There are many types of databases, but the most common are relational and non-relational. These databases have different structures, and that affects their performance. Many studies examine the differences between relational and non-relational databases and compare them regarding performance. However, it lacks a study that collects the results from different sources and makes them available to software professionals, so they can choose a suitable database effortlessly. This thesis examines and analyzes several studies investigating the performance of relational and non-relational databases. The analysis examines the performance of typical database operations, insert, delete, update, and select, on different numbers of records. The results of this study show that the non-relational databases perform better, regardless of the number of records in the database. However, there are some cases where the relational databases perform better. The findings are based on an analysis of seven studies, encompassing databases MSSQL, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and MongoDB. / Det finns flera typer av databaser, men de vanligaste är relationella och icke-relationella. Dessa databaser har olika strukturer, vilket påverkar deras prestanda. Många studier undersöker skillnaderna mellan relationella och icke-relationella databaser och jämför deras prestanda. Dock saknas en studie som samlar resultaten från olika källor och gör dem tillgängliga för mjukvaruproffs, för att underlätta valet av en lämplig databas. Denna examensarbete undersöker och analyserar flera studier som utforskar prestandan hos relationella och icke-relationella databaser. Analysen fokuserar på prestandan för vanliga databasoperationer, såsom infogning, borttagning, uppdatering och val, för olika antal poster. Resultaten av denna studie visar att icke-relationella databaser presterar bättre oavsett antalet poster i databasen. Det finns dock vissa fall där relationella databaser fungerar bättre. Resultaten baseras på en analys av sju studier som omfattar MSSQL, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle och MongoDB-databaserna.

Datum: 2023-05-31 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi Akademi: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalen  Universitet Författare: Nancy Jacob, Osama Mahmoud Ahmed, Thanojitha Selvanayagam                      (990101)               (001212)                            (970719) Titel: Den konstanta digitaliseringen av arbetsrollen redovisningskonsult   Handledare: Zelalem Abay   Nyckelord: Redovisningskonsulternas arbete, bokföringsprogram, digitalisering, automatisering, och molnbaserade databaser.  Forskningsfråga: Hur har digitiseringen och digitaliseringen av redovisningskonsultens arbete påverkat arbetsprocessen, kompetenskraven och intressenter? Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att få en bild på hur arbetet som redovisningskonsult ser ut idag och digitaliseringens påverkan för yrkesrollen. Med en arbetsmarknad som konstant ändras och utvecklas kan det vara svårt att begripa de väsentliga aspekterna bakom yrket. Detta arbete ska undersöka vad som behövs för att vara en modern redovisningskonsult och de essentiella aspekterna bakom arbetet.  Metod: I denna studie användes en kvalitativ metod för undersökningen och insamlingen av empiriska materialet har genomförts med hjälp av nio semistrukturerade intervjuer som bygger på förutbestämda frågor. I studien har författarna utgått från en deduktiv process, vilket betyder att både teori och hypotes används för att utforma studiens forskningsfråga. Slutsats: Genom digitaliseringen blir redovisningskonsultens arbete mer automatiserat vilket resulterar i att rollen blir mer inriktad mot rådgivning. Dessutom har digitaliseringen gjort kundrelationer mycket enklare och smidigare. Den moderna redovisningskonsulten ska ha tillräckligt med kompetens både inom teori och IT för att kunna hantera de digitala verktygen som Fortnox och Visma. Konsulten behöver inte bära högre kunskap inom IT som exempelvis en programmerare. / Date: 2023-05-31 Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration Institution: School of business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University                              Authors: Nancy Jacob, Osama Mahmoud Ahmed, Thanojitha Selvanayagam                  ( 99/01/01)             ( 00/12/12)                        ( 97/07/19) Title: The constant digitalization of the work role accounting consultant Supervisor: Zelalem Abay   Keywords: Accounting consultants work, accounting programs, digitalization, automatization, and cloud-based database Research question: How has the digitization and digitalization of the accounting consultants work affected the work process, skill requirements and stakeholders? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand what the work of an accounting consultant looks like today and the impact of digitalization on the professional role. It can be difficult to understand the essential aspects behind the profession in a job market that is constantly changing and developing. This study aims to examine what is needed to be a modern accounting consultant and the essential aspects behind the work.  Method: In this study, a qualitative method has been applied and the retrieval of empirical data has been conducted by nine semi-structured interviews based on predetermined questions. A deductive research approach has been applied, which means that both theory and hypothesis are used to design the study's research question. Conclusion: With digitalization, the work of the accounting consultant is automated and this results in the work of accounting consultants becoming more focused on advisory services. In addition, digitalization has made customer relations much simpler and smoother. The modern accounting consultant should have sufficient theoretical and IT knowledge to handle digital tools such as Fortnox, Visma, etc. However, having the same qualifications as, for example,  programmers are not required.

