The aim of the diploma thesis New French loanwords in the Czech language is to prove that in certain fields French is still significant source of enriching Czech vocabulary. As the main research method has been used the excerption of the neological material which is assembled in the electronic database Neomat. The first chapter of theoretical part is devoted to the neology and neologisms. Focus is given to the Czech and foreign approaches as well on how to define and classify neologisms. Next chapter deals with terminological specification of the borrowings, their classification and adaptation- integrating procedures via which are loanwords incorporated into the given language. In the practical part the borrowings are firstly characterized; the characterization is based on the communication field in which the loanwords occur. Than follows alphabetically ordered dictionary that incorporates 182 new French loanwords, it describes their meanings and determine morphological and word class characteristics. The majority of the new Gallicisms the Czech language are nouns and adjectives and they originates from the fields of gastronomy, oenology, art and fashion. However, some borrowed verbs and adverbs can be found in the researched material as well. The outcomes of the research suggest that language...

Annotation This diploma thesis deals with a communication used within information technologies, especially within computer slang. The theoretical part of this work is dedicated to the term `slang{\crq} and its position within the structure of the national language. It presents different definitions of slang and the opinions of linguists on defining this term. Diploma thesis also describes the linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of slang. The second part of the work sets out commentary on the history of information technologies and it also introduces an overview of the written sources concerning the computer slang. The intention of this work was above all to set a dictionary of the computer slang mostly composed on a basis of questionnaire research which was done throughout the period 2007 {--} 2009. The linguistic material was subjected to analysis; it is focused on basic characteristics of slang, especially on the synonymy and expressivity. It also explores the computer anglicisms and character of their adaptation in the Czech language.

Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (PCNEM) recomendam que a habilidade da leitura seja desenvolvida nas aulas de língua estrangeira, bem como indicam o uso de dicionário bilíngue para ampliação do repertório vocabular. Não obstante, pesquisas recentes demonstram que os dicionários inglês/português disponíveis no mercado brasileiro não atendem às demandas escolares de forma eficaz, uma vez que não se fundamentam em critérios lexicográficos coerentes e bem definidos. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo da presente tese é fornecer bases teóricas e metodológicas para o desenho de um dicionário passivo inglês-português para o estudante do ensino médio. Para tanto, primeiramente, são estabelecidos os parâmetros que devem orientar a concepção de uma obra lexicográfica: definição tipológica, perfil do usuário e funções que a obra deve cumprir. A conjunção desses três critérios aliada à revisão da literatura especializada e à análise do conteúdo disponibilizado em dez dicionários inglês/português para uso escolar permite que, nas etapas seguintes do trabalho, sejam apresentadas propostas para a configuração de cada um dos componentes estruturais de um dicionário: a macroestrutura, a microestrutura, a medioestrutura e o outside matter. / The National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Education (PCNEM) propose the development of reading skills in the foreign language classes, as well as recommend the use of bilingual dictionaries for vocabulary expansion. Nevertheless, recent researches have demonstrated that the English-Portuguese dictionaries available in the Brazilian market are not able to meet the students’ needs effectively, since they do not follow coherent and clear lexicographic criteria. In this context, the aim of the present thesis is to provide theoretical and methodological bases for designing a passive English/Portuguese dictionary for the secondary school students. For this purpose, first of all, the parameters that should guide the design of a dictionary are established: the typological definition, the target user and the functions that must be performed by the reference work. The combination of these three criteria along with the review of the literature and the analysis of the content available in ten English/Portuguese dictionaries for school use makes possible that, in the following stages of the work, proposals be presented for setting up each of the structural components of a dictionary : the macrostructure, the microstructure, the mediostructure and the outside matter.

Le constat qui consiste à dire que dans la pratique, le traducteur travaille en particulier sur des mots insérés dans des contextes, et non sur des unités lexicales dépourvues de toute situation de communication, et que l’ouvrage lexicographique constitue un des outils du travail traductionnel, nous amène à nous interroger sur l’état de la contextualisation dans le dictionnaire bilingue français-arabe. L’actuelle recherche, s’appuyant sur plusieurs approches, ne met pas seulement l’accent sur les plans organisationnel, quantitatif et qualitatif du contexte lexicographique en microstructure, mais en outre, met la lumière sur son fonctionnement linguistique, sa relation avec le paramètre extralinguistique ainsi que son dynamisme dans une optique contrastive. / Starting from the idea that the translator mostly works on words in sentences, and not on lexical units out of any discursive usage, and also from the fact that the bilingual dictionary is a tool of translation, we can wonder about the situation of contextualization in the French-Arabic dictionary. The present work, based on different approaches of analysis, does not only focus on the organizational, quantitative and qualitative levels of the lexicographic context in microstructure, but also deals with the linguistic functioning, the relation with the extralinguistic parameter, and its dynamics from the contrastive point of view.

