The object of research – Lithuanian dairy farms. The aim of research – to analyze the impact of direct payments on the competitiveness of dairy farms in Lithuania. The main tasks are: to clear up the role of Agrarian policy in competitiveness of agriculture; to establish the factors of competitiveness; to analyze the direction and instrumentality of the support of dairy sector in Lithuania; to estimate the direct payment support of dairy sector in Lithuania and the influence of direct payment on dairy farms, by their size. Ways to study – logical analysis and synthesis of literature sources and information, grouping, diagrammatic representation, modelling. In the way of studies of Lithuanian and foreign literature, statutes of Republic of Lithuania and the other documents about the support policy, in this MA thesis are analyzed the meaning of competitiveness, the factors of competitiveness, direct payments support of dairy sector in Lithuania and the influence of direct payments on dairy farms competitiveness.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vicente_hig_dr_jabo.pdf: 1044940 bytes, checksum: 1e6202c64e317099b4cf8015b4128b59 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de Escherichía calí produtoras de shigatoxinas e E. calí dos sorogrupos 0157, 0111 e 0113 em rebanhos leiteiros do Município de Jaboticabal-SP. A presença de seqüências stx1, stx2e eae foi detectada pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em amostras de fezes, água, leite, mão de ordenhador, insuflador de ordenhadeira e teto. Todas as amostras stx e eae positivas foram submetidas a uma nova reação de PCR para detecção das seqüências rfb 0157, 0111 e 0113. Observou-se uma alta prevalência (72,16%) de seqüências stx nas fezes dos bovinos. Os coeficientes de prevalência das seqüências rfb 0157, 0111 e 0113 nas fezes dos bovinos foram, respectivamente, 14,77%, 0,2% e 30,83%. Detectaram-se seqüências stx em amostras de água (19,51 %), leite (33,33%), mão de ordenhador (3,57%), e teto (7,14%). Ainda nas amostras de água e leite foram detectadas Escheríchía colí 0157 e 0113. Por meio da separação imunomagnética, isolou-se 53,62% das amostras PCR 0157 positivas, sendo destas 72,97% produtoras de enterohemolisina. Foram isoladas 25% das amostras PCR 0113 positivas. Animais de todos os rebanhos (100%) apresentaram em suas fezes STEC e E. calí 0113 e os sorogrupos 0157 e 0111 foram observados em 60,0% e 10,0% dos rebanhos, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a alta prevalência de STEC detectada em rebanho leiteiro evidenciou que as fezes de bovinos desempenham um papel importante na contaminação ambiental e podem oferecer risco de agravo à saúde pública. / The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shigatoxigenic Escherichía colí (STEC) and STEC serogroups 0157, 0111 and 0113 in feces, water, milk, milkman's hands, teat and teatcup sampled in dairy farms in Jaboticabal-SP. Samples were collected from 10 herds and assessed for the presence of the virulence genes stX1, stX2 and eae by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ali stx and eae positive samples were submitted to a second PCR reaction targeting the sequences rfb 0157, rfb 0111 and rfb 0113. High prevalence of stx was detected (72,16%) in fecal samples, whereas the prevalence of sequences rfb 0157, rfb 0111and rfb 0113 were 14,77%, 0,2% and 30,83%, respectively. Sequence stx was detected in water (19,51 %), milk (33,33%), milkman's hands (3,57%) and teat samples (7,14%). It was also detected Escheríchía colí 0157 and 0113 in water and milk samples. It was isolated, by immunomagnetic separation, 53,62% of the PCR positive samples, from these, 72,97% were enterohaemolytic. 25% of the 0113 PCR positive samples were isolated. STEC was identified in ali herds (100%), and serogroups 0157, 0111 and 0113 were observed in 60%, 10% and 100% of the herds, respectively. In conclusion, the high STEC prevalence detected in dairy herds evidences that bovine feces might play an important role as a contamination source in the region of Jaboticabal.

