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La communication : de l'écart à la rencontre dans Pigments suivi de Névralgies de Léon-Gontran DamasLapierre, Johannie 24 April 2018 (has links)
Ce mémoire analyse la communication dans Pigments et dans Névralgies de Léon-Gontran Damas. Il vise à examiner les multiples composantes d'une situation d'interaction et à évaluer leurs fonctions dans le recueil. Nous soutenons que l'auteur, vivant dans un monde d'exclusion qui trouve pourtant sa force dans le regroupement, représente dans ses poèmes des rapports interpersonnels infructueux entre des instances énonciatrices complexes. Nous nous efforçons de montrer que les paroles, les silences et les autres procédés de communication impliquent et affectent l'énonciateur autant que le récepteur. À partir d'un contexte où l'Autre est parfois désiré, parfois imposé, mais où il menace toujours la stabilisé intérieure de soi, nous cherchons un équilibre qui ne sera rendu que par le partage d'une reconnaissance mutuelle.
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Décor architectural et mécénat à Damas aux XIIe et XIIIe sièclesBogard, François 17 December 2011 (has links)
L’objet de ce travail est d’étudier le lien entre le mécénat et le décor architectural à Damas de l’arrivée des Salğūqides à l’irruption des Mongols en Syrie et l'occupation destructrice de la ville, soit la fin de la dynastie ayyūbide.Un recensement des monuments conservés, replacés pour certains dans le contexte d’un mécénat qui dépasse largement la métropole syrienne, permet de mettre plusieurs groupes de mécènes, un groupe princier (le dynaste et sa famille directe), celui des émirs qui gravite autour de ce pouvoir central sans toujours résider et se rend ainsi visible dans la capitale, et celui des groupes de juristes et de religieux (soufis notamment) qui, tracent avec leurs fondations une géographie dans la ville et dans ses faubourgs.Une présentation des monuments par étapes chronologiques, et par réseaux (familiaux, sociaux) illustre des moments-clefs de la création artistique à Damas (milieu du XII° siècle: Nûr al-Dîn; début XIII°: al-'Âdil) et des groupes d’édifices liés par des caractères originaux: muqarnas de plâtre au XII° siècle et de pierre au XIII° siècle n'ornent longtemps que les portails des familles princières.Le décor réside dans les choix architecturaux (salles à coupoles, transition sur trompes ou sur pendentifs), mais aussi dans le choix des matériaux avec le goût pour la peinture et la sculpture sur plâtre et pour les assises de pierre colorées (ablaq).L’étude des ornements, montre des liens durables avec l’art fatimide jusqu’au début du XIII° siècle, mais aussi des échanges constants avec les foyers de l'espace zankide et ayyûbide, mais aussi de Mésopotamie, d’Iran et d’Asie Centrale, qui pourvoient Damas en savants et combattants. / This work is a study about the link that we can find between the Architectural Ornament and the patronage in medieval Damascus from the arrival of Salğūqids to the Mongol conquest.A listing of the still existing (or documented) monuments, put for some patrons into the context of their known architectural activity in order to point out the importance of the destroyed monuments, throws light on the activity of rulers and their family, military circles, and religious circles. This patronage outlines a geography of these groups in and around the city of Damascus.The study of the monuments, chronologically and by circles of patronage (families, social groups…) illustrates some moments of important artistic activity ( Middle of the XIIth century: Nûr al-Dîn; Beginning of the XIIIth century: al-Âdil), and also some groups of monuments with original ornamentation, or conception: plaster and stone muqarnas only occcur on portals built by the ruler and his family, not by the amirs, nor scholars.Architectural ornament is also based upon some choice, for cupolas on squinches or pendentives, for cut plaster or painted plaster, couloured stones for stripped walls (ablaq).The study of ornaments shows the links with Fatimid art till the beginning of the XIII° century, and with close Syrian and Mesopotamian sources, but also with the more remote oriental sources, with Iranian and Central Asian art, in this time many scholars and warriors.come to Damascus from these countries.
