The filmic oeuvre of auteur director David Lynch has a reputation among average spectators as being too “difficult” to understand. In particular, the Lynch films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are considered by the average spectator to be devoid of any real meaning. Spectator theory provides insight into the structures through which spectators find or fail to find meaning in films. Spectator theory explains that the average spectator has a set of schemas for “reading” and understanding film, and that these schemas are shaped by the conventions of popular Hollywood cinema. The films of David Lynch do not adhere to these conventions, and thus challenge the average spectator’s competency with regard to their ability to emplot a coherent and meaningful narrative from these films. In the case of Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, the films present the spectator with multiple mysteries, yet never provide any solutions to these mysteries. If a spectator is to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, then such a spectator needs an appropriate schema for interpreting these films. This dissertation aims to develop one possible schema which can be used to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive. To this end, the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are shown to qualify as metaphysical detective films, a genre of narrative which playfully interprets the conventions of classical detective narrative. Under the neologism “transtextual detective” this dissertation traces the characteristics of a spectator who would assume the role of a detective figure, existing outside of the borders of the film text, and calling upon a diverse collection of texts and schemata to solve the mysteries identifiable in these metaphysical detective films. In order to test the applicability of the schema of the transtextual detective, the writer undertakes a demonstration of an investigation into the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive while assuming the role of a transtextual detective. The writer firstly indentifies the mystery of identity as a salient mystery in both films, before demonstrating how solutions to this mystery can be found in Lost Highway. / Thesis (MA (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The filmic oeuvre of auteur director David Lynch has a reputation among average spectators as being too “difficult” to understand. In particular, the Lynch films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are considered by the average spectator to be devoid of any real meaning. Spectator theory provides insight into the structures through which spectators find or fail to find meaning in films. Spectator theory explains that the average spectator has a set of schemas for “reading” and understanding film, and that these schemas are shaped by the conventions of popular Hollywood cinema. The films of David Lynch do not adhere to these conventions, and thus challenge the average spectator’s competency with regard to their ability to emplot a coherent and meaningful narrative from these films. In the case of Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, the films present the spectator with multiple mysteries, yet never provide any solutions to these mysteries. If a spectator is to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, then such a spectator needs an appropriate schema for interpreting these films. This dissertation aims to develop one possible schema which can be used to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive. To this end, the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are shown to qualify as metaphysical detective films, a genre of narrative which playfully interprets the conventions of classical detective narrative. Under the neologism “transtextual detective” this dissertation traces the characteristics of a spectator who would assume the role of a detective figure, existing outside of the borders of the film text, and calling upon a diverse collection of texts and schemata to solve the mysteries identifiable in these metaphysical detective films. In order to test the applicability of the schema of the transtextual detective, the writer undertakes a demonstration of an investigation into the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive while assuming the role of a transtextual detective. The writer firstly indentifies the mystery of identity as a salient mystery in both films, before demonstrating how solutions to this mystery can be found in Lost Highway. / Thesis (MA (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

L'oralité a une existence visuelle et sonore récurrente chez David Lynch. Fil conducteur de la relation entre le son et l'image, elle constitue probablement le point nodal de la plastique cinématographique de cet artiste américain, au point qu'il en fait un trait identitaire, un thème obsédant de sa création cinématographique. Issu du latin ōs, ōris, le terme d'oralité permet d'aborder tout ce qui est lié à la bouche, point de contact entre l'intérieur corporel et l'environnement extérieur. L'oralité tient à une mécanique anatomique humaine mais ne se limite pas à la production sonore — elle ne concerne pas que les organes de la parole et l'aspect fonctionnel de la communication. Elle est aussi motif visuel, représentée par son autre lieu stratégique : le visage (terme également issu du latin ōs, ōris). Il y aurait donc une oralité visuelle/visible et une oralité sonore/audible. Ce travail d'exploration de l'oralité chez David Lynch prend la forme d'un parcours anatomique et organique qui mène de la bouche à l'oreille ; de la représentation visuelle et de l'émission sonore jusqu’à sa perception/réception. Et ce qui importe en définitive c'est d'observer de quelle manière l'oralité se manifeste et envisage un ensemble créatif qui opère une rencontre entre les arts du spectacle, les arts visuels et le matériau sonore. / Orality has a sound and visual recurrent existence in the work of David Lynch. It is the main thread in the relation between the sound and the image and probably constitutes the nodal point in the cinematic aesthetic of this American artist; so much so that he makes it an identity trait, an obsessive theme of his cinematographic creation. Coming from the Latin os, oris, the term orality allows to treat everything related to the mouth, the point of contact between the interior of the body and the external environment. Orality pertains to a human anatomical mechanism, but it is not limited to sound production - it is not only concerned with speech and the functional aspect of communication. It is also a visual motif represented by its other strategic location: the face (a term also derived from Latin os, oris). There is thus a visual/visible orality and a sound/audible orality. The exploration into orality in David Lynch's work takes the form of an anatomical and an organic journey leading from the mouth to the ear; from visual representation and sound matter to its perception/reception. What is important in the final count is to observe how orality manifests itself and envisages a creative whole which produces an encounter between the performance arts, the visual arts, and the sound material.