The capacity to assemble, store, and make available information in databases is ever growing. This development has accelerated in recent decades, driven by the advent and increased use of digital networks. Already at an early stage, it led to demands for legal protection of databases. In most countries databases have been protected in national legislation based on copyright principles. However, this kind of protection has been regarded as insufficient. The reason for this is that copyright protection only covers the selection or arrangement of the contents of the database. By rearranging the contents, it is possible to avoid liability for copyright infringement. To address the specific needs of producers of databases, the then European community adopted a directive in 1996 on the legal protection of databases. The Directive aims to harmonise copyright protection for databases and to introduce a new, sui generis, right for the legal protection of databases. The sui generis right protects the investments in obtaining, verifying, and presenting the contents in a database. The sui generis right has been described in the literature as one of the most complex intellectual property rights ever established. Its complexity resides in the unclear relationship between the requirements for protection and the content and scope of protection. This dissertation describes, analyses, compares and systematises the legal protection for databases as provided for in the EU Database Directive – both in relation to copyright and sui generis protection, but also in relation to the intellectual property system in general and principles and rules on unfair competition. The study also describes and analyses the Directive as implemented into Swedish law. To do this, it makes use of relevant legal sources, with particular account taken of relevant sources of EU law such as the Directive itself, adjacent directives in the field of copyright and related rights, as well as unfair competition law and the case law and legal method developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The study also draws on underlying theories of intellectual property protection and unfair competition law, as well as arguments based on unjust enrichment and pure economic loss. The study establishes how the sui generis right serves as a legal hybrid between traditional intellectual property rights and protection against unfair competition. The structure of the right resembles traditional intellectual property rights, with requirements for protection, provisions on exclusive rights, exceptions and limitations and a term of protection. At the same time, the content and scope of protection provide measures similar to those countering unfair competition with aspects of protection against pure economic loss. The right protects against certain activities carried out in the market rather than providing protection for a traditional object of intellectual property law. When implementing the Directive, the Swedish legislator overlooked these aspects of the sui generis right, creating legal uncertainties when interpreting and applying the national legislation. The study concludes with a look forward and suggestions for future research.