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Mapeamento de fontes aeroacústicas de um eslate em túnel de vento de seção fechada utilizando beam-forming com deconvolução DAMAS / Aeroacoustic source mapping of a slat in a closed-section wind tunnel using beam-forming with DAMAS deconvolutionPagani Júnior, Carlos do Carmo 18 August 2014 (has links)
A redução do ruído externo gerado por aeronaves operando nas proximidades de grandes centros urbanos é apontada como uma questão vital para a manutenção e expansão sustentável das atividades da aviação civil. Nas últimas décadas, reduções significativas no ruído gerado pelos sistemas de propulsão da aeronave tornaram relevantes as contribuições do trem de pouso e dos dispositivos de hiper-sustentação (flapes e eslates) para o ruído global da aeronave. A caracterização do espectro acústico de cada componente hiper-sustentador é necessária para o desenvolvimento de métodos preditivos de ruído e projetos aerodinâmicos que viabilizem a redução de ruído sem penalizações severas para o desempenho e a segurança da aeronave. Experimentos com modelos em escalas mostram que a contribuição de cada elemento hiper-sustentador para o ruído global é determinada pelo tamanho e modelo da aeronave. Tal fato dificulta a generalização dos resultados experimentais e determina a caracterização do espectro acústico de cada componente de um aerofólio em termos de sua geometria e configuração operacional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a caracterização do ruído do eslate a partir de medições experimentais com um aerofólio hiper-sustentador McDonnell Douglas (30P30N), composto por flape, eslate e elemento principal. Os experimentos foram realizados em túnel de vento de seção fechada, e as medições acústicas contaram com o uso de uma antena composta por 62 microfones. Os dados acústicos foram processados com algoritmos de beam-forming convencional e deconvolução DAMAS (Deconvolution Approach for the Mapping of Acoustic Sources). A aplicação de técnicas de beam-forming permite representar uma distribuição espacial de fontes na forma de um mapa acústico e determinar o nível de ruído gerado por fontes que concorrem de forma independente para o ruído global. A base de dados experimentais permite o estudo do ruído do eslate sob diferentes configurações operacionais e geométricas do aerofólio. A análise do espectro acústico do eslate revela a ocorrência de ruído tonal em baixa e alta frequências, e ruído de banda larga em média frequência. Os mapas de beam-forming obtidos associam o ruído de banda larga com uma distribuição bidimensional de fontes ao longo da envergadura do eslate. O ruído do eslate aumenta com a velocidade de escoamento livre, enquanto que os picos tonais de baixa frequência e o ruído de banda larga decrescem com o aumento do ângulo de ataque do aerofólio de 2° para 10°. Os espectros de ruído do eslate colapsam quando reescalados pelo número de Mach do escoamento livre elevado a uma potência entre 4 e 5, e o ruído tonal colapsa em Strouhal dado pela corda do eslate e pela velocidade do escoamento base. Os resultados mostram que o ruído do eslate é fortemente dependente da geometria do aerofólio, particularmente para variações de overlap. Uma boa correspondência quantitativa foi obtida comparando-se espectros experimentais de ruído do eslate com espectros numéricos, obtidos a partir de um modelo com a mesma geometria e em condições de teste idênticas, o que indica a viabilidade do uso de túneis de vento de secção fechada para a realização de experimentos aeroacústicos. / The reduction in the noise produced by aircraft operating in the vicinity of large urban centers is an important issue for a sustainable growth in the civil aviation activities. Over the last decades, from a signicant reduction achieved in the noise generated by aircraft propulsion systems, the contribution of both landing gears and high-lift devices (flaps and slats) has become important to the aircraft overall noise. The identication of the noise signature of each high-lift component is required for the development of both noise prediction methods and new aerodynamic design concepts toward achieving a noise reduction without severe penalty over the aircraft performance and safety. Scaled model experiments have shown that the importance