The main objective of my thesis paper is to determine which organizations from a wide range of NGOs, including their donor relationships, are susceptible to funding manipulation and why. Through review of a focused selection of literature and case studies, I seek to identify a pattern of characteristics or variables among the weaker organizations which increases vulnerability to such practices. I will review the organizations' size, market competition, funding strategies, and supply-led contracts. I intend to conclude with the various ways in which NGO's can protect against funding manipulation.

Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has become an increasingly popular treatment option for persons with life-threatening blood related diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma and certain forms of anaemia. Due to this new therapy the use of bone marrow from a healthy individual also called a living donor for transplantation is inevitable. These living donors can experience psychological and economic issues and these components needs to be addressed in the transplant protocol. The researcher described the psychosocial factors that influenced sibling donors during allogeneic bone marrow transplantation at a public sector hospital in Cape Town, whether the transplant team members explained the administrative process of the transplant in an understandable manner and language and the effect of the psychosocial factors and administrative process of the allogeneic bone marrow transplantation on the sibling donors. A quantitative research approach with a descriptive design was used in this study. The sample was selected by means of full population sampling. The final sample size of (n=64) stem cell sibling donors over 18 years of age participated in the study. A self-reporting questionnaire was used to gather data, inclusive of four open-ended questions to establish an in depth sense of what the donor experiences during the bone marrow donation process. Descriptive statistics used to describe the variables included frequency distributions in the form of histograms and frequency tables. The Pearson chi-square statistical analysis test was used to test for relationships amongst groups. The study drew on the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) as the theoretical framework to explain the phenomena surrounding the psychosocial and administrative effect of the transplantation process on the sibling donor. Based on the findings the haematopoietic stem cell donors coped with the psychosocial impact of the donation process by making use of their coping mechanism to adapt to their situation according to the Roy Adaptation Model. This model also offers guidance to the nurses to apply this model to nursing practice. Results revealed that sibling donors developed feelings of anxiety in relation to the invasive procedures that cause them to experience physical pain. Most respondents claimed that they were not psychologically affected by the donation process. The moral obligation the sibling donor has towards his sister or brother outweighed the physical pain or discomfort experienced during the donation process. Results revealed that the responding donors claimed they were well informed regarding the donation process and understood the treatment plan of the recipient. However, results revealed that there was a lack in visual donor information such as books, pamphlets as well as internet information. Results concerning the demographics revealed that (n=29) respondents had no schooling and some respondents had some schooling which can give an indication of how to bridge the knowledge and information gap between them and the donor in terms of language. Statistical significance results regarding the emotional state and economic situation of the donors was found. Some of the respondents were responsible for their own transport and their own accommodation, some of those that are employed were responsible for leave without pay. An organ donation policy needs to be developed to prevent live organ donors from losing valuable working hours that could result in loss of salary and should provide other financial incentives. Furthermore, a lack in a post-donation follow-up medical to alleviate and detect post-donation complications was identified. Further nursing research can help nurses to understand living donation for transplantation, also how the nurses that practice in organ transplant units experience and deal with the psychosocial factors that influence them particularly. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hematopoïetiese stamseloorplanting het ’n toenemend gewilde-behandelingsopsie vir persone met lewensgevaarlike bloedverwante siektes soos leukemie, limfoom, miëloom en sekere soorte anemie geword. Vir hierdie tipe terapie word die beenmurg van ’n gesonde individu, ook bekend as ’n lewende skenker, vir oorplanting gebruik. Lewende skenkers kan sielkundige en ekonomiese probleme ervaar en hierdie kwessies moet in die oorplantingsprotokol hanteer word. In hierdie studie is ondersoek ingestel na die psigososiale faktore wat bloedverwante skenkers tydens allogeneïese beenmurgoorplanting by ’n openbare hospitaal in Kaapstad beïnvloed, of die oorplantingspan die administratiewe proses van die oorplanting op ’n verstaanbare manier en in verstaanbare taal verduidelik het, en wat die uitwerking wat die psigososiale faktore en administratiewe proses is op die bloedverwante skenkers tydens allogeneïese beenmurgoorplanting. ’n Kwantitatiewe benadering met ’n beskrywende navorsingsontwerp is in hierdie studie gebruik. Die steekproef is op grond van volledige populasiesteekproefneming gekies. ’n Finale steekproefgrootte van stamselskenkers (n=64) ouer as 18 jaar het aan die navorsing deelgeneem. ’n Selfverslaggewende vraelys is gebruik om data in te samel, wat vier oop vrae ingesluit het om grondige begrip te verkry van wat die skenker tydens die beenmurgskenkingsproses ervaar. Beskrywende statistiek wat gebruik is om die veranderlikes te beskryf, sluit in frekwensie-verspreidings in die vorm van histogramme en frekwensie-tabelle. Die Pearson chi-kwadraat- statistieseanalise is gebruik om die verwantskappe onder groepe te toets. Die Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) is as die teoretiese raamwerk vir die studie gebruik om die verskynsels betrokke by die psigososiale en administratiewe ervaring van die oorplantingsproses vir die bloedverwante skenker te verklaar. Op grond van die bevindinge het die hematopoïetiese stamselskenkers die psigososiale impak van die skenkingsproses hanteer deur gebruik te maak van hulle hanteringsmeganisme om by hulle situasie aan te pas, wat met die RAM ooreenstem. Hierdie model bied ook leiding aan verpleegkundiges om dit in die verplegingspraktyk toe te pas. Resultate het getoon dat bloedverwante skenkers gevoelens van angs ontwikkel het vanweë die indringende prosedures, wat fisiese pyn veroorsaak het. Die meeste deelnemers het aangedui dat hulle nie sielkundig deur die skenkingsproses geraak is nie. Die morele verpligting wat die bloedverwante skenker het teenoor sy of haar broer of suster het die fisiese pyn of ongemak gedurende die skenkingsproses oortref. Resultate het getoon dat die deelnemende skenkers aangedui het dat hulle goed ingelig was oor die skenkingsproses en die behandelingsplan van die ontvanger verstaan het. Die resultate dui egter daarop dat daar ’n gebrek was aan visuele skenkersinligting soos boeke, pamflette en internet-inligting. Resultate rakende die demografie het bewys dat van die deelnemers (n=29) ongeskoold en sommige deelnemers laag geskoold is, wat ’n aanduiding kan gee van hoe die kennis- en inligtingsgaping tussen hulle en die skenker ten opsigte van taal oorbrug kan word. Statisties beduidende resultate rakende die emosionele toestand en ekonomiese situasie van die skenkers is gevind. Sommige deelnemers was verantwoordelik vir hulle eie vervoer en verblyf. Diegene wat werk, het verlof sonder betaling geneem. ’n Orgaanskenkingsbeleid moet ontwikkel word om te verhoed dat lewende orgaanskenkers kosbare werksure verloor, wat kan lei tot ’n verlies aan salaris. Ander finansiële aansporings behoort ook gegee te word. Voorts is ’n gebrek aan opvolg mediese behandeling vir skenkers om skenkingskomplikasies vas te stel en te verlig, geïdentifiseer. Voortgesette navorsing kan verpleegkundiges help om begrip te verkry van die implikasies van lewende orgaanskenking. Verpleegkundiges wat in hierdie orgaanoorplantings- eenhede werksaam is, kan ‘n beter begrip kry van die psigososiale faktore wat hierdie skenkers spesifiek beïnvloed.

Tyrimo tikslas – aprašyti bendruosius virusinių hepatitų, ŽIV ir kitų lytiškai plintančių infekcijų dėsningumus ir įvertinti HAV, HBV, HCV infekcijos paplitimą neatlygintinų kraujo donorų, duodančių pirmą kartą kraują, populiacijoje. Metodika. Tyrimui vykdyti gautas Vilniaus regioninio biomedicininių tyrimų etikos komiteto leidimas. Atlikta pirmą kartą neatlygintinai duodančių kraujo donorų anoniminė anketinė apklausa VŠĮ Nacionaliniame kraujo centre. Imunofermentiniu metodu buvo nustatomi: anti-HAV ir anti-HCV, anti-HBcor, anti-HBs, HBsAg. Nukleino rūgščių amplifikacijos testas taikytas HBV DNR ir HCV RNR nustatymui. Įvertinant ŽIV ir kitų lytiškai plintančių infekcijų ir virusinių hepatitų tendencijas buvo taikytas Mantel‘io testas ir paprastoji tiesinė regresija. Virusinių hepatitų serologinių žymenų paplitimas išreiškiamas procentais, įverčio tikslumui įvertinti apskaičiuotas pasikliautinis intervalas (PI) 95%, kategorinių duomenų analizei panaudotas χ² testas ir Fišerio tikslusis testas. Rizikos veiksnių įtaką vertinta taikant binarinę logistinę regresiją. Duomenų suderinamumui vertinti pasirinktas Hosmer‘io-Lemeshow‘o χ2 suderinamumo kriterijus. Vertinant, kaip modelio teoriniai dydžiai atitinka realiuosius, naudotas Cox’o ir Snell’o kriterijus, klasifikacinė analizuojamų požymių lentelė. Veiksnių įtaka įvertinta panaudojant šansų santykį su 95 % PI. Skirtumas statistiškai reikšmingas, kai p ≤ 0,05. Rezultatai. Tyrime dalyvavo 200 kraujo donorų. Analizei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim: to describe epidemiology of the viral hepatitis A, B, C, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STD) and