This work was carried out for Cisco at the Tail-f department. Cisco’s main focus is on network and telecommunication. The Tail-f department is the developer of a network service automatization product that allows customers to automate the process of adding, removing and manage their developed devices and services in their network. In the context of this network service, notifications will arise to notify operators when something has happened. The notifications are currently stored in a configurational database that is currently used for all the data in the network service. The customers have wished for more flexibility and functionality in terms of operating the notification data since they are limited in what queries they may perform in order to analyze their data. The purpose of this project is to find an alternative way of storing the notifications with better functionality and efficiency. A number of different databases were investigated with respect to the functionality and performance requirements of the system. A final storage system ElasticSearch was chosen. ElasticSearch provides flexible schema handling and complex queries which makes it a suitable choice that fulfills the customers’ needs. A generator and subscriber program were built in order to perform tests and insertion of notification data into ElasticSearch. The generator creates notifications manually and the subscriber receives them and performs some parsing and insertion into the storage. The queries and performance of ElasticSearch was measured. The query results show that the new system is able to perform much more complex queries than before such as range queries, filtering and full-text searches. The performance results show that the system is able to handle around 1000 notifications every other millisecond before the system will slow down. This is a sufficient number that satisfies the customers’ needs. / Detta arbete utfördes för Cisco vid Tail-f avdelningen. Cisco fokuserar på nätoch telekommunikation. Tail-f är utvecklare av en automatiseringsprodukt för nätverk som gör det möjligt för kunder att automatisera processen att lägga till, ta bort och hantera sina utvecklade enheter och tjänster i deras nätverk. I samband med nätverkstjänsten kommer notifikationer att meddela operatörer när något har hänt.Meddelandena lagras för tillfället i en konfigurationsdatabas som för närvarande används för lagring av all data inom nätverkstjänsten. Kunderna har önskat efter mer flexibilitet och funktionalitet när det gäller att hantera datat eftersom de är begränsade i vilka sökfrågor de kan utföra för att analysera deras notifikationsdata.Syftet med detta projekt är att hitta ett alternativt sätt att lagra notifikationerna med bättre funktionalitet och effektivitet. Ett antal olika databaser undersöktes med avseende på systemets funktionalitet och prestandakrav. Ett slutgiltigt lagringssystem ElasticSearch valdes. ElasticSearch erbjuder flexibel schema-hantering och komplexa sökfrågor som gör det till ett lämpligt val som uppfyller kundernas behov. En generator och subscriber program utvecklades för att utföra test och införande av notifikationsdata i ElasticSearch. Generatorn skapar meddelanden manuellt och subscribern tar emot dem och utför viss parsing och insättning i lagringssystemet.Sökfrågor och prestanda för ElasticSearch mättes. Sökfrågans resultat visar att det nya systemet kan utföra mycket mer komplexa sökfrågor än tidigare, såsom intervall-sökningar, filtrering och full-text sökning. Resultatet visar att systemet kan hantera cirka 1000 notifikationer varannan millisekund innan systemet saktar ner. Detta är ett tillräckligt antal som uppfyller kundernas behov.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Detta examensarbete är utfört för Imano AB och behandlar ämnet databaser. Enorma mängder data finns lagrad i databaser världen över, men bara en bråkdel av all data används till något. Data kan förekomma i många olika former och en mängd olika typer av databaser har vuxit fram som komplement till de traditionella relationsdatabaserna. För sociala nätverk, logistiksystem, e-handel och i många andra sammanhang är relationer mellan dataposter ofta lika intressant som själva datainnehållet. När så är fallet kan grafdatabaser vara ett intressant alternativ. I en grafdatabas sparas relationer mellan enskilda dataposter som egna objekt, och denna egenskap kan användas för att ställa frågor om hur data relaterar till andra data. För att på ett effektivt sätt kunna utnyttja grafdatabasens egenskaper finns behov för ett lättillgängligt och användbart verktyg. Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa ett verktyg, som kombinerar grafdatabasen Neo4js förmåga att hantera relationer mellan enskilda dataposter med visuell presentation av data i en webbapplikation. Studien undersöker om detta verktyg gör att användaren lättare kan få ny förståelse ur befintlig data. Denna studie är i grunden ett utvecklingsarbete som följer principerna för metoden Design Science Research. Metoden består av en utvecklingsprocess i flera steg där empirin är den kunskap som erhålls under arbetets gång. I utvecklingsprocessen ingår även kvalitativa undersökningsmetoder för att samla in data vid demonstration och utvärdering av artefakten. I rapporten jämförs grafdatabaser med relationsdatabaser. Studien avser dock endast att peka på skillnader gällande vissa egenskaper och genomför ingen fullständig jämförelse av exempelvis prestanda. Studien visar enligt utvecklarna att grafdatabasen Neo4j har egenskaper som gör den lämplig för användning där relationer mellan enskilda dataposter är viktiga som källor till kunskap. Resultatet av forskningen är att ny förståelse kan komma ur befintlig data genom användning av grafdatabas, speciellt om den kombineras med visualisering. / This thesis written in swedsh is done for Imano AB and deals with the subject databases. Huge amounts of data are stored in databases worldwide, but only a fraction of all the data is used. Data can exist in many different forms and various types of databases have emerged as a complement to the traditional relational databases. In social networking, logistics systems, e-commerce and many other contexts, relationships between data items are often as interesting as the actual data content. When this is the case, graph databases provide solutions to problems that other databases cannot handle. In a graph database relationships between individual data records are stored as own objects. Thanks to this, it is easier to ask questions about how data relate to other data. To effectively exploit the graph database’s features there is a need for an accessible and useful tool. The purpose of the project is to create a tool that combines the graph database Neo4j’s ability to manage relationships between individual data items with visual presentation of data in a web application. The study examines whether this tool allows the user to more easily gain new insights from existing data. This study is basically a software development process which follows the principles of the method of Design Science Research. The method consists of a development process in several stages where empirical data is the knowledge obtained during work. The development process also includes qualitative research methods to collect data at the demonstration and evaluation of the artifact. The study shows, according to the developers that the graph database Neo4j has properties that make it suitable for use where relationships between individual data items are important as sources of knowledge. The result of the research is that new understanding can emerge from existing data using a graph database, especially when combined with visualization

Creating a database to manage medical data is not the easiest. We create a database to be used for a presentation tool that presents medical data about patients that is stored in the database. We examine which of the three databases, MySQL with relational design, MySQL with EAV design and MongoDB that are best suited for storing medical data. The analysis i performed in two steps. The first step handles the database that is most effective to retriev data. The second step examines how easy it is to change the structure of the various databases. The results show that depending on whether efficiency or maintenance is most important, different databases are the best choise. MySQL with relational design proves to be most effective while MongoDB is the easiest to maintain.

Introduction: The aim of this thesis is to investigate the factors that lead to the creation of meaning for Jewish genealogists. Research on the creation of meaning in genealogy has been carried out in the past, but not for this particular group. Method: The grounded theory process of textual coding was conducted on so called success stories in connection to two different databases with access to Holocaust related records. A group of genealogists without connections to the Holocaust serve as comparison. Analysis: Three phases in the genealogical process appear. The first is a practical phase. The second is a personal engagement phase. The last phase is emotional. The attributes and categories from the coding procedure are selected and placed into the most suitable phase. A perspective of archival pedagogy is incorporated. A discussion that ends with the final grounded theory follows. Results: The components that create meaning in the Jewish groups research are information gathering, conclusion, participation, inclusiveness, creation of identity and highlighting. The main differences between the two groups of genealogists are the event of the Holocaust. Conclusion: The genealogical research and its meaningful and creative processes are overall the same in the Jewish as in the other group. The Holocaust is however unavoidably affecting all the processes for the Jewish genealogists. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archival Science.