of each airframe component to the overall noise is determined by particularities in both aircraft geometry and size. Such noise model dependence hampers the generalization of experimental results from a reference testing model and leads to the necessity of assessing noise generation according to the testing model geometry and operational condition. This study focuses mainly on the characterization of slat noise from experimental measurements on a high-lift Mcdonnell Douglas (30P30N) airfoil, composed of a slat, a ap and a main element. Measurements were performed in a closed-section wind tunnel by a 62-microphone array and the acoustic data were processed with in-house codes based on conventional beam-forming and DAMAS (Deconvolution Approach for theMapping of Acoustic Sources) algorithms. Beam-forming techniques potentially enable the representation of a spatial source distribution as an acoustic map, from which the contribution of independent sources to the overall noise can be estimated. The experimental database enables the study of the slat noise from dierent airfoil operational conditions and geometrical settings. The slat noise spectral signature reveals the occurrence of tonal noise over both low- and high-frequency bands and also broadband noise over a mid-frequency range. Beam-forming maps indicate the slat broad-band noise originates from a source spatially distributed along the slat span. The slat noise increases in function of the ow speed, whereas low-frequency tonal peaks and the broadband noise decrease as the airfoil angle of attack increases from 2 to 10. The slat noise spectra scalle when the Mach number is raised to a power between 4 and 5, and the tonal noise collapses with Strouhal based on the slat chord and the ow speed. Results show the slat noise is strongly in uenced by the airfoil geometry, particularly for variations in the overlap. A good quantitative agreement was achieved through the comparison between the experimental and numerical slat noise spectra for the same model geometry and test conditions, which indicates the viability of performing aeroacoustic experiments in closed-section wind tunnels.
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Mapeamento de fontes aeroacústicas de um eslate em túnel de vento de seção fechada utilizando beam-forming com deconvolução DAMAS / Aeroacoustic source mapping of a slat in a closed-section wind tunnel using beam-forming with DAMAS deconvolutionCarlos do Carmo Pagani Júnior 18 August 2014 (has links)
A redução do ruído externo gerado por aeronaves operando nas proximidades de grandes centros urbanos é apontada como uma questão vital para a manutenção e expansão sustentável das atividades da aviação civil. Nas últimas décadas, reduções significativas no ruído gerado pelos sistemas de propulsão da aeronave tornaram relevantes as contribuições do trem de pouso e dos dispositivos de hiper-sustentação (flapes e eslates) para o ruído global da aeronave. A caracterização do espectro acústico de cada componente hiper-sustentador é necessária para o desenvolvimento de métodos preditivos de ruído e projetos aerodinâmicos que viabilizem a redução de ruído sem penalizações severas para o desempenho e a segurança da aeronave. Experimentos com modelos em escalas mostram que a contribuição de cada elemento hiper-sustentador para o ruído global é determinada pelo tamanho e modelo da aeronave. Tal fato dificulta a generalização dos resultados experimentais e determina a caracterização do espectro acústico de cada componente de um aerofólio em termos de sua geometria e configuração operacional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a caracterização do ruído do eslate a partir de medições experimentais com um aerofólio hiper-sustentador McDonnell Douglas (30P30N), composto por flape, eslate e elemento principal. Os experimentos foram realizados em túnel de vento de seção fechada, e as medições acústicas contaram com o uso de uma antena composta por 62 microfones. Os dados acústicos foram processados com algoritmos de beam-forming convencional e deconvolução DAMAS (Deconvolution Approach for the Mapping of Acoustic Sources). A aplicação de técnicas de beam-forming permite representar uma distribuição espacial de fontes na forma de um mapa acústico e determinar o nível de ruído gerado