This thesis is the first step in a research project which aims to develop an accurate and robust theory of global justice. The thesis concerns the content of our duties of global justice, under strict compliance theory. It begins by discussing the basic framework of my theory of global justice, which consists in two aspects: duties of minimal wellbeing, which are universal, and duties of fairness and equality, which are associative and not universal. With that in place, it briefly discusses the nature of duties of fairness and equality. I shall argue that they are associative, because they are derived from the form of cooperation at hand; and that there are three kinds of them in our contemporary world: states, local cooperation and trans-state cooperation. It is from their forms of cooperation that these duties are derived. After that, the thesis focuses exclusively on duties of minimal wellbeing. Against the usual account of these duties - the human-flourishing account - I argue for my human-life account. This account argues that the function of these duties is to secure a human life for individuals; and it begins with a Razian conception of wellbeing, which states that the wellbeing of an individual is fundamentally constituted by: (a) the satisfaction of his biological needs, and (b) his success in whole-heartedly pursuing socially defined and determined goals and activities which are in fact valuable. An account of what constitutes a human life is then derived from this conception of wellbeing – it is a life that consists in having a level of wellbeing that is higher than the satisfaction of biological needs, where this is constituted by the pursuit of goals and activities with a sense of what is worth doing; and this in turn consists in: (a) being able to forms ideas of what is worth doing, (b) being able to revise them in light of further reasons, and (c) being able to coordinate one's actions according to them. I then determine the specific objects of duties of minimal wellbeing (means for the satisfaction of biological needs, education, physical security, freedom of belief, association and expression, freedom of non-harmful conduct, and minimal resources), by determining what is involved in securing such a human life for individuals.

There have been good arguments made for the development of aggressive affirmative action policies with the end goal of quickly moving black South Africans into corporate and high ranks within management of organisations. One of the central arguments in favour of aggressive AA policies is the risk of racial polarization post-apartheid should a quick fix not be initiated. It makes good business and economic sense for AA policies to be implemented as black consumers coupled with black managers will have the eventual end point of lower unemployment and crime, through job creation and security of the representative majority.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 2007.

This dissertation disputes conventional interpretations of the comparative political economy literature on higher education. In particular, I challenge the common assumption that access to higher education is structured by income. Instead, based on insights from the relevant psychology, sociology and economics literature, I argue that a child's probability of entering higher education is predominantly a function of her abilities, and that her abilities are strongly related to her parents' level of education. I develop a theory of the distributive politics of higher education solidly grounded in this relationship. The result of this model is the counter intuitive hypothesis that the initial expansions of higher education benefit the children of more highly educated parents. Moreover, more highly educated families are the net beneficiaries of free higher education and generous subsidies. Extensive survey evidence from Britain, Australia, Canada and Sweden of higher education policy preferences confirms this picture of the politics of higher education as a zero-sum distributive game between highly and lesser educated families. In order to analyse the consequences of these preference patterns for higher education policy, I develop a theoretical and empirical measure of voting power for multi-party systems. Voting power measures how many votes a party stands to gain from converting and mobilising voters by distributing resources from one group to another. Using data from 15 EU countries, I show that parliaments and cabinets, on average, stand to win more votes from pleasing highly educated voters than from targeting less educated voters. Furthermore, the conversion imperative is much stronger than the mobilisation imperative. Statistical analyses show that variations in the voting power of highly educated individuals over the government help to explain variations in higher education policy across countries and within countries over time. All in all, the theoretical and empirical analyses presented in this dissertation represent a significant contribution towards understanding the specific distributive politics of higher education, and the political economy of redistribution more generally.