Dairy farms can apply anaerobic digestion (AD) as a manure management system, while producing renewable energy. Ultimately, this can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There is much research work that has quantified the changes in emissions due to AD. However, important methodologies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines, rely only on a small sample of the accumulated scientific findings in the field. This thesis improves the robustness of these methodologies by applying data-driven techniques to estimate values of the energy output of AD systems and their consequent effect in GHG emissions. For this purpose, meta-analyses techniques are applied to mathematically combine metrics from 155 non-standardised research publications (i.e. with different boundaries, scopes and functional units). As a first step, a novel database is created by systematically searching for relevant articles and assessing them against defined criteria. The database is divided in two parts. Given that the offset of GHGs is highly dependent on the energy output of AD system, empirical methane yields (i.e. key metric of AD performance) are collected in Part I of the database. GHG released from different farm activities are input to Part II of the database. To quantify the change in emissions from these activities, standard baseline and AD scenarios are defined. The second step of the meta-analysis consists of applying uni- and multi-variate tests to the database. For Part I, methane yields are analysed in terms of type of digesters. From the batch digesters, new maximum methane yields are proposed based on the combined results of 42 peer reviewed articles. These results offer better estimates than default values of methane yields from the 2007 Guidelines of the IPCC, which only consider two studies. For continuously stirred tank digesters and semi-continuous digesters lower methane yields are revealed. Multi-variate analysis of methane yields together with operating conditions and manure composition, enable the identification of clusters. These groups of variables can be useful to build potential AD scenarios in dairy farms. For Part II of the database, relative changes in emissions between the activities in the standardised baseline and AD scenarios, are examined. It is found, through meta-analysis, that replacing raw manure by anaerobically-treated manure (i.e. digestate) in storage tanks and for field- application, mitigates baseline emissions by 38.7% and 6.9%, respectively. These relative changes can be used to estimate emissions from digestate, being more specific and evidence-based than the current methodology from the IPCC. In addition, relative changes found for offset of fossil fuels by biogas generated in the AD scenarios indicate a reduction of baseline emissions by 9.0%. Only methane leaks from digesters significantly increase the baseline emissions (by 7.4%). Finally, results found by meta-analyses of methane yields and changes in emissions are applied to four dairy farm case studies. The work presented in the case studies demonstrates the benefits of enhancing the robustness of methods to estimate the effect of AD on GHG emissions from dairy farms.

Orientador: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Elma Pereira dos Santos Polegato / Banca: Naiá Carla Marchi de Rezende Lago / Banca: Raul José Silva Gírio / Banca: Maria da Gloria Buzinaro / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de Escherichía calí produtoras de shigatoxinas e E. calí dos sorogrupos 0157, 0111 e 0113 em rebanhos leiteiros do Município de Jaboticabal-SP. A presença de seqüências stx1, stx2e eae foi detectada pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em amostras de fezes, água, leite, mão de ordenhador, insuflador de ordenhadeira e teto. Todas as amostras stx e eae positivas foram submetidas a uma nova reação de PCR para detecção das seqüências rfb 0157, 0111 e 0113. Observou-se uma alta prevalência (72,16%) de seqüências stx nas fezes dos bovinos. Os coeficientes de prevalência das seqüências rfb 0157, 0111 e 0113 nas fezes dos bovinos foram, respectivamente, 14,77%, 0,2% e 30,83%. Detectaram-se seqüências stx em amostras de água (19,51 %), leite (33,33%), mão de ordenhador (3,57%), e teto (7,14%). Ainda nas amostras de água e leite foram detectadas Escheríchía colí 0157 e 0113. Por meio da separação imunomagnética, isolou-se 53,62% das amostras PCR 0157 positivas, sendo destas 72,97% produtoras de enterohemolisina. Foram isoladas 25% das amostras PCR 0113 positivas. Animais de todos os rebanhos (100%) apresentaram em suas fezes STEC e E. calí 0113 e os sorogrupos 0157 e 0111 foram observados em 60,0% e 10,0% dos rebanhos, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a alta prevalência de STEC detectada em rebanho leiteiro evidenciou que as fezes de bovinos desempenham um papel importante na contaminação ambiental e podem oferecer risco de agravo à saúde pública. / Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shigatoxigenic Escherichía colí (STEC) and STEC serogroups 0157, 0111 and 0113 in feces, water, milk, milkman's hands, teat and teatcup sampled in dairy farms in