por fontes que concorrem de forma independente para o ruído global. A base de dados experimentais permite o estudo do ruído do eslate sob diferentes configurações operacionais e geométricas do aerofólio. A análise do espectro acústico do eslate revela a ocorrência de ruído tonal em baixa e alta frequências, e ruído de banda larga em média frequência. Os mapas de beam-forming obtidos associam o ruído de banda larga com uma distribuição bidimensional de fontes ao longo da envergadura do eslate. O ruído do eslate aumenta com a velocidade de escoamento livre, enquanto que os picos tonais de baixa frequência e o ruído de banda larga decrescem com o aumento do ângulo de ataque do aerofólio de 2° para 10°. Os espectros de ruído do eslate colapsam quando reescalados pelo número de Mach do escoamento livre elevado a uma potência entre 4 e 5, e o ruído tonal colapsa em Strouhal dado pela corda do eslate e pela velocidade do escoamento base. Os resultados mostram que o ruído do eslate é fortemente dependente da geometria do aerofólio, particularmente para variações de overlap. Uma boa correspondência quantitativa foi obtida comparando-se espectros experimentais de ruído do eslate com espectros numéricos, obtidos a partir de um modelo com a mesma geometria e em condições de teste idênticas, o que indica a viabilidade do uso de túneis de vento de secção fechada para a realização de experimentos aeroacústicos. / The reduction in the noise produced by aircraft operating in the vicinity of large urban centers is an important issue for a sustainable growth in the civil aviation activities. Over the last decades, from a signicant reduction achieved in the noise generated by aircraft propulsion systems, the contribution of both landing gears and high-lift devices (flaps and slats) has become important to the aircraft overall noise. The identication of the noise signature of each high-lift component is required for the development of both noise prediction methods and new aerodynamic design concepts toward achieving a noise reduction without severe penalty over the aircraft performance and safety. Scaled model experiments have shown that the importance of each airframe component to the overall noise is determined by particularities in both aircraft geometry and size. Such noise model dependence hampers the generalization of experimental results from a reference testing model and leads to the necessity of assessing noise generation according to the testing model geometry and operational condition. This study focuses mainly on the characterization of slat noise from experimental measurements on a high-lift Mcdonnell Douglas (30P30N) airfoil, composed of a slat, a ap and a main element. Measurements were performed in a closed-section wind tunnel by a 62-microphone array and the acoustic data were processed with in-house codes based on conventional beam-forming and DAMAS (Deconvolution Approach for theMapping of Acoustic Sources) algorithms. Beam-forming techniques potentially enable the representation of a spatial source distribution as an acoustic map, from which the contribution of independent sources to the overall noise can be estimated. The experimental database enables the study of the slat noise from dierent airfoil operational conditions and geometrical settings. The slat noise spectral signature reveals the occurrence of tonal noise over both low- and high-frequency bands and also broadband noise over a mid-frequency range. Beam-forming maps indicate the slat broad-band noise originates from a source spatially distributed along the slat span. The slat noise increases in function of the ow speed, whereas low-frequency tonal peaks and the broadband noise decrease as the airfoil angle of attack increases from 2 to 10. The slat noise spectra scalle when the Mach number is raised to a power between 4 and 5, and the tonal noise collapses with Strouhal based on the slat chord and the ow speed. Results show the slat noise is strongly in uenced by the airfoil geometry, particularly for variations in the overlap. A good quantitative agreement was achieved through the comparison between the experimental and numerical slat noise spectra for the same model geometry and test conditions, which indicates the viability of performing aeroacoustic experiments in closed-section wind tunnels.