Esta tese investiga os termos gramaticais árabes pertencentes às classes do nome, do verbo e da partícula. Com o intuito de propor uma harmonização dos termos árabes em português, buscam-se encontrar termos equivalentes em ambos os idiomas, e, para isso, três possibilidades são levantadas: a) equivalência direta, quando os semas das definições terminológicas dos termos gramaticais árabe e português forem concordantes; b) equivalência aproximada, quando nem todos os semas forem concordantes, nesse caso, investigamos a descrição de uso de mais de um termo gramatical português na tentativa de encontrar um equivalente mais adequado para o termo árabe; c) não-equivalência, quando não for verificado equivalente em português para o termo gramatical árabe, então, propomos um neologismo terminológico ou uma paráfrase. O objetivo desta pesquisa é traçar bases teóricas e metodológicas para uma futura elaboração de um dicionário bilíngue (árabe-português) de termos gramaticais árabes. Apresentamos 15 termos teste, a fim de exemplificar os procedimentos metodológicos de análise delineados, até a redação do verbete final que formaria a macroestrutura do referido dicionário. Dos novos termos analisados, 9 pertencem à categoria do nome e 3 ligados à partícula. Como a classe verbal foi objeto de estudo do mestrado (CAFFARO, 2013), selecionamos apenas 3 termos para ilustrar os objetivos traçados na presente tese e, da mesma forma, redigimos os verbetes finais para os termos selecionados. / This thesis investigates the Arabic grammatical terms that belong to the classes of noun, verb and particle. In order to propose a harmonization of these Arabic terms in Portuguese, we have tried to find equivalent terms in both languages and for this, three different possibilities have been generated: a) direct equivalence, which occurs when the terminological definition characteristics of the Arabic and Portuguese grammatical terms were coincidental; b) very nearly equivalence, that happens when not every characteristics were coincidental, in this case, we have investigated the description of use of more than one Portuguese grammatical term as an attempt to find a most appropriate equivalent to the Arabic term; c) non-equivalence, when a Portuguese equivalent has not been verified for the Arabic grammatical term, so we propose a terminological neologism or a paraphrase. The aim of this research is to set up the theoretical and methodological basis for the elaboration of an Arabic grammatical terms bilingual dictionary (Arabic- Portuguese). We have presented 15 test terms, in order to exemplify the outlined methodological procedures, up to the final entry writing, which would be responsible for composing the macrostructure of the mentioned dictionary. Nine of the new analyzed terms belong to the category of noun and three of them are related to the particle. As the verb class has been studied in Master Degree (CAFFARO, 2013), we have selected just three terms to illustrate the objectives presented in this thesis, similarly, we have written the final entry to the selected terms.

Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (PCNEM) recomendam que a habilidade da leitura seja desenvolvida nas aulas de língua estrangeira, bem como indicam o uso de dicionário bilíngue para ampliação do repertório vocabular. Não obstante, pesquisas recentes demonstram que os dicionários inglês/português disponíveis no mercado brasileiro não atendem às demandas escolares de forma eficaz, uma vez que não se fundamentam em critérios lexicográficos coerentes e bem definidos. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo da presente tese é fornecer bases teóricas e metodológicas para o desenho de um dicionário passivo inglês-português para o estudante do ensino médio. Para tanto, primeiramente, são estabelecidos os parâmetros que devem orientar a concepção de uma obra lexicográfica: definição tipológica, perfil do usuário e funções que a obra deve cumprir. A conjunção desses três critérios aliada à revisão da literatura especializada e à análise do conteúdo disponibilizado em dez dicionários inglês/português para uso escolar permite que, nas etapas seguintes do trabalho, sejam apresentadas propostas para a configuração de cada um dos componentes estruturais de um dicionário: a macroestrutura, a microestrutura, a medioestrutura e o outside matter. / The National Curriculum Parameters for Secondary Education (PCNEM) propose the development of reading skills in the foreign language classes, as well as recommend the use of bilingual dictionaries for vocabulary expansion. Nevertheless, recent researches have demonstrated that the English-Portuguese dictionaries available in the Brazilian market are not able to meet the students’ needs effectively, since they do not follow coherent and clear lexicographic criteria. In this context, the aim of the present thesis is to provide theoretical and methodological bases for designing a passive English/Portuguese dictionary for the secondary school students. For this purpose, first of all, the parameters that should guide the design of a dictionary are established: the typological definition, the target user and the functions that must be performed by the reference work. The combination of these three criteria along with the review of the literature and the analysis of the content available in ten English/Portuguese dictionaries for school use makes possible that, in the following stages of the work, proposals be presented for setting up each of the structural components of a dictionary : the macrostructure, the microstructure, the mediostructure and the outside matter.

