encoding difficulties of Brazilian dictionary users. A critical review of lexicographers’ works, and researches on second language writing, productive dictionary use, and learner’s corpus, contributes to diagnose the problem of foreign language encoding. Also, an empirical research about dictionary use in encoding activities completes with primary data the information obtained from secondary sources. After identifying what dictionary users need, this work presents an analysis of five dictionaries which expressly mention their purpose to help users to write in a foreign language. Such analysis tries to measure to what extent, and how, users’ needs are satisfied. The conclusion is that reference works are able to solve some of learners` difficulties, although it is desirable to improve the ways users retrieve information from them. However, there are some needs not met by dictionaries or only partially met. The major of them is the search for equivalents in foreign languages that correspond to Portuguese lexical items. There is a lack of bilingual dictionaries Portuguese-foreign language that present, specially, every meaning and recurrent collocations for Portuguese lexical items, besides examples of equivalents use in foreign language. To compile such dictionaries, the first step is to define a word-list based on Brazilian Portuguese active vocabulary, including simple and complex lexical units with all their respective senses. Then, it is suggested to find equivalents in foreign language with examples that illustrate pedagogically their use. For this work, results from other projects may be reused, such as semantic networks, collocation extraction, Brazilian learners corpus, and parallel corpora of Brazilian Portuguese and foreign languages.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-05T13:31:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ RIVAMAR DE ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1568023 bytes, checksum: dcdd1eaa421ad9f09a4f7e8e1fbcdf81 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T13:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ RIVAMAR DE ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1568023 bytes, checksum: dcdd1eaa421ad9f09a4f7e8e1fbcdf81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / A apicultura é uma área que contem um saber específico, através das suas terminologias, e que é compartilhado por biólogos, apicultores, técnicos da área, instituições que se utilizam dela para sua sobrevivência e que se preocupam com as questões ambientais, bem como com a produção de alimentos que a polinização pode proporcionar. A presente dissertação manifesta através do Dicionário de Apicultura, representa o repertório de léxicos apícolas técnico-científicos que permeiam a ciência, a prática da Apicultura, o cotidiano da humanidade. De forma sucinta, apresentam-se considerações sobre os avanços tecnológicos da Apicultura, bem como, transitando pelo marco introdutório das abelhas africanas no Brasil, observando a importância da apicultura racional e sua relação com a sustentabilidade. Em segundo momento, elucidam-se conceitos sobre o léxico, a importância da definição referentes aos termos técnico-científicos e um embasamento pragmático sobre o enquadramento e a tipologia do Dicionário de Apicultura. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus Pombal/PB, dentro do Programa de Pós-Graduação de Sistemas Agroindustriais – PPGSA, denominado de Mestrado em Sistemas Agroindustriais, com objetivo de identificar e descrever terminologias próprias à Apicultura, termos técnico-científicos delimitados através da teoria da semasiologia e onomasiologia, delimitando os conceitos referentes a cada palavra. O corpus deu-se a partir da seleção e catalogação de termos apícolas, utilizados em bibliografias específicas da área, dentre as quais: livros, revistas, periódicos, anais. Assim, encontram-se reunidos nesta dissertação a condensação do conhecimento sistemático da Apicultura na forma de Dicionário. / Beekeeping is an area that has a specific knowledge through its terminology and is shared by biologists, beekeepers, technicians in the area, institutions that use it for their survival and that are concerned with environmental issues, as well as with the Production that pollination can provide. The present dissertation, through the Dictionary of Apiculture, represents the repertoire of technical-scientific apicultural lexicons that permeate science, the practice of Apiculture, the daily life of humanity. Briefly, we present some considerations about the technological advances of Beekeeping, as well as the introduction of African bees in Brazil, observing the importance of rational beekeeping and its relation to sustainability. Secondly, concepts about the lexicon, the importance of the definition referring to technical-scientific terms and a pragmatic basis on the framing and typology of the Dictionary of Apiculture are elucidated. This research was developed at the Federal University of Paraíba, Campus Pombal/PB, within the Postgraduate Program in Agroindustrial Systems - PPGSA, named Master in Agroindustrial Systems, with the objective of identifying and describing beekeeping terminology, technical and scientific terms Delimited through the theory of semasiology and onomasiology, delimiting the concepts referring to each word. The corpus was based on the selection and cataloging of apicultural terms, used in specific bibliographies of the area, among which: books, magazines, periodicals, annals. Thus, we find in this dissertation the condensation of the systematic knowledge of Apiculture in the form of Dictionary.