Jaboticabal-SP. Samples were collected from 10 herds and assessed for the presence of the virulence genes stX1, stX2 and eae by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ali stx and eae positive samples were submitted to a second PCR reaction targeting the sequences rfb 0157, rfb 0111 and rfb 0113. High prevalence of stx was detected (72,16%) in fecal samples, whereas the prevalence of sequences rfb 0157, rfb 0111and rfb 0113 were 14,77%, 0,2% and 30,83%, respectively. Sequence stx was detected in water (19,51 %), milk (33,33%), milkman's hands (3,57%) and teat samples (7,14%). It was also detected Escheríchía colí 0157 and 0113 in water and milk samples. It was isolated, by immunomagnetic separation, 53,62% of the PCR positive samples, from these, 72,97% were enterohaemolytic. 25% of the 0113 PCR positive samples were isolated. STEC was identified in ali herds (100%), and serogroups 0157, 0111 and 0113 were observed in 60%, 10% and 100% of the herds, respectively. In conclusion, the high STEC prevalence detected in dairy herds evidences that bovine feces might play an important role as a contamination source in the region of Jaboticabal. / Doutor

Cette thèse vise à évaluer les impacts de la gouvernance et du dirigeant sur les stratégies financières et la performance des très petites entreprises (TPE). Une application empirique aux exploitations laitières françaises et québécoises montre des impacts différents selon le contexte économico-politique. L'utilisation des théories de la gouvernance pour analyser la performance des TPE permet d'étudier l'influence des différents acteurs sur la prise de décision des dirigeants. Pour valider le cadre théorique choisi, nous avons tout d'abord organisé des groupes de discussion constitués de dirigeants d'exploitations laitières. L'analyse de contenu thématique de ces discours a permis de définir de façon plus spécifique le système de gouvernance des TPE en identifiant les acteurs, les mécanismes de gouvernance, les raisons de l'utilisation de ces mécanismes et les relations existant entre le système de gouvernance et le dirigeant. Ensuite, des données quantitatives issues de bases de données comptables agricoles ont été analysées via un modèle d'équations structurelles afin de valider les hypothèses de l'influence de la gouvernance et du dirigeant sur les stratégies et la performance. Les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse permettent d'améliorer la compréhension du fonctionnement de la gouvernance dans les TPE laitières. / This thesis aims to evaluate the impacts of governance and of the manager on the financial strategies and performance of very small enterprises (VSE). An empirical application to French and Canadian dairy farms shows different impacts depending on the economic and politic context. Using governance theories to analyze the performance of VSE allows studying the influence of different actors in managers' decisions. To validate the theorical framework, we first carried out focus group with dairy farm managers. The analysis of the thematic content of these meetings allowed to define more specifically the governance system of VSE and to identify the main actors, the governance mechanisms, the reasons behind the use of these and the relationships between the governance system and the manager. Then, quantitative information from agricultural accounting database was analysed by a “structural equation model” to validate the hypothesis of the influence of governance and the manager on the financial strategies and performance. The results improve the knowledge of the governance functioning of the dairy VSE.

Women throughout the world have found emancipation through education. Yet, there has been no research on the role that education plays in dairy farm women's primary, on-farm identity development and how farm women's identities develop. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine dairy farm women's perceptions of previous learning (education) and its influence on their primary, on-farm identity development. The feminist standpoint theory provided the framework for this study. A homogeneous, purposeful sample of 10 active dairy farm women were interviewed using individual, face to face, semistructured questions to answer the question: What are dairy farm women's perceptions of previous learning (education) and its influence on their primary, on-farm identity development? Emergent themes and patterns were identified following the in-depth data analysis process of interpretive phenomenological analysis. The findings revealed 3 superordinate themes: identity, identity development, and education. All of the participants discussed factors that contributed to their identity development (family, emotions, and freedom), and they described their perceptions of education's influence on their primary, on-farm identity development. Incidental learning and transfer of skills were perceived as having the strongest influence followed by informal learning, mentorship, and formal learning. The postive social change implication of this research was to change the way agricultural educators and policy makers present information to dairy farm women.