Body-worn cameras are a promising new development in policing. They have been linked to positive outcomes such as decreases in use of force and complaints against officers. However, this new technology has produced a number of issues that could thwart a successful body-worn camera program implementation. One issue is the extent in which officers possess positive attitudes toward using body-worn cameras. If officers do not view body-worn cameras positively, cameras may not be used to their full potential. A promising factor that has emerged from past research in explaining attitudes toward body-worn cameras is organizational justice. Broadly, organizational justice is defined as the extent in which members of an organization are treated fairly and believe this to be the case. Organizational justice has been linked to positive organizational outcomes such as increased compliance with organizational directives and positive evaluation of organizational leadership. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between organizational justice and attitudes toward body-worn cameras in police officers across three agencies. Findings indicated that there was no observable relationship between perceptions of organizational justice and attitudes toward body-worn cameras. There were a number of competing explanations for the findings, including potential measurement issues, possible intervening variables, and the possibility that there is no relationship between organizational justice and attitudes toward body-worn cameras.

p. 1 - 192 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-23T17:35:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 111.pdf: 1558517 bytes, checksum: fafa435db628e41e94be436d2ea5b4be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-23T17:35:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 111.pdf: 1558517 bytes, checksum: fafa435db628e41e94be436d2ea5b4be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O presente trabalho teve por propósito investigar a concessão diferenciada de remuneração e benefícios a dois grupos de funcionários e suas implicações sobre a percepção de justiça distributiva e sobre o comprometimento afetivo, instrumental e normativo. O fato auspicioso, do ponto de vista do estudo, mas inusitado em termos de mercado de trabalho, é que os empregados pesquisados, porque foram contratados em períodos distintos, recebiam remuneração e benefícios diferenciados, embora trabalhassem na mesma empresa, ocupavam função idêntica, desenvolviam atividades iguais e compartilhavam o mesmo ambiente de trabalho. À guisa de embasamento teórico, foram explorados os conceitos de comprometimento organizacional, percepção de justiça organizacional e sistema de recompensa. O estudo empírico foi efetuado em uma organização da indústria bancária e teve por objeto os dados de uma survey realizada junto a um grupo amostral de 679 indivíduos. Para fins de estudos comparativos, esta amostra foi cindida em dois subgrupos: o pré-98, formado por funcionários contratados antes de 1998 com benefícios e remuneração superiores; e o pós-98, constituído de empregados contratados a partir de 1998 com benefícios e remuneração inferiores. A diversidade dos dois grupos, com perfis bem distintos, se revelou bastante profícua para análises comparativas. O grupo pré-98 tinha como características mais marcantes: maior longevidade, predominância de casados, menor nível educacional, maior antiguidade de empresa e remuneração e benefícios mais amplos. Noutro pólo, o subgrupo pós-98 foi caracterizado por: menor longevidade, predominância de solteiros, maior nível educacional, menor tempo de empresa, remuneração e benefícios mais restritos. Como similaridade, os dois grupos apresentavam: mesmo nível na ascensão interna, exercício das mesmas atividades e compartilhamento do mesmo ambiente, portanto suscetível às mesmas condições culturais, de cobrança por resultados e de estresse. O subgrupo pré-98 registrou 304 respondentes e pós- 98 computou 379 funcionários. Como instrumento de levantamento de dados primários, foi utilizado um questionário com trinta e uma variáveis, composto de perguntas sobre questões sócio-funcionais, sobre as três dimensões de comprometimento organizacional, escala de autoria de Meyer e Allen (1997), validada por diversos autores brasileiros, e sobre percepção de justiça distributiva, cuja escala foi validada por Mendonça e outros (2003). Os procedimentos de análise estatística realizados foram os seguintes: estatística descritiva; análise fatorial confirmatória; avaliação de consistência alpha de crombach, análise de correlação e regressões múltiplas. Os resultados das interações das variáveis demográficas, funcionais, remuneração e benefícios com as dimensões de comprometimento e de percepção de justiça distributiva, nos grupos pré e pós-98, foram: a) a variável gênero, nas relações com comprometimento e de justiça distributiva, manifestou correlação neutra; b) as correlações com tempo de empresa foram positivas, sendo as relações mais sensíveis com as dimensões normativa e afetiva e as menos intensas com a instrumental e justiça distributiva; c) as correlações com estado civil, registraram, de forma consistente, tendência de médias crescentes na seqüência dos segmentos de solteiro, casado, separado e viúvo, em todas as dimensões e com notável diferença entre os grupos de solteiro e casado; d) As dimensões de comprometimento e de justiça distributiva registraram correlações significativas com escolaridade, porém de natureza inversa; e) das correlações positivas entre tempo de empresa e comprometimento, a mais intensa se processou com a dimensão afetiva. Menor expressão sucedeu com as dimensões normativa e de justiça distributiva. Em relação à dimensão instrumental, a variável se mostrou neutra; f) os efeitos de remuneração e benefícios sobre percepção de justiça distributiva ficaram evidentes na comparação entre os grupos pré e pós-98, onde o primeiro, que percebe remuneração e benefícios superiores, alcançou média significativamente mais elevada; g) as correlações entre justiça distributiva e comprometimento se revelaram positivas com as dimensões normativa e afetiva e neutra com a instrumental. Sinteticamente a amostra do grupo pré-98, em comparação com o pós- 98, registrou médias superiores nas dimensões afetiva, normativa e instrumental e de justiça distributiva. De modo elucidativo, em razão das características de cada grupo, as interações diretas das variáveis antecedentes (idade, estado civil, remuneração e justiça distributiva) com as dimensões de comprometimento registraram tendência ascendente, pressionando para cima as médias do grupo pré- 98, acentuando a diferença em relação ao pós-98. O mesmo ocorreu em relação à escolaridade, porém com relação inversa. A variável antiguidade, apesar de sensibilizar positivamente as dimensões afetiva e normativa, se mostrou indiferente à instrumental. No conjunto, as diferenças das médias verificadas foram congruentes com as peculiaridades de cada grupo. As hipóteses de número um, dois e três, restaram todas comprovadas, pois ficou demonstrado o poder de influência de remuneração e benefícios sobre as médias de comprometimento e de justiça distributiva que, segundo correlação positiva e de proporcionalidade direta, gerou médias comparativamente inferiores no grupo pós-98 e superiores no pré-98. A hipótese quatro não foi confirmada, pois a correlação mais intensa entre justiça distributiva e comprometimento, se verificou com a faceta normativa, dissentindo da hipótese que apontava, com base em estudos anteriores, a dimensão afetiva. Este resultado também divergiu do quadro de relações tendenciais, construído por Meyer e outros (2002, p. 31), que registrou correlação positiva mais forte com a base afetiva e nula com a instrumental. / Salvador