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Le papier en Syrie ottomane à partir du fonds des archives de Damas : une étude historique, analyse, restauration et conservation / The paper in Ottoman Syria from Damascus funds archives : a historical study, analysis, restoration and conservationAl Zoabi, Mouhammad Kheir 10 January 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse présente une étude historique : l’apparition du papier au Moyen Orient. L’identification des centres de fabrication papetières de cette région, les différentes méthodologies constatées, puisées dans des sources arabes anciennes. Une étude analytique : analyses des sujets présents dans les firmans d’Alep qui contiennent plusieurs sujets traitant de la vie politique, économique, religieuse, militaire et sociale de cette ville. Ces sujets nous donnent une idée plus claire et réelle de ce qui s’est passé dans cette région et d’une manière plus large dans l’empire ottoman. Une étude technique des papiers filigranés des collections ottomanes conservées au centre des archives de Damas : de manière à peu près constante, les papetiers d’Occident se sont appliqués à signer leur production en utilisant une marque inscrite en filigrane dans la feuille à sa fabrication. Cette marque qui s’exprime par le dessin d’une figure ou des lettres, constitue en quelque sorte l’enseigne du papetier. Des solutions de conservation préventive par la surveillance climatique et la sensibilisation des différents acteurs : chercheurs, responsables et lecteurs sur les bonnes pratiques de consultation. Des solutions de conservation curatives sont proposées par l’utilisation de méthodes de restaurations reconnues au niveau international et par la création d’un type de reliure de conservation économiquement et techniquement transposable en Syrie pays où cet artisanat est absent. / This thesis presents a historical study: the appearance of the paper in the Middle East. Identification of paper mills manufacturing centers of this region, the different methodologies identified, drawn from ancient Arabic sources. An analytical study: analysis of subjects in the firmans Aleppo containing several topics dealing with political, economic, religious, military and social life of the city. These subjects give us a clearer and real idea of what happened in this region and more broadly in the Ottoman Empire. A technical study paper watermarks Ottoman collections housed at the center of Damascus archives: in order almost constant, papermakers west have applied to sign their production using a registered trademark implicit in the sheet manufacture. This brand is expressed through drawing of a figure or letters, is something of the sign in the paper. Preventive conservation solutions for climate monitoring and awareness of various stakeholders: researchers, managers and players on good consultation practices. Curative conservation solutions are offered by the use of methods restorations internationally recognized and the creation of a type of conservation economically and technically binding transposable Syria country where the craft is away.
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Damas après Tamerlan. Étude historique et archéologique d'une renaissance (1401-1481) / Damascus after Tamerlane. Historical and archaeological study of a revival (1401-1481)Vigouroux, Elodie 18 November 2011 (has links)
Durant l’hiver 1400, le chef turco-mongol Timur Lang/Tamerlan, occupe Damas. Quand ses troupes quittent la ville en mars 1401, elle est détruite et exsangue. Si les sources historiques et les études menées présentent cet événement comme un cataclysme, l’impact des troupes mongoles sur la ville doit être nuancé. En évaluant, grâce au croisement des éléments précis présentés par les textes,l’état de Damas avant et après son passage et il est possible de proposer une vision renouvelée des événements. Cette démarche permet d’aborder sous un angle nouveau l’étude de la renaissance de la ville, d’en appréhender le rythme, les mécanismes et les acteurs, à travers l’étude des textes historiques disponibles mais aussi grâce à la découverte de documents inédits apportant un éclairage neuf sur les enjeux de la reconstruction au début du XVe siècle. Dans l’optique d’une relativisation de l’impact de l’occupation de la ville, un nouvel examen des conséquences de la déportation des artisans de Damas vers Samarcande s’impose. Ce traumatisme est souvent présenté non seulement comme l'origine d'un déclin économique de la ville mais aussi comme la cause de la disparition de sa tradition architecturale. L’analyse des monuments permet de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques des constructions qui matérialisent la reprise tout au long du XVe siècle. Cherchant à évacuer le toposet le pathos inhérents aux récits des événements, ce travail combine donc l’examen des faits affectant le paysage urbain, l’analyse des aspects économiques de la reconstruction et l’étude des données architecturales afin de tenter de mesurer les conséquences réelles du passage de Tamerlan à Damas. / During winter 1400, the turco-mongolian conqueror Timur Lang/Tamerlane occupies Damascus. InMarch 1401, after the departure of his troops, the city is destroyed and forsaken. Historic sourcesand studies present this event as a cataclysm, however, the impact of the mongolian horde on thecity has to be examined. It is necessary to estimate the condition of Damascus, before and after thisepisode. The crossing of data presented by the historic sources leads us to offer a renewed vision ofthe events. Then, the study of the revival of the city, thanks to a new approach and a newperspective, permits to discern its rhythm, its mechanisms and its central characters. Thisinvestigation is possible through the examination of the available historic texts and the unpublisheddocuments, bringing the light on the stakes of the reconstruction at the beginning of the XVthcentury. In order to complete the evaluation of the real impact of the occupation of the city, a newexamination of the consequences the deportation of Damascus craftsmen towards Samarkand iscrucial. This trauma is actually seen as the origin of an economic decline of the city and also as thecause of the disappearance of its architectural tradition. The analysis of very monument conducts tobring to light the building’s characteristics throughout the reconstruction. Trying to differ from toposand pathos inherent to the narratives of the events, this work thus combines the examination of thedamage affecting the townscape, the analysis of the economic aspects of the reconstruction, and thestudy of the architectural data, in order to measure the real consequences of Tamerlane presence inDamascus.