A presente tese se ocupa de uma vertente da literatura e do cinema contemporâneos, especialmente do escritor Julio Cortázar e do cineasta David Lynch, que: busca um novo tratamento para a realidade, não esconde os artifícios discursivos das obras, joga com estratégias ilusionistas e antiilusionistas, debate a própria ficção por meio de recursos metaficcionais, que se utiliza da metáfora do teatro como espaço diferenciado e como palco de ilusões e que trabalha com a questão do fantástico (ou absurdo). Grande parte do trabalho é dedicada ao estudo da obra do escritor argentino Julio Cortázar. Estudo esse que se constrói a partir das correspondências entre as produções ficcionais e teóricas de Cortázar, além de suas próprias entrevistas. Cortázar é nosso foco principal e dele, acreditamos, brotou um veio dos mais significativos na narrativa contemporânea, que estabelece novos modos de se lidar com a representação e com as referências. É devido a esses aspectos, apontados anteriormente, que estabelecemos relações com outros autores, inclusive do cinema, como é o caso de David Lynch / This thesis deals with one aspect of literature and contemporary cinema, especially the writer Julio Cortázar and filmmaker David Lynch, that: a search for new treatment really does not hide the artifice of the discursive works, plays with illusionist and anti-illusionist strategies, debate the fiction itself through metaficcionais resources, which uses the metaphor of the theater as a space variable and to stage illusions and working with the issue of the fantastic (or nonsense). Much of the work is devoted to the study of the work of Argentine writer Julio Cortázar. Study which is constructed from the correspondence between the fictional and theoretical productions of Cortázar, and his own interviews. Cortázar is our main focus and goals, we came a shaft of the most significant in contemporary novels, establishing new ways of dealing with the representation and referrals. It is because of these issues, previously mentioned, we have established relationships with other authors, including the cinema, as is the case of David Lynch

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Plusieurs films américains des années 2000 (Mulholland Drive et INLAND EMPIRE de David Lynch, The Virgin Suicides de Sofia Coppola, Memento de Christopher Nolan, The Pledge de Sean Penn, Broken Flowers de Jim Jarmusch et Zodiac de David Fincher) opèrent une remise en question de la fonction, du fonctionnement et de la représentation des indices sur lesquels s’appuient tant la littérature que le cinéma policiers. Ces films, qui reprennent certains codes du genre sans être tous à proprement parler des « films policiers », ont pour point commun de mettre en scène une enquête qui n’aboutit pas et qui se retourne contre l’enquêteur jusqu’à ébranler son identité. Ils font ainsi écho aux récits de détection dits métaphysiques (The Crying of Lot 49 de Thomas Pynchon, City of Glass de Paul Auster...) : l’indice, loin de permettre la clôture du récit, devient le moyen de son ouverture. À sa juste interprétation succède le foisonnement des lectures et des histoires possibles. Autrefois transparent, il se fait opaque ; de fluide, sa circulation devient accidentée – ce à quoi correspondent de nouvelles manières de le filmer. Les codes du genre policier visant à marquer l’indice tout en favorisant sa lisibilité et l’identification avec l’enquêteur (insert en gros plan, raccord-regard, faible profondeur de champ…) sont détournés selon diverses stratégies : inversion, exagération, etc. Celles-ci ont pour effet de déjouer les attentes des spectateurs et de les rendre inquiets en rétablissant l’incertitude fondamentale de la littérature policière, que le cinéma policier tend à minorer, tout en la mettant au service de projets esthétiques par ailleurs très différents les uns des autres. / A few American films released between 2000 and 2007 (David Lynch’s Mulholland Drive and INLAND EMPIRE, Sofia Coppola’s The Virgin Suicides, Christopher Nolan’s Memento, Sean Penn’s The Pledge, Jim Jarmusch’s Broken Flowers and David Fincher’s Zodiac) question the function, inner workings and representation of the clues on which detective fiction and film rely. These movies, which take up certain tropes of the genre without necessarily being detective films per se, all revolve around an investigation which is left incomplete and eventually turns against the investigator, to the point of shattering his or her sense of identity. They thus follow in the footsteps of metaphysical detective fiction (novels such as Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49 and Paul Auster’s City of Glass), in that the clue, instead of bringing about the closure of the narrative, becomes the instrument of its open-endedness. Its one correct interpretation is replaced by a proliferation of possible readings and stories. Once transparent, it turns opaque; once fluid, its circulation becomes problematic – which leads to new ways of filming it. The codes that detective films use to point out the clue, increase its legibility and foster identification with the investigator (close-up insert, eyeline match, shallow focus…) are subverted through a number of strategies such as inversion and exaggeration. These aim to deceive the spectator’s expectations and to unsettle him or her by reinstating the fundamental uncertainty of detective fiction, which detective films normally tend to repress, and which is here incorporated into aesthetic projects that otherwise differ widely.