The study makes a descriptive and analytical study of the development of the dynamic concept of the rule of law with special reference to the African contribution. First, the study shows that the Diceyan concept of the rule of law was narrow and peculiar to the Western liberal legal culture, and that more specifically, the substantive content of the concept of the rule of law was limited to the first generation of human rights. In its international and African context the concept was expanded to include all three generations of human rights and also identified with the concepts of democracy and the right of peoples and nations to self-determination. The expanded concept came to be known as the Dynamic Concept of the rule of law. Secondly, the study traces the origins and development of the principle of equal rights and self-determination and their extension to all peoples and nations and shows that these rights are universal, not relative, as they derive from the inherent worth and dignity of the individual. Also, the study shows that in the African context the three generations of human rights have been interlinked, made inter-dependent, and then identified with the rule of law, human rights and the right of self-determination (perceived as a right to democratic self-governance). Hence, the worth and dignity of the human personality has been made the fountainhead of human rights and have been elevated to the substantive elements of the Dynamic Concept of the rule of law and the basis of the modern African Constitutional State. Under the Colonial Rule both the Diceyan and the dynamic concept of the rule of law were not recognised. Instead, Colonial and racist regimes tried to create alternative institutions of government which denied the oppressed peoples the right to democratic self-governance and independence. However, Colonial and oppressed peoples relied on the dynamic concept of the rule of law in their freedom struggles and in the elaboration of their policies. Hence, the constitutions of all the former colonies in southern Africa under discussion were to different degrees informed by the Dynamic Concept of the rule of law. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D

O presente trabalho busca fazer a estimação de duas versões do limite superior de desigualdade de oportunidades para o Brasil e para dois grandes grupos regionais, o Norte-Nordeste e o Centro-Sul. Através do cálculo deste limite em suas duas versões, podemos distinguir os efeitos diretos e indiretos das circunstâncias individuais que influenciam o rendimento dos indivíduos, que foram captadas no estudo. / The present study seeks to estimate two versions of the upper limit of inequality of opportunities for Brazil and for two large regional groups, the North-Northeast and the Center-South. By calculating this limit in its two versions, we can distinguish the direct and indirect effects of the individual circumstances which were captured in the study, that influence the income of the individuals.