As part of the Southeast Quality Milk Initiative, this investigation analyzes relationships between several heat abatement management, housing and feeding practices that may influence cow thermal comfort with milk quality. Farms producing high quality milk have low bulk tank somatic cell (BTSCC) and bacteria or standard plate counts (BTSPC). Dairy farms in Kentucky (n = 96), Mississippi (n = 7), Tennessee (n = 84) and Virginia (n = 96) were surveyed. Management of heat abatement programs were associated with smaller BTSCC and BTSPC. Farms that used pasture as their primary housing system had greater BTSCS and BTSPC than farms that confined cows to barns year-round. The practice of making fresh feed available to cows upon returning from the milking parlor was also associated with better milk quality. Management of heat abatement programs, housing and feeding practices show promise as a means to improve milk quality on Southeastern dairy farms.

No description available.

Foi calculado o impacto econômico da brucelose bovina, a partir de um banco de dados socioeconômico, efetuado no período de 2001 a 2002 pelo Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" da Universidade de São Paulo (CEPEA/ESALQ/USP). Foram reunidas informações de 27, 43, 36 e 17 propriedades leiteiras representantes, respectivamente, dos estados de Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG), Santa Catarina (SC) e Rio Grande do Sul (RS). No Rio Grande do Sul, as propriedades amostradas situavam-se na região Noroeste, em Santa Catarina, na região Oeste, em Goiás, na região Sul e, em Minas Gerais, nas regiões Central, do Triângulo Mineiro e metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Os parâmetros utilizados para a simulação dos prejuízos causados pela brucelose foram: prevalência de 0,06% e 3,0% respectivamente para os estados de MG/GO (Região I) e SC/RS (Região II); fertilidade 80%; descarte por esterilidade 20%; abortamento 25%; mortalidade perinatal 30%; reposição de matrizes nos rebanhos infectados 30% superior aos rebanhos não infectados; custos dos serviços veterinários 20% do salário mínimo vigente e custo da quilometragem 30% do valor da gasolina por quilômetro rodado. As propriedades foram divididas em três estratos: pequenas, com população média de 94 e 38,83 animais, respectivamente para as regiões I e II; intermediárias, populações médias de 143 e 57,83 animais, respectivamente para as regiões I e II e grandes, populações médias de 242 e 115,82 animais, respectivamente para as regiões I e II. Estes agrupamentos foram estabelecidos a partir do número de animais por rebanho e do número vacas em lactação, obtendo-se dados com uma distribuição normal. Os prejuízos totais atribuídos ao impacto causado pela brucelose bovina nas propriedades leiterias amostradas foram de R$ 18.532,80 e de R$ 4.279,94 respectivamente para as regiões I e II, quando expressos em reais ou de 39.131,60 e 10.204,83 se referidos em litros perdidos por ano. As proporções anuais de perdas na região I foram da ordem de 14% e para a região II de 5% / The economic impact of bovine brucellosis was calculated from a socioeconomic data bank corresponding to 2001-2002 period, by the staff of the Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada - CEPEA - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Data concerning to the prevalence of brucellosis, dairy production and economic information from 27, 43, 36, and 17 dairy farms pertaining respectively to the states of Goiás (GO), Minas Gerais (MG), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS) were analyzed in this study. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the dairy farms sampled were located at the Northwestern region; in Santa Catarina state herds were sampled from the Western region; in the Goiás state the farms were sampled from the Southern region; and in the state of Minas Gerais, samplings included herds from the Central, Triângulo Mineiro, and metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. The parameters used for the simulation of losses caused by brucellosis were: prevalence rate of 0.06% and 3.0%, respectively for the states of MG/GO (Region I), and SC/RS (Region II); fertility rate of 80.0%; culling of cows due to sterility of 20.0%; abortion rate of 25.0%; perinatal mortality rate of 30.0%, replacement of dams from infected herds 30.0% higher than to that of non-infected herds; cost of veterinary technical assistance service corresponding to 20.0% of the minimum wage in force; and transportation cost