to estimate prevalence of HAV, HBV, HCV infections among first time non-remunerated blood donors population. Methodology: The study received approval from Vilnius Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. First time non-remunerated blood donors participated in anonymous questionnaire survey in NGO National Blood Center. For anti-HAV, anti-HCV, anti-HBs, anti-Hbcor and HBsAg detection was used immunoenzyme method and for HBV DNR ir HCV RNR - nucleic acid amplification test. The Mantel trend test and linear regression method was used to evaluate the trend of viral hepatitis, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. The prevalence of viral hepatitis serological markers was expressed in percentage points, the precision was evaluated at the confidence intervals (CI) of 95%, the comparison of categorical data was made using χ2 test and Fisher‘s exact test. For data analysis the following tests were used: for the risk factors – binary logistic regression; goodness of fit – Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 test; Cox and Snell R Square, Classification Table. The statistical significance level p ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 200 respondents haven been interviewed. Only 188 first time non-remunerated blood donors were selected for further analysis. Respondents minimum of age was 18 and maximum - 52 (Mean=22,6; Med=20,0), 47,9 % (n=90) of them were males, 52,1... [to full text]

Donors in silicon, which combine an electron and nuclear spin, are some of the most promising candidates for quantum information. The electron spin has been proposed as a register with fast manipulation and the nuclear spin as a memory with long coherence times. However, this division reduces the complexity of the donor system, in particular behaviors emerging from their interaction. In natural silicon, there is also the presence of ²⁹Si nuclear spins in the donor environment; though they are generally seen as a source of decoherence, they are quantum systems that can be investigated too. The main subject of this thesis is the study of the interactions between these various spins, using different methods to probe and control them. I first concentrate on the coupling between the donor and the ²⁹Si spins. This coupling can be perturbed by the application of dynamical decoupling on the donor electron spin, whose evolution can be made sensitive to the number of ²⁹Si spins interacting together. I then propose an error correction scheme using the donor and ²⁹Si spins, showing key requirements such as coherence times and methods for manipulation and initialization. Secondly, I focus on the donor itself, in a regime where the hyperfine and Zeeman couplings compete with each other. Here, the spin transitions can have different sensitivities to the magnetic environment, and can even be suppressed to first order, resulting in coherence times up to seconds with electron spin-like manipulation times. Controlling this sensitivity was also used to probe the effect of the donor on the ²⁹Si spin bath evolution. Finally, I use electric fields to modulate the hyperfine coupling within the donor. I first characterize the spins’ sensitivity to the electric field, and then demonstrate electrical switching of the nuclear spin response to an external magnetic excitation.

This thesis investigates the place of African states in the international system and seeks to understand what space exists for aid-dependent governments to exercise agency in relations with donors. In exploring these issues I focus on the case of Uganda’s NRM regime which has enjoyed very substantial international support despite its increasingly authoritarian nature, destabilising regional policy and questionable human rights record. The two central questions posed are therefore: ‘why has Uganda benefited from such uncritical international support and what role has the NRM regime itself played in bringing about this situation?’ The thesis also compares Uganda’s experience to those of Ethiopia, Kenya and Rwanda to demonstrate the broader relevance of these questions. I argue that donors have taken a lenient approach to Uganda because they perceive it as valuable as an economic success story, an ally in the ‘War on Terror’ and a guarantor of regional stability. The study stresses, however, that these perceptions are just that: perceptions. They do not necessarily reflect reality nor are they formed without input from Africa, as some inadvertently suggest. Indeed, the principal contention of this thesis is that these three donor perceptions of Uganda have been actively constructed, moulded, managed and bolstered by Kampala itself in an effort to shore-up international support. Using a variety of ‘image management’ strategies the regime has succeeded in convincing its donors to see it as a valuable ally worth supporting. The same is true of the Rwandan and Ethiopian governments, I suggest, but not of the Kenyan. In doing so, the thesis contends, Kampala has carved out a subtle but substantial degree of agency in relations with donors and this raises important questions for scholars and policy-makers.