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Géographie humaine de BeyrouthChehabe ed-Dine, Saïd. January 1900 (has links)
Thèse--Paris. / "Edition mise à jour." Bibliographie: p. [401]-408
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Le décor de stuc à Damas à l'époque des Zanguides et des Ayyoubides / Stucco decoration in Damascus during the Zangid and Ayyubid periodAbbas, Howaida 29 January 2018 (has links)
La thèse traite du décor de stuc à Damas à l'époque des Zanguides et des Ayyoubides; nous avons sélectionné neuf monuments de la vieille ville de Damas et de ses faubourgs, aux décors en stuc abondants les plus marquants à cette époque. Ce sont: al-Bïmaristan al-Nürï, al-Madrasa al-Nüriyya, al-Madrasa alBadriyya, al-Turba al-Hatünïyya, al-Madrasa al-Sâmiyya al-Barrâniyya, la Mosquée d'al-Hanâbila, la Mosquée d'al-Tawba, al-Bïmaristân al- Qaymarï et al-Turba al-Takrïtiyya. La thèse est organisée en deux volumes : un premier volume d'étude et un second rassemblant un catalogue et les illustrations. Le premier volume s'organise en trois parties. La première partie est consacrée au contexte géographique et historique de la ville de Damas, à travers son expansion intra et extra-muros au cours du temps, suivie par une présentation du stuc en tant que matériau: caractéristiques, techniques utilisées et évolution chronologique à partir du début de l'époque islamique. La deuxième partie présente une étude détaillée des monuments par ordre chronologique; chaque monument est décrit sous trois aspects: historique, architectural et surtout ornemental. Une datation approximative du décor est proposée, suite à l'analyse et à l'étude comparative du décor. Chaque panneau décoratif est détaillé en suivant cinq axes de recherches. Nous abordons en premier lieu le cadre du décor, son schéma directeur et sa composition décorative; puis, nous identifions les motifs et nous dénombrons en vue de statistiques les motifs utilisés dans chaque panneau décoratif; nous commentons ensuite le traitement intérieur des motifs. La troisième partie de notre étude aborde la synthèse, sous forme d'étude analytique comparative de chaque étape de l'étude du décor, en établissant une iconographie des différents motifs floraux à partir du répertoire ornemental des neuf monuments étudiés; ces motifs sont classés en fonction de leur forme la plus simple et de leur type. L'étude comparative a été réalisée à partir de ces monuments ou d'autres monuments de la même époque, sur différents matériaux. Nous avons abordé l'étude typologique des motifs à partir de leur origine. L'analyse comparative des procédés de décoration nous a permis de dégager certains points : les motifs floraux utilisés en soulignant les plus fréquents et les plus rares, ainsi que les écoles artistiques dominantes dans le décor de stuc de Damas à l'époque zanguide et ayyoubide. / This research deals with the stucco decoration in Damascus during the Zangid and Ayyubid period. Nine monuments have been selected in the old city of Damascus and its outskirts, because of their particular importance. These are al-Bîmaristan al-Nürî, al-Madrasa al-Nüriyya, al-Madrasa al- Badriyya, al-Turba al-ljatünîyya, al-Madrasa al-Samiyya al-Barraniyya, al-ijanabila mosque, alTawba mosque, al-Bîmaristan al- Qaymarî and al-Turba al-Takrîtiyya. The thesis is organized in two volumes: the first volume is dedicated to the study of the decoration, the second volume contains the catalogue and the figures. The study volume is divided into three parts. The first part presents the geographical and historical context of Damascus through its expansion intra-muros and extra-muros through the time, followed by a presentation of the stucco as a material, its characteristics, its techniques and its chronological evolution since the early Islamic period. The second part is devoted to the detailed study of the monuments in chronological order. Each monument is described through three aspects: historical, architectural