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Many South African Deaf people use their mobile phones for communication with SMSs yet they would prefer to converse in South African Sign Language. Deaf people with a capital `D' are different from deaf or hard of hearing as they primarily use sign language to communicate. This study explores how to design and evaluate a prototype that will allow a Deaf person using SASL to tell a hearing doctor how s/he is feeling and provide a way for the doctor to respond. A computer{based prototype was designed and evaluated with the Deaf people in a previous study. Results from the user trial of the computer{based mock{up indicated that Deaf users would like to see the prototype on a cell phone. Those user trial results, combined with our own user survey results conducted with Deaf people, are used as requirements. We built a prototype for a mobile phone browser by embedding SASL videos inside XHTML pages using Adobe Flash. The prototype asks medical questions using SASL videos. These questions are arranged in an organized way that helps in identifying a medical problem. The answers to the questions are then displayed in English and shown to the doctor on the phone. A content authoring tool was also designed and implemented. The content authoring tool is used for populating the prototype in a context free manner allowing for plug and play scenarios such as a doctor's office, Department of Home A airs or police station. A focus group consisting of Deaf people was conducted to help in the design and pilot trial of the system. A final user trial was conducted with more than thirty Deaf people and the results are presented and analyzed. Data is collected with questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and video recordings. The results indicate that most of the Deaf people found the system easy to learn, easy to navigate through, did not get lost and understood the sign language in the videos on the mobile phone. The hand gestures and facial expressions on the sign language videos were clear. Most of them indicated they would like to use the system for free, and that the system did not ask too many questions. Most of them were happy with the quality of the sign language videos on the mobile phone and would consider using the system in real life. Finally they felt their private information was safe while using the system. Many South African Deaf people use their mobile phones for communication with SMSs yet they would prefer to converse in South African Sign Language. Deaf people with a capital `D' are different from deaf or hard of hearing as they primarily use sign language to communicate. This study explores how to design and evaluate a prototype that will allow a Deaf person using SASL to tell a hearing doctor how s/he is feeling and provide a way for the doctor to respond. A computer{based prototype was designed and evaluated with the Deaf people in a previous study. Results from the user trial of the computer{based mock{up indicated that Deaf users would like to see the prototype on a cell phone. Those user trial results, combined with our own user survey results conducted with Deaf people, are used as requirements. We built a prototype for a mobile phone browser by embedding SASL videos inside XHTML pages using Adobe Flash. The prototype asks medical questions using SASL videos. These questions are arranged in an organized way that helps in identifying a medical problem. The answers to the questions are then displayed in English and shown to the doctor on the phone. A content authoring tool was also designed and implemented. The content authoring tool is used for populating the prototype in a context free manner allowing for plug and play scenarios such as a doctor's office, Department of Home A airs or police station. A focus group consisting of Deaf people was conducted to help in the design and pilot trial of the system. A final user trial was conducted with more than thirty Deaf people and the results are presented and analyzed. Data is collected with questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and video recordings. The results indicate that most of the Deaf people found the system easy to learn, easy to navigate through, did not get lost and understood the sign language in the videos on the mobile phone. The hand gestures and facial expressions on the sign language videos were clear. Most of them indicated they would like to use the system for free, and that the system did not ask too many questions. Most of them were happy with the quality of the sign language videos on the mobile phone and would consider using the system in real life. Finally they felt their private information was safe while using the system. / South Africa

Através da presente pesquisa, inserida no âmbito dos estudos lexicais, particularmente com ênfase nos estudos metalexicográficos, verifica-se a qualidade do tratamento dispensado às expressões idiomáticas de natureza verbal em um dicionário geral de língua, o Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, edição 2006. Analisando aspectos ligados aos níveis estruturais de um dicionário (superestrutura, macroestrutura e microestrutura) no que diz respeito ao registro de fraseologias, confirma-se o tratamento ainda insuficiente das fraseologias nesse tipo de dicionário à medida que tais unidades lexicais não constituem entradas lexicais e também não constam de maneira uniforme no interior dos verbetes. Para o reconhecimento das expressões idiomáticas de natureza verbal, ou locuções verbais, adotou-se como referencial teórico os postulados de Gross (1996), que prevê, em especial, critérios de identificação do grau de congelamento lexical. Nesse aspecto, constatou-se que o dicionário analisado registra como ‘locuções’ outros tipos de unidades lexicais complexas. / Through the present research, inserted in the scope of lexical studies, with particular emphasis on metalexicographical studies, the quality of the treatment given to the idiomatic expressions of verbal nature in a general language dictionary, the Dicionário Eletrônico Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa, 2006 edition, is verified. Analyzing the structural aspects of a dictionary (superstructure, macrostructure and microstructure) with regard to the record of phraseologies, it is confirmed the still insufficient treatment of phraseologies in this kind of dictionary as such lexical units are not lexical entries and also they are not uniformly inside the articles. For the recognition of the idiomatic expressions of verbal nature, or verbal locutions, it was adopted as a theoretical framework the postulates of Gross (1996), wich foresees, specially, criteria for identifying the degree of lexical freezing. In this aspect, it was found that the analyzed dictionary records as ‘locutions’ other types of complex lexical units.