No description available.

This thesis investigation concerns the optical and nonlinear electrical properties of n-InSb. Two specific areas have been studied. First is the magneto-optical study of magneto-donors, and second is the nonlinear dynamic study of nonlinear and chaotic oscillations in InSb. The magneto-optical study of InSb provides a physical picture of the magneto-donor levels, which has an important impact on the physical model of nonlinear and chaotic oscillations. Thus, the subjects discussed in this thesis connect the discipline of semiconductor physics with the field of nonlinear dynamics.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la question du don dans le milieu humanitaire, sous l'angle des donateurs particuliers rarement questionnés à ce sujet. Les ONG ont de plus en plus de visibilité et utilisent, entre autre, les émotions pour inciter aux dons. Cependant puisque le sujet du don est étudié (comme par l'anthropologue Marcel Mauss, principalement), il convient de s'appuyer sur les analyses correspondant à cette thématique, tout en s'intéressant à une ONG française de Solidarité Internationale (Aide et Action) dont le principal domaine d'intervention est l'éducation et qui a mis en place le parrainage. L'organisation intervient dans différents pays pour venir en aide à des personnes vulnérables, notamment des enfants, ce via différentes actions basées sur le développement à long terme. Dans ce travail, il s'agit surtout de comprendre pourquoi les donateurs particuliers de cette ONG, à la fois les donateurs hebdomadaires ou trimestriels et ceux dénommés «parrains», donnent de l'argent. Le terrain s'est effectué par le biais de deux questionnaires, un pour chaque type de donateur, où furent posées des questions concernant, particulièrement, la manière dont l'ONG communique auprès des donateurs, les incitant par-là à poursuivre leur investissement. Par la suite, des entretiens ont permis de renforcer les données apportées par les questionnaires. / This thesis is devoted to the issue of donation in the humanitarian sector, from the perspective of individual donors who are rarely questioned about this subject. NGOs are increasingly present in the public eye and use, among other strategies, emotions to incite people to donate. However, since the theme of the gift has been studied (for example, by the anthropologist Marcel Mauss, mainly), we should be based on the analysis related to this theme and also focus on a French NGO ("Aide et Action") whose main sphere of action relates to education and has established the sponsorship. The organization operates in different countries in order to help vulnerable people, including children, through various actions based on long-term development. In this work, it is mainly to understand why do individual donors of this NGO, both weekly and quarterly and those referred to as "sponsors", give money. The fieldwork has been carried out through two questionnaires, one for each type of donors, in which questions were asked, in particular, about how the NGO communicates with donors, prompting thereby to continue their investment. Subsequently, interviews have strengthened data provided by the questionnaires.

ABSTRACT The primary purpose of the study was to explore how funding affected service delivery among Nonprofit Organizations (NPOs) in Johannesburg, given the important role these organizations play in contributing to social development in South Africa. The study was undertaken among 15 NPO organizations based in Johannesburg and located in various service fields. A semi-structured interview schedule comprising open-ended and close-ended questions was utilized to collect information. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze closed-ended questions whilst thematic content analysis was used to analyze open-ended items. The main finding that emerged from the study was that NPOs that were surveyed suffered from a diversity of challenges emanating from insufficient and at times delayed funding, particularly by state departments such as the Department of Social Development. The problems faced by these NPOs were found to be predominantly human resources related. These organizations were unable to attract skilled professional staff because their funds did not permit them to offer market-related packages. In addition, these NPOs suffered from high labour turnover because employees tended to leave these organizations in pursuit of greener pastures in government departments and the private sector. The sector also experienced inadequately funded programmes and an inability to expand their services to the wider populations due to inadequate funding. The NPOs that were surveyed had not engaged in entrepreneurial activities on a scale sufficiently extensive to wean them off donor funding or over-reliance on such funding. Self-sustainability was found to be still in the embryonic stage. Moreover, the relationship between the sector and the state was found to be characterized by a lack of faith and confidence on the part of the NPOs surveyed, suggesting a ‘troubled’ partnership between the two. The findings of the study suggest the need for the research project to be replicated on a wider sample in different provinces. Since the study focused on formally registered NPOs in terms of the Nonprofit Organizations Act of 1997, future research needs to investigate the funding challenges faced by smaller mainly informal/ unregistered community-based organizations that form an integral part of the nonprofit sector in South Africa and offer an array of services to their communities. Furthermore, the findings of this study could potentially be used as a basis for policy formulation and analysis by policy makers as they appear to have implications for re-assessing funding policies in respect of NPOs.