Estudos sobre o léxico compreendem, além das palavras lexicais, as palavras gramaticais, as quais podem acarretar problemas à compreensão e à produção em língua estrangeira, sobretudo quando um aprendiz sofre interferências da língua materna. Especificamente no estudo da língua italiana em um contexto brasileiro, há palavras gramaticais semelhantes ao português, assim, recorrer à língua materna pode ser um auxílio e não um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento da língua-alvo. Por tal motivo, é preciso reconhecer a importância dos dicionários bilíngues, não como um recurso à tradução de unidades lexicais isoladas, mas como um material que possa facilitar a aproximação da nova língua ao aprendiz, não somente a partir dos equivalentes, mas, também, pela observação das unidades gramaticais contextualizadas. Sob a perspectiva da lexicografia pedagógica bilíngue, esta pesquisa tem o escopo de discutir o tratamento dos pronomes e adjetivos indefinidos do italiano e dos pronomes indefinidos do português brasileiro para avaliar seus equivalentes e propor um modelo de verbete na direção italiano-português, voltado ao aluno brasileiro de italiano como língua estrageira. Para que pudéssemos verificar a presença dos elementos fundamentais para composição de um verbete pedagógico bilíngue, selecionamos os indefinidos de gramáticas e dicionários das duas línguas. Para compor nosso modelo de verbete, foram extraídos contextos de uso dos jornais on-line Corriere della Sera e Repubblica, cuja linguagem jornalística vai ao encontro da nossa proposta, que é elaborar um verbete pedagógico bilíngue italiano-português usando contextos de uso da língua escrita na norma padrão. / Studies about lexicon include, besides lexical, grammatical words, which may cause problems to comprehension and to production in a foreign language, mainly when a learner is under mother tongue influence. Specifically in the study of the Italian language in a Brazilian context, there are grammatical words similar to the Portuguese words, thus, using the mother tongue may be helpful instead of an obstacle to the development of the target language. For that reason, it is necessary to recognize the importance of bilingual dictionaries not as a resource to translate isolated lexical unities, but as a material that should enable the learner to get closer to the new language, not only from the equivalents, but also from the approach between the two contextualized grammars. From a bilingual pedagogic lexicography perspective, this research comes within the scope of discussing the treatment of Italian indefinite pronouns and adjectives and of Brazilian Portuguese indefinite pronouns in order to evaluate their equivalent and to propose a model of entry in Italian-Portuguese direction, facing the Brazilian student of Italian as a foreign language. In order to check the presence of the fundamental elements for the composition of a bilingual pedagogic entry, we selected the indefinites of grammars and dictionaries of the two languages. With the aim of composing our entry model, we extracted use contexts from on-line newspapers Corriere della Sera and Repubblica, whose journalistic language meets our proposal, that is to prepare a pedagogic bilingual Portuguese-Italian entry with using contexts of written language in standard rules.