corresponding to 30.0% of the price of gasoline/Km. The dairy farms were divided into three strata: small farms with average population of 94 and 38.83 animals , respectively for the regions I and II; intermediate ones with mean population of 143 and 57.83 animals, respectively for the regions I and II; and large properties with mean population of 242 and 115.82 animals, respectively for regions I and II. These clusters were established starting from the number of animals existing in corresponding herds and the existing number of cows in lactation, and the data were found to be under normal distribution. Total losses attributed to the impact caused by bovine brucellosis in those dairy farms sampled reached a monetary value of R$ 18,532.80 and R$ 4,279.94, and expressed in volume of production, losses corresponded to 39,131.60 and 10,204.83 litters/year, respectively for the regions I and II. In terms of percentage, annual losses of the region I reached 14.0%, and 5.0% for the region II

A cadeia produtiva do leite no Brasil se caracteriza pela carência na utilização de ferramentas de gestão e financeiras para o controle da atividade. Atualmente algumas linhas de pesquisa estão trazendo para o meio rural a utilização de indicadores de origem econômica e financeira para complementarem os já utilizados de origem técnica como indicadores de produtividade, escala de produção etc. Este trabalho objetivou correlacionar indicadores técnicos, econômicos e financeiros de propriedades produtoras de leite localizadas em Minas Gerais para buscar quais seriam os de eleição para acompanhamento e quais estariam mais relacionados à rentabilidade e retorno financeiro. Foram coletados dados mensais de 15 propriedades mineiras do período correspondido entre julho de 2012 e junho de 2013, além de visita e aplicação de questionário às mesmas. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados para o cálculo de índices técnicos, econômicos e financeiros e também para caracterização das propriedades. Sobre os indicadores foram aplicados os testes de Kruskal Wallis e Wilcoxon para comparar as médias entre as propriedades em relação aos três níveis de retorno sobre o Investimento da propriedade. Em seguida aplicou-se o teste de correlação de Spearman para cálculo dos indicadores de correlação de todas variáveis em relação aos indicadores de cunho econômico financeiro. Os indicadores econômicos e financeiros revelaram altos índices de correlação e diferenças entre médias entre si. Dos demais se destacaram, a relação de gasto com mão de obra /receita bruta e a perda com morte de animais. De acordo com os testes de correlação, a variável MARGEM DE EBITDA foi a que mais se correlacionou com os demais indicadores relacionados ao retorno financeiro da atividade e por isso foi a considerada a principal no controle financeiro das atividades produtivas. / Milk production chain in Brazil is characterized by deficiency in the use of financial management and to control the activity tools. Nowadays some researches are bringing to the rural environment the using of indicators of economic and financial source to complement those already used from technical origin as indicators of productivity, production scale etc. This study aimed to correlate technical, economic and financial indicators of milk-producing farms located in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, to find what indicators would be elected to follow and which would be more related to profitability and financial returns. Monthly data of 15 properties from Minas Gerais was collected between July 2012 and June 2013, as well as visiting and apllying questionnaire to all of them. The data were used to calculate the technical, economical and financial ratios and also to characterize the properties. The indicators were compared using Kruskal Wallis and Wilcoxon tests to compare means between the properties on three levels of return on investment. Then the Spearman correlation test was applied to calculate the indicators correlation of all variables in relation to financial end economical indicators. The economic and financial indicators showed high levels of correlation and mean differences between each other. The others that stood out was the ratio of spending on labor/gross income and losts with animal death. According to the correlation tests, the variable MARGIN OF EBITDA was more correlated with other indicators related to the financial return of the activity and therefore was considered the main financial control to use on productive activities.