Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Hamburg, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. xi-xxiii).

It is well known that in English law the indemnity insurers stand in a better position than the assureds and this is especially true when a claim is delayed: in that scenario, the insurer is neither liable for the damage caused by the late payment, nor for the compound interest. In Sprung v. Royal Insurance ([1999] 1 Lloyd's Rep IR 111) this unfair situation was justified by the Court of Appeal, naturally, it brought an opportunity for the Law Commission to reconsider the law. Recently, the new Insurance Act 2015 has been enacted and subsequently amended by the Enterprise Act 2016 in regards to the insurer’s obligation to make a timely payment; however, the legal effect of the new legislation is unknown due to the lack of binding precedents. In this work, the duty of the indemnity insurer shall be discussed in full and this work will try to make a contribution to the interpretation of the new legislation regarding to the obligation of the insurer and remedies for the assured.

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published_or_final_version / Law / Master / Master of Laws

According to legislation, common law and case law, South African educators have a responsibility to ensure the safety of learners. Above all, God has placed children in our care and it is our God-given duty to take care of them. For educators to be able to perform this duty of care as it should be, they need to be equipped with the necessary legal knowledge. However, the acquisition of this knowledge remains the primary responsibility of each educator. Other educational role-players also have some moral obligation and responsibility to assist educators in attaining such knowledge. As educators should acquaint themselves with the relevant legislation regarding duty of care, such legislation should be accessible to all educators. Principals should encourage educators to become acquainted with the content of the relevant education laws. All the determinants regarding duty of care ought to be general knowledge to educators. Principles such as what torts comprise of, the requirements of delictual accountability, reasonable foreseeability and preventability and the reasonable educator test should be as well-known as subject didactical knowledge. Real-life situations and case law should be used to ensure a clear understanding of these principles. Tendencies in international law should also be communicated to educators. This study determined that educators do not have sound legal knowledge to meet the minimum requirements set by legislation, common law and case law. Tertiary institutions will have to compile training programs urgently so that education departments, trade unions, governing bodies and principals can make it available to educators, who, in turn can empower themselves with relevant, practical education law knowledge. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Este trabalho aborda os aspectos qualitativos da indenização por danos morais, relacionando-os à prevenção de danos. Por causa da polêmica doutrinária acerca das funções que deve desenvolver a indenização por danos morais, procura-se desvincular a eficácia preventiva da noção de punição. Analisa-se a função punitiva, a começar pela investigação de sua origem - os punitive damages - e dos problemas que traz ao ordenamento jurídico nacional. O estudo das características dos punitive damages demonstra as dificuldades enormes que o instituto apresenta nos países onde é aplicado, bem como as diferenças existentes entre o referido instituto e a indenização punitiva por danos morais. Tendo em vista o fato de que a maior justificativa para a indenização punitiva é a pretensa prevenção de novos danos, investiga-se a função preventiva da responsabilidade civil, em um primeiro momento, para depois localizar na indenização compensatória um escopo tão preventivo quanto o que justifica a adoção da indenização punitiva. A atuação judicial é fundamental para se afastar o efeito punitivo, pois atua na eleição de critérios cuja análise fundamentará o valor da indenização. A indenização fixada de forma justa desperta no responsável pelo dano a cautela necessária à maioria das situações em que os danos morais são isoladamente causados. Para os casos de danos morais \"repetitivos\", ou que atinjam um grande número de pessoas, além da indenização, o ordenamento jurídico oferece alguns instrumentos processuais que possuem um potencial preventivo e que podem ser úteis no refreamento dessas condutas. Desse modo, pode-se concluir a indenização por danos morais, tão-somente compensatória é a forma de reparação mais adequada aos danos morais para o nosso ordenamento. / This study addresses the qualitative aspects of the indemnification for moral damage, relating them to prevention of these damages. Because of the controversy about the roles that the indemnification should develop, it tries to separate the preventive efficacy of the concept of punishment. It analyses the punitive role to begin the investigation of its origin the punitive damages - and the problems that it brings to the national legal system. The study of characteristics of the punitive damages shows the enormous difficulties that the institute presents where it is applied, and the