O HEV é um patógeno viral, transmitido principalmente pela via fecal-oral e responsável por grandes surtos de hepatite em todo o mundo. A hepatite E é considerada a hepatite com transmissão entérica mais frequente no mundo, e um importante problema de saúde pública. Por apresentar uma fase sanguínea assintomática e ser um agente emergente, cuja incidência vem aumentando ao longo da última década, o HEV é também considerado um problema para a hemoterapia, uma vez que põe em risco a segurança transfusional, devido ao risco de sua transmissão por transfusão sanguínea. No Brasil, sua ocorrência e características ainda não são compreendidas e os estudos disponíveis são limitados. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do HEV em doadores de sangue do Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto no ano de 2015. Material e Métodos: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 1.000 doadores de sangue do Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2015. Inicialmente, foi realizada a pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgG do HEV em plasma, utilizando a metodologia de imuno-ensaio enzimático (ELISA). As amostras que se apresentaram reagentes (positivas ou inconclusivas) para IgG HEV, foram submetidas à pesquisa de antígenos virais, também por metodologia ELISA. Paralelamente aos testes sorológicos, foi realizado o teste molecular para a detecção de RNA viral, aplicando a técnica de PCR em tempo real e utilizando primers desenhados para a região mais conservada do vírus (ORF-3). Resultados: Entre as 1.000 amostras testadas, 124 foram positivas para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HEV IgG e 5 foram inconclusivas. A soroprevalência encontrada foi de 12,5%. A maior prevalência encontrada foi na faixa etária de 50-59 anos (21,2%, p<0,01), porém com aumento significativo entre os 40 e 69 anos de idade. A menor prevalência encontrada foi no grupo etário de 18 a 29 anos (3,9%). A soroprevalência foi proporcionalmente maior entre os indivíduos do gênero masculino (14,3%, p<0,06) em relação aos indivíduos do sexo feminino (10,4%). Nenhuma das amostras testadas foi positiva para a pesquisa de antígenos HEV e nem para a detecção de RNA viral. Conclusão: A soroprevalência do vírus da hepatite E encontrada entre os doadores de sangue de Ribeirão Preto foi alta (12,5%) e compatível com os dados nacionais de soroprevalência entre doadores. A viremia não pode ser estabelecida, pois não foram encontrados casos de HEV RNA positivos. / HEV is a viral pathogen, transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route and responsible for large outbreaks of hepatitis worldwide. Hepatitis E is considered the most common transmissible enteric hepatitis in the world, and is currently considered a major public health problem. Because it presents an asymptomatic blood stage and is an emerging agent whose incidence has increased over the last decade, HEV is also considered a problem for hemotherapy, since it jeopardizes transfusion safety due to the risk of its transmission by transfusion. In Brazil its occurrence and characteristics are poorly understood and available studies are limited. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HEV in blood donors at the Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto in the year 2015. Material and Methods: 1.000 blood donors were randomly selected from the Hemocentro of Ribeirão Preto from January to December 2015. Initially, a HEV IgG antibody was investigated in plasma, using ELISA (enzyme immunoassay). As samples that presented reagents (positive or inconclusive) for HEV IgG, they were submitted to the research of viral antigens, also by ELISA methodology. In parallel to the serological tests, it was carried out for molecular testing to detect viral RNA, applying a real-time PCR technique and using primers designed for a more conserved region of the virus (ORF-3). Results: Among 1,000 tested samples, 124 were positive for anti-HEV IgG antibodies and 5 were inconclusive. One seroprevalence was found to be 12.5%. A higher prevalence was found in the age range of 50-59 years (21.2%, p<0,001), but with a significant increase between 40 and 69 years of age. The lowest prevalence was found for the 18-29 age group (3.9%). Seroprevalence was proportionally higher among males (14.3%, p<0,06) than among female users (10.4%). It was not evaluated for a HEV antigen search or for viral RNA detection. Conclusion: A seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus found among blood donors from Ribeirão Preto and high (12.5%) and compatible with data from seroprevalence among donors. Viremia cannot be established because no cases of positive RNA HEV have been found