Database security is vital to retain confidentiality and integrity of data as well as prevent security threats such as privilege abuse. The most common form of privilege abuse is excessive privilege abuse, which entails assigning users with excessive privileges beyond their job function, which can be abused deliberately or inadvertently. The thesis’s objective is to determine how to prevent privilege abuse in the NoSQL database MongoDB. Prior studies have noted the importance of access control to secure databases from privilege abuse. Access control is essential to manage and protect the accessibility of the data stored and restrict unauthorised access. Therefore, the study analyses MongoDB’s embedded access control through experimental testing to test various built-in and advanced privileges roles in preventing privilege abuse. The results indicate that privilege abuse can be prevented if users are granted roles composed of the least privileges. Additionally, the results indicate that assigning users with excessive privileges exposes the system to privilege abuse. The study also underlines that an inaccurate allocation of privileges or permissions to users of databases may have profound consequences for the system and organisation, such as data breach and data manipulation. Hence, organisations that utilise information technology should be obliged to protect their interests and databases from others and their members through access control policies. / Datasäkerhet är avgörande för att bevara datats konfidentialitet och integritet samt för att förhindra säkerhetshot som missbruk av privilegier. Missbruk av överflödig privilegier, är den vanligaste formen av privilegier missbruk. Detta innebär att en användare tilldelas obegränsad behörighet utöver det som behövs för deras arbete, vilket kan missbrukas medvetet eller av misstag. Examensarbetets mål är att avgöra hur man kan förhindra missbruk av privilegier i NoSQL-databasen MongoDB. Tidigare studier har noterat vikten av åtkomstkontroll för att säkra databaser från missbruk av privilegier. Åtkomstkontroll är viktigt för att hantera och skydda åtkomlighet för de lagrade data samt begränsa obegränsad åtkomst. Därför analyserar arbetet MongoDBs inbäddade åtkomstkontroll genom experimentell testning för att testa olika inbyggda och avancerade priviligierade roller för att förhindra missbruk av privilegier. Resultaten indikerar att missbruk av privilegier kan förhindras om användare får roller som har färre privilegier. Dessutom visar resultaten att tilldelning av användare med obegränsade privilegier utsätter systemet för missbruk av privilegier. Studien understryker också att en felaktig tilldelning av privilegier eller behörigheter för databasanvändare kan få allvarliga konsekvenser för systemet och organisationen, såsom dataintrång och datamanipulation. Därför bör organisationer som använder informationsteknologi ha som plikt att skydda sina tillgångar och databaser från obehöriga men även företagets medarbetare som inte är beroende av datat genom policys för åtkomstkontroll.

Introduction Digital databases and libraries have for the last 20 years become ubiquitous tools in the philological study of ancient texts. While these databases provide easy access to texts, critical information is often lacking. One example of that is information regarding conjectures and conjectural emendations in the texts. A number of projects in recent years have aimed to collect conjectures in a digital format and present them online, but none have so far been aimed at Ancient Greek philology. To further develop this area of research it is the aim of this thesis to illustrate how conjectures on Ancient Greek literature can be collected and presented in a digital context to fulfil the information needs of philologists. Method Semi structured interviews were conducted with philologists at Uppsala University, University of Oslo and Oxford University. The interviews were tape recorded and the transcripts of the interviews formed the data for analysis. Analysis Qualitative analyses were carried out on the data. To analyse the information needs of the philologists, theoretical approaches found in hermeneutics and information scientific research on the interaction of library professionals and philologists were used. Results It was found that the information needs of philologists varied depending on their professional orientations, e.g. if they were focused on textual criticism, reception studies, ancient or medieval philology. In the interviews it became clear that the use of digital tools varied somewhat between the philologists. The interviews also showed that there are a number of active projects aimed at producing digital critical editions. University and other research libraries are generally where information on proposed conjectures can be found. Conclusion Generally the philologists expressed a need for easier access to the reasonings behind conjectures. Searching for such information is time consuming because it has not been recorded with the same scholarly rigor as other kinds of information. The establishment and online publication of bibliographic records is a first step to amend this need. Current open-source projects aimed at producing digital critical editions can form the basis for further developments in the field. Since research libraries are where information on conjectures can be found, they play an important role in making this information accessible. Further interaction between philology scholars and library professionals is encouraged in order to identify where information can be found and how it can be digitized and made accessible. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.