differences between the institute and by punitive indemnification. In view of the fact that the major justification for punitive indemnification is the prevention of further damage, it was investigated the preventive function of liability it at first, and then, find in compensatory damages as a scope as preventive which justifies the adoption of punitive damages. The judge action is essential to avoid the punitive effect, because it acts in the election of criteria whose analysis of the value base compensation. The compensation fixed fairly awakens liable for damage in the care needed for most situations in which damage is caused in isolate way. For the cases of moral damage \"repetitive,\" or they reach a large number of people, in addition to damages, the law offers some procedural instruments that have a potential preventive and can be useful in reducing these behaviors. Thus, we can conclude the compensation for moral damages as compensation-only is the most appropriate way to repair the damage to our judicial system.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-09T13:04:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Marinangelo.pdf: 3340720 bytes, checksum: 0e595d33445e8c4180859d5d96a0c679 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T13:04:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Marinangelo.pdf: 3340720 bytes, checksum: 0e595d33445e8c4180859d5d96a0c679 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / The purpose of this study is to defend the application of punitive damages, which are similar to punitive damages in the American legal system, in cases of contractual breach committed intentionally or with gross negligence, when profits are earned from the wrongdoing, and from which arises non-economic damages to the non-breaching party. The intended goal is justified by the constant cases of non-performance of contract, which often consists in expedients intentionally committed to obtain a financial gain on disregard for the non-pecuniary rights of the counterpart. As the compensation for material and nonpecuniary damages, whose amount is modest and relatively predictable, is easily included in the calculations of those who want to profit from other people’s damage, the proposal is to encourage reflection on the roles to be played by punitive damages in the regulation and restoration of an ethical human coexistence. For that purpose, foreign and national articles were consulted in order to bring up the hypothesis of application of punitive damages in the common and civil law systems, as well as in the Brazilian legal system. We made studies on the economic theories of law and the most current contract theories, examining them in view of the most relevant constitutional aspects of the matter, as well deepened the study on the dignity of the individual and social ethics involved, highlighting their importance on the justification of a more stringent treatment, as expressed in punitive damages. As a result, we observed a widespread acceptance of the compensation of non-economic damages arising from the contract, as well as the application of punitive damages as a mechanism to prevent, repress and dissuade wrongdoings committed intentionally or with gross negligence, which patently violate the rights of others and the dearest values of a society based on the principles of democratic rule of law / O propósito do presente trabalho consiste em defender a aplicação da indenização punitiva, assemelhada aos punitive damages do direito norte-americano, aos casos de descumprimento contratual praticados com dolo ou culpa grave, nas hipóteses de obtenção de lucro com o ilícito e dos quais, em virtude de tais fatos, decorram violação aos direitos extrapatrimoniais da parte prejudicada. O objetivo pretendido justifica-se diante das constantes práticas de inadimplemento do contrato, as quais, muitas vezes, constituem expedientes propositais para aferição de lucro em desprezo aos direitos extrapatrimoniais da contraparte. Como a reparação dos danos materiais e extrapatrimoniais, por seus valores módicos e previsíveis, pode ter seu custo facilmente incluído nos cálculos de quem pretende lucrar com o dano alheio, a proposta é incentivar a reflexão sobre o papel regulador e de restabelecimento ético da convivência humana a ser exercido pela indenização punitiva. Para tanto, consultamos doutrinas estrangeiras e nacionais, no intuito de levantar as hipóteses de cabimento das indenizações punitivas nos ordenamentos de commom law e civil law, bem como no ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Procedemos a estudos e incursões sobre as teorias econômicas do Direito e as teorias do contrato mais atuais, cotejando-as com os aspectos constitucionais mais relevantes, assim como aprofundamos o tema sobre a dignidade da pessoa humana e a ética social envolvida, com destaque à importância que ostentam para justificar o tratamento mais rigoroso, tal como se expressa na indenização punitiva. Como resultado, foi possível observar ampla aceitação do dano extrapatrimonial oriundo do contrato, assim como a aplicação da indenização punitiva como mecanismo preventivo, repressivo e dissuasor de condutas realizadas com dolo ou culpa grave, em flagrante desrespeito aos direitos alheios e aos bens mais caros de uma sociedade alicerçada sobre os princípios do Estado Democrático de Direito