and ornamental. An approximate dating of the decorations is proposed according to the analysis and comparative study. Each decorative unit is detailed according to five lines: the environment of the decoration, its design blueprint and decorative composition, the identification of decorative patterns, the statistical use of each separate pattern, and finally the inner treatment of each pattern. The third part provides a synthesis with an analytical and comparative study. A directory of the different floral patterns used in the nine monuments has been established and organizcd according to their basic type. The comparative study is conducted through these monuments and other contemporary monuments, displaying various techniques. This comparative analysis allowed to highlight some aspects such as: the most commonly used floral designs or the rarest, and the different styles dominating the stucco decoration in Zangid and Ayyubid Damascus.
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L'habitat informel en Syrie : le cas de Damas / Informal settlements in Syria : the case of DamascusKafa, Main 16 December 2013 (has links)
L'étude du cas de la capitale Syrienne permet de mesurer l'étendue du problème que pose la prévalence de l'habitat non réglementé dans les villes du Moyen-Orient et tout particulièrement en Syrie. L'analyse historique de l'évolution de la structure urbaine de Damas depuis le début du XXème siècle illustre le rôle des politiques de développement urbain, de planification et de résorption de l'habitat informel dans son cheminement jusqu'à une structure actuelle où l'informalité joue encore un rôle prépondérant et nullement décroissant. Elle constitue un obstacle essentiel à l'accès aux services urbains de base non seulement des plus pauvres, mais aussi d'autres fractions de la population. Une observation attentive du phénomène dans les périphériques damascènes permet de dresser un état des lieux de l'habitat non réglementé qui forme une couronne presque ininterrompue de quartiers autour de la zone centrale de l'agglomération damascène. Des enquêtes menées auprès des échantillons significatifs ont permis d'interroger et d'analyser la manière dont les acteurs intègrent dans leur logique d'action et dans la mise en oeuvre des projets, la notion de développement urbain durable.Toutefois, l'évolution de la crise depuis 2011 et la destruction massive de quartiers entiers, réguliers et informels, transforment complètement les enjeux urbains à venir. La reconstruction des villes syriennes, et de Damas en premier lieu, sera un énorme chantier qui reposera assurément en des termes différents la question du sort des quartiers informels, détruits ou non détruits. / The case study of Damascus, the Syrian Capital, to evaluate the extent of the problem caused by the prevalence of informal settlements in the cities in the Middle-East and particularly in Syria. The historical analysis of the urban structure evolution of Damascus earlier in the twentieth century illustrates the methods of urban development and its policies. New urban planning policies and roles that set up in Damascus have failed to decrease the informal settlement, yet it helps to increase it.Careful observation of Damascene marginal areas shows clearly this phenomenon. Many informal settlements formed unbroken belt of neighborhoods around the central area of the Damascus and connected to its suburbs. Investigations of representative samples were used to examine and analyze how actors fit and act in the implementation of the urban projects toward the durable urban development conception. .However, the evolution of the crisis since 2011 and the massive destruction of entire regular and informal settlements, completely transform the urban challenges ahead. Reconstruction of Syrian cities, Damascus in the first place will be a huge project that undoubtedly will pose in different terms the question of the fate of informal settlements, destroyed or not destroyed.