Le XIXe siècle voit la marbrerie se mécaniser et le transfert des techniques se réaliser dans ces métiers grâce aux expositions nationales des produits de l’industrie et aux expositions universelles. L’objectif de cette thèse est de montrer par l’étude de deux registres d’archives originaux et inédits que les réseaux commerciaux mis en place au XVIIIe siècle par une famille de marbriers de Rance, en Hainaut belge, perdurent au XIXe siècle à travers une production marbrière spécialisée dans la cheminée monumentale, qui s’est développée grâce à l’évolution des techniques et des transports. Nous proposons également une ébauche de dictionnaire prosopographique des marbriers relevés dans les rapports des expositions nationales et universelles, ainsi que des hommes clé ayant fait évoluer les techniques dans la marbrerie du XIXe siècle.Mots-clés : marbrerie, techniques, expositions, archives, cheminée, dictionnaire, hommes clé / During the XIXth century, marble-working became increasingly mechanised and technical transfers took place in the various crafts, thanks to national industrial exhibitions and to international expositions. This thesis aims to demonstrate, by the examination of two registers of original records, hitherto unpublished, that the trade networks established in the XVIIIth century by a family of marble-workers from Rance, in the Belgian province of Hainault, continued into the XIXth century with specialisation in producing monumental marble chimney-pieces, thanks to the development of techniques and methods of transport. We also propose an outline of a prosopographic dictionary of marble-workers, derived from reports of national and universal expositions, and of the key figures who influenced the development of marble-working techniques in the XIXth century.Key-words : marble-working, techniques, expositions, records, chimney-piece, dictionary, key figures.

L’objectif du présent travail est de proposer, aux étudiants de français langue étrangère en Colombie, unemodélisation de dictionnaire culturel permettant de décrire et d’étudier une nomenclature en français, richeen contenus culturels à visée anthropologique. Elle peut motiver une meilleure réflexion et une connaissanceplus approfondie de la langue française et du système culturel de ce pays.Nous nous sommes principalement fondée sur les divergences linguistiques, conceptuelles et culturelles,totales ou partielles, qui existent entre l’univers français et celui de la Colombie dans des domainesspécifiques. Les contenus culturels d’un grand nombre de méthodes de français et d’ouvrages pédagogiquesou spécialisés connexes ont été examinés afin d’identifier le vocabulaire pouvant être acquis par lesétudiants dans le cadre de leur apprentissage du français mais aussi pour établir notre corpus.Ce travail comprend une analyse comparative sociolinguistique et culturelle de l’univers français etcolombien. Il précise la manière dont nous avons procédé lors de différentes étapes effectuées pourconstituer cette modélisation. Parmi elles, figurent la mise en place d’un cadre théorique, la création d’uncorpus, la proposition d’un modèle de microstructure d’article de dictionnaire culturel, de possiblesméthodes de mettre en évidence le vocabulaire à forts contenus culturels à visée anthropologique, lasélection d’un échantillon d’unités linguistiques ou terminologiques, l’examen des données le concernant, larédaction des informations pour les entrées sélectionnées, la création d’articles de dictionnaire et leurprésentation finale. / The aim of this research is to propose a modelling of a cultural dictionary for students of French as a foreignlanguage in Colombia. It will permit the description and study of French nomenclature at a high level ofanthropological cultural content. This will also enable an in-depth knowledge of French language andculture.We have mainly based our study on total or partial, linguistics and the conceptual and cultural differencesthat exist between French and Colombian worlds in specific fields. We have examined French learningmanuals and other related ressources, not only to create a corpus, but also to identify the vocabulary that islearned by students of French.This research includes a sociolinguistic and cultural comparison between French and Colombian worlds. Weshall explain how this projet has been set up and conducted : the constitution of a theoretical framework, thecreation of a corpus, the proposition of a modelling of microstructure of cultural dictionary entries, possiblemethods to identify the vocabulary with high levels of anthropological cultural contents, the selection of asample of words and terms, the examination of data, the redaction of informations for selected entries, thecreation of dictionary entries and their final presentation.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a unified treatment of various spell checkers and correctors. Firstly, the spell checking and correcting problems are formally described in mathematics in order to provide a better understanding of these tasks. An approach that is similar to the way in which denotational semantics used to describe programming languages is adopted. Secondly, the various attributes of existing spell checking and correcting techniques are discussed. Extensive studies on selected spell checking/correcting algorithms and packages are then performed. Lastly, an empirical investigation of various spell checking/correcting packages is presented. It provides a comparison and suggests a classification of these packages in terms of their functionalities, implementation strategies, and performance. The investigation was conducted on packages for spell checking and correcting in English as well as in Northern Sotho and Chinese. The classification provides a unified presentation of the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques studied in the research. The findings provide a better understanding of these techniques in order to assist in improving some existing spell checking/correcting applications and future spell checking/correcting package designs and implementations. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Computer Science / unrestricted