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wendell Lopes Barbosa de Souza.pdf: 1760265 bytes, checksum: 047f2c0711b914c359bc25b639c687e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-13 / It can be seen today the real tendency of the civil liability under Brazilian law to the American system of common law precedents, each one with its details. On the other hand, examining U.S. law, there is a proliferation of written statutes, which are parameters to the production of jurisprudence relating to the cases of compensation for punitive damages. In reality, despite being situated in the Brazilian legal system among those members of the labeled civil law, supported by robust written legislation, with regard to compensation for non-compensatory damages can be said without hesitation that the course of jurisprudence leads to the conviction that damage issues are today being resolved by decisions fixed to an eminently factual bases, which have relied on statements by the Judiciary. Consequently, the judicial cases, for example, involving the non-compensatory damage and its consequences, like the turbulent fixing quantum of money, are resolved exclusive under precedents for the fact identical or at least similar. In the United States, a country that adopted the system of precedents for the resolution of legal disputes, including, at first, the group of nations adept to common law, it is noticed today the contingency of the production of statutes for the discipline of relevant topics, as the issue of punitive damages, making room for the written law of legal rules guiding judicial decisions. Hence we speak in interface between civil law and common law regarding the judicial resolution of the cases that focus on issues relating to non-compensatory damages in Brazil and punitive damages in the United States in the press law, especially when the case is about the the press company s right to inform and the right of privacy of the news subject / Pode-se verificar verdadeira tendência da responsabilidade civil no direito brasileiro ao sistema americano dos precedentes do common law, guardadas as peculiaridades de cada sistema. De outro lado, examinando-se o direito americano, verifica-se a proliferação de leis escritas, que passam a serem parâmetros à produção jurisprudencial relativa aos casos de indenizações punitivas. Realmente, não obstante posicione-se o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro dentre aqueles assim considerados integrantes do sistema do civil law, amparados por robusta legislação positivada, no que toca à indenização por danos morais pode-se dizer tranquilamente que o caminhar da jurisprudência leva ao convencimento de que as questões indenitárias estejam hoje sendo resolvidas por decisões fincadas em bases eminentemente fáticas, que já contaram com pronunciamentos anteriores do Poder Judiciário. Resulta daí, por exemplo, que as lides judiciárias envolvendo o dano moral e seus consectários, como a tormentosa fixação do quantum indenitário, sejam resolvidas exclusivamente com base em precedentes jurisprudenciais relativos a fatos idênticos ou pelo menos semelhantes. Já nos Estados Unidos, país que adotou o sistema dos precedentes jurisprudenciais para a solução dos litígios forenses, integrando, em princípio, o grupo das nações adeptas do common law, hoje se vê na contingência da produção de leis escritas para a disciplina de temas relevantes, como a questão das indenizações punitivas, abrindo espaço para a positivação de normas jurídicas orientadoras das decisões judiciais. Daí se falar em interface entre civil law e common law no que toca à resolução das lides judiciárias que têm por objeto as questões indenitárias relativas aos danos morais no Brasil e aos punitive damages nos Estados Unidos no direito de imprensa, sobretudo quando se trata do conflito entre o direito de informar da empresa jornalística e o direito de privacidade do sujeito da notícia

Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o dano moral decorrente do descumprimento do contrato. O contrato é firmado para que seja cumprido, nem sempre, porém, o é. Do descumprimento do avençado surgem diferentes consequências e o que essa pesquisa pretende esclarecer é que uma dessas consequências pode ser a lesão moral. Através da análise da figura do contrato, dos efeitos de seu descumprimento e do instituto do dano moral, o estudo buscará comprovar que a quebra contratual pode ocasionar danos de diferentes naturezas, inclusive, o de natureza moral. Na verdade, independentemente da origem do dano moral, se no descumprimento do contrato, ou não, a lesão dessa natureza é reparável. A pesquisa pretende, ainda, propor a reunião de determinados contratos, cujo descumprimento comumente causa danos morais, na categoria dos contratos morais. Esses contratos possuem características comuns que os tornam potenciais causadores de danos morais, quando descumpridos. Por fim, fora realizada pesquisa junto ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça no intuito de evidenciar o cenário jurisprudencial acerca do tema. Tal levantamento evidenciou o estabelecimento naquela Corte de uma regra da excepcionalidade do dano moral no caso de descumprimento do contrato, regra essa que, como será demonstrado, não parece aceitável. / This study aims to analyze the moral damage resulting from breach of contract. The contract is to be fulfilled, not always, however, it is. The breach of contract has different consequences and what this research intends to clarify is that one of these consequences can be moral damage. Through the analysis of the contract, breach´s effects and the figure of moral damage, the study will seek to prove that the breach of contract may cause damages of different natures, including the moral one. In fact, regardless of the source of moral damages, whether it results from event of failure to comply with any obligation set forth in the contract or not, such injury is repairable. The research also intends to propose an arrangement of certain contracts that whenever breached, usually causes moral damages, in the category of \'moral contracts\'. These contracts have common characteristics that make them potential cause of moral damage, when breached. A research in the Superior Court was also conducted to demonstrate the jurisprudential scenario on the subject. This research showed that the Court established a moral damage exceptionality rule in cases of violation of contract. This rule, however, as will be shown, does not seem acceptable .

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.