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Do pecado à redenção: o papel das primeiras damas e a infância marginal em Cascavel-PRSantos, Lucas Cardoso dos 22 June 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper has the objective to stablish a critical reflection on the political
participation of first laddies in Cascavel-PR between 1990 and 2007, particularly
considering their relation to public social assistance. As Brazil is a country colonized
by europeans, the Christian tradition was quite influent in the colony development
and for that it was part of feminine world to deal with a dark destine in which it was
believed that the women were addicted to the desires of the flesh, in other words, to
the sin, and this made them an object of care and constant observation by those who
belonged to other social groups. That resulted on women’s imprisonment in the
interior of private spaces and consequently in their social banishment. The starting
point of this analysis was to look for the understanding of factors that made possible
and, later on, legitimate the feminine submission to the male genre. After that, the
processes that allowed the women’s insertion in social life and mainly the
transformations in the social environment by their entrance in the political life
articulated to the new requirements of the economic system was analyzed. The study
was based on the hypothesis that the centuries of exclusion that kept women
basically at home also resulted into their distance from the political matters. This way,
being the politics an area of dispute and interests, it wouldn’t be compatible with the
feminine ideal of innocence and purity. It was then established one of the first
problematics proposed in this study, being man or woman in the Ocident becomes
something much bigger than the simple physiologic difference; it involves absorbing
the personal actions of each one defined socially. It was noticed that even the
feminine political participation turned to social assistence was only possible due to
the qualities that are considered basically feminine as abnegation, solidarity, care and
others. Having mentioned that, it was analyzed the experience lived by first ladies in
Cascavel-PR whose participation in the social area has been understood as support
to poor people. In special, the attention was centered on the marginal childhood
history of the city, once the social area is quite broad and many ones depend on it.
Besides that, in the 90s Cascavel was going through a difficult time involving
youngsters that exposed themselves to the street risks and entered in the drug world. / Este trabalho tem o intuito estabelecer uma reflexão crítica a respeito da
participação política das primeiras damas no município de Cascavel-PR entre os
anos de 1990 e 2007, particularmente, no que diz respeito sobre sua relação com o
assistencialismo municipal. Sendo o Brasil um país colonizado por europeus, foi a
tradição cristã muito influente no desenvolvimento da colônia e, assim, ao universo
feminino coube um assombroso destino, onde a crença de que era a mulher um ser
propenso aos vícios da carne, ou seja, ao pecado, tornou-a objeto de cuidados e de
constante vigilância por parte das mais diversas instâncias sociais, resultando no
seu aprisionamento no interior do espaço privado e consequentemente seu
banimento social. O ponto de partida da análise é a busca da compreensão dos
fatores que tornaram possível e, posteriormente, legítimo a submissão feminina ao
gênero masculino. Na sequência, analisamos os processos que possibilitaram sua
introdução no meio público e, principalmente, as transformações no meio social que
permitiram sua entrada na vida política articulada às novas exigências do sistema
econômico. Partimos da hipótese de que os séculos de exclusão que as
trancafiaram dentro de casa também resultou no seu distanciamento das questões
políticas. Assim, sendo a política um campo de disputas e interesses, este não seria
compatível com o ideal feminino de ingenuidade e pureza. Portanto, estabelece-se
uma das primeiras problemáticas proposta neste trabalho, melhor dizendo, ser
homem ou ser mulher no ocidente, torna-se algo muito maior do que a simples
diferença fisiológica, implica em absorver as condutas próprias de cada um definidas
socialmente. Assim, percebe-se que, até mesmo a participação política feminina
voltada para o assistencialismo só foi possível devido a qualidades que são
consideradas atributos femininos como a abnegação, solidariedade, cuidados,
dentre outros. Posto isso, tecemos análises sobre a experiência vivida pelas
primeiras damas no município de Cascavel-PR, onde sua participação na área social
tem sido compreendida como um auxílio aos pobres. Em especial, nos atemos ao
histórico da infância marginal do município, uma vez que a área social é bem
abrangente e muitos são os que dela necessitam, e, ao mesmo tempo, a Cascavel
dos anos de 1990, passava por um difícil período envolvendo “menores” que se
expunham aos riscos da rua e adentravam ao mundo das drogas.
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