The thesis deals with the concept of distributive justice in the context of health care, whereas the main point of view is transplantation medicine. The field of transplantology has been globally struggling with the lack of resources, but unlike other medical sectors, the deficiency is not in financial resources, but life savings organs. The vital organs need to be distributed in a justifiable way among patients registered on waiting lists. The paper aims to explore different approaches to such allocation and to assess them from the legal and ethical perspective. The first part of the thesis introduces the concept of distributive justice with an emphasis on the right to health care. Further focus is on transplantation, with a brief description of the history of transplantation activities and the development of the whole society's perception of this method. Another part of the paper is devoted to the ethical discussion and associated controversial issues, especially to those that may potentially influence the general lack of organs. The next chapters describe current legislation on transplantation at international, European and national level, as a legal framework for the system of allocation criteria, on basis of which the distribution of organs takes place in practice. For their assessment,...

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T12:35:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3993029 bytes, checksum: eee0f4c53cea17b11f42fb5b839b79d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-04T15:54:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3993029 bytes, checksum: eee0f4c53cea17b11f42fb5b839b79d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T15:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3993029 bytes, checksum: eee0f4c53cea17b11f42fb5b839b79d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aimed to understand how the structuring of Community Based Tourism contributed to the socioeconomic development of a city and to establish a fairer system for the residents of the region. The study was carried out in the municipality of Nova Olinda, located in the interior of Ceará, which has an estimated population of 15,310 inhabitants. The city encompasses the experience of the Casa Grande Foundation, a management school that works with the education of youth and children. The NGO was responsible for all training and administration of community tourism in the municipality. In this sense, this research has as central focus the activities of the foundation and the development provided by the projects and programs articulated by the institution. As a theoretical contribution, theories were used referring to the concepts of Macromarketing, Community Tourism and Distributive Justice in Marketing Systems. Regarding the methodological procedures, a qualitative approach was used, having as main technique the semi-structured interview, supported by participant observation. A total of 23 interviews were conducted with managers of the Casa Grande Foundation, residents directly involved in the activities of the NGO, residents who had no connection with the institution and a tourist. The results of the study point out that a well-planned tourism model that considers stakeholders and which is based on values such as community living, cooperation and recognition of the cultural and natural space of the environment, is capable of bringing development to the region And to establish just exchanges with those who dwell in that place. The discussion of the issue of distributive justice within a marketing system, and the use of a concrete management experience that absorbs the ideals of fairer exchanges, as well as the approach of the marketing vision in its macro sense, in an optics that sees the Tourism through residents, are the main contributions of this study. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo entender como a estruturação do Turismo de Base Comunitária contribuiu no desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma cidade e de estabelecer um sistema mais justo para os moradores da região. O estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Olinda, localizado no interior do Ceará, que possui uma população estimada de 15.310 habitantes. A cidade abrange a experiência da Fundação Casa Grande, uma escola de gestão que trabalha com a educação de jovens e crianças. A ONG foi responsável por toda formação e administração do turismo comunitário no município. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa possui como foco central, as atividades da fundação e o desenvolvimento proporcionado pelos projetos e programas articulados pela instituição. Como aporte teórico, foram utilizadas teorias referentes aos conceitos do Macromarketing, do Turismo Comunitário e da Justiça Distributiva nos Sistemas de Marketing. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como técnica principal a entrevista semiestruturada, apoiada pela observação participante. Foram realizadas um total de 23 entrevistas com gestores da Fundação Casa Grande, moradores diretamente envolvidos nas atividades da ONG, moradores que não possuíam ligação com a instituição e uma turista. Os resultados do estudo apontam que um modelo de turismo bem planejado, que considera as partes interessadas e que é pautado em valores como a vivência em comunidade, a cooperação e o reconhecimento do espaço cultural e natural do ambiente, é capaz de trazer desenvolvimento à região e estabelecer trocas justas aos que habitam aquele lugar. A discussão da temática da justiça distributiva dentro de um sistema de marketing, e a utilização de uma experiência concreta de gestão que absorve os ideais de trocas mais justas, assim como a abordagem da visão do marketing em seu sentido macro, numa ótica que enxerga o turismo através dos residentes, são as principais contribuições deste estudo.