Cette thèse est une étude approfondie du rapport de William S. Burroughs au cinéma. William S. Burroughs, en collaboration avec Antony Balch, a produit entre 1961 et 1972 des courts-métrages expérimentaux aux formes de montage et de figuration radicales. Ces films, largement ignorés, constituent un pan essentiel du cinéma expérimental. Leur étude met en lumière l'évolution d'une pensée politico-esthétique de l'image chez Burroughs, une pensée voisine de celle de Guy Debord et qui influencera celle de Gilles Deleuze .Burroughs a également travaillé en tant qu'acteur : l'analyse de ses apparitions est ici pensée en fonction de leur rapport à l’œuvre écrite de Burroughs et à son versant biographique, l'écrivain déconstruisant les personnages qu'il joue de la même manière qu'il déconstruisait le cinéma. Un ensemble de films, répondant plus ou moins fidèlement à l’appellation d'adaptations, constituent un aspect important de notre corpus. Ces œuvres, qu'elles travaillent les écrits dans un rapport fondé sur la reproduction, le décalage, ou l'éclatement, produisent des formes inédites. Cette étude est complétée par un retour sur l'influence de Burroughs sur trois auteurs majeurs du cinéma nord-américain contemporain, Cronenberg, Van Sant et Lynch. Tous trois réinvestissent l’œuvre et la pensée de Burroughs dans le cadre de leur propre production, que ce retour se concentre sur l'apparition de la voix, le lien entre signature visuelle et présence ou la fragmentation de la narration classique. En mettant en relation expérimentations, présences et contaminations de l'écrivain au cinéma, ce travail vise la réhabilitation de ce versant de l’œuvre de William S. Burroughs. / This work is an exhaustive study of William S. Burroughs' interest in cinema. Burroughs, in collaboration with Antony Balch, produced between 1961 and 1972 a series of experimental short films with radical editing and visual styles. These widely ignored films are an essential part of experimental cinema. Their study highlights the evolution of the author's political and aesthetic vision, close to those of Guy Debord or Gilles Deleuze. Burroughs also worked as an actor. The analysis of his cinematographic apparitions is linked to their relation to Burroughs' written work and its biographical aspects: the writer deconstructs the characters he plays in the same way as he deconstructs the mise-en-scène.A set of films, which can loosely be said to be adaptations, are another important part of the corpus of this study. These works, in a relation to the written word based on reproduction, shift or blow-out, produce original cinematographic images.This study is completed with a flash-forward to Burroughs' influence on three important north-american filmmakers: David Cronenberg, Gus Van Sant and David Lynch. These three authors reinvest Burroughs' work within the framework of their own production, focusing on the apparition of the voice, the link between visual signature and the notion of presence or the shattering of a conventional narrative.Linking experimentations, presences and contaminations of the writer in the cinematographic art, this thesis aims to rehabilitate this part of Burroughs' work.

GÓES , Alan Eduardo dos Santos. O cinema nos filmes de David Lynch: uma análise sobre a reflexividade e mise en abyme em Mulholland Drive e Inland Empire. 2016. 154f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-08T14:13:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aesgoes.pdf: 13267754 bytes, checksum: e316ec7dca161b11554b762c35da5509 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-09T10:51:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aesgoes.pdf: 13267754 bytes, checksum: e316ec7dca161b11554b762c35da5509 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T10:51:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aesgoes.pdf: 13267754 bytes, checksum: e316ec7dca161b11554b762c35da5509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This study aims to analyze the agency modes of reflective films proposed by the north-american artist David Lynch, with greater attention to both movies Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire. Besides, some discussions will be redeemed on cinematic apparatus, since its conceptual proposition by Baudry, through updates as proposed by Metz and some recent notions such as those presented by André Parente. The outlook on the cinematic apparatus are related to the concepts of mise en abyme, operated by André Gide and subsequently developed by Dällenbach, and applied to the films of David Lynch by the work of Fatima Chinita; and the metacinematographic reflectivity and metafilmic reflectivity, presented by Metz, as well. It will present another issues that orbit the filmography of the director and researches on the topic oftenly, namely: the dispossession of artistic languages, conflicts between a genre cinema and an independent film and the surrealistic art movement. These discussions help us to understand some secondary traits of our research that pervade both the trajectory of the author as the films under our observation. The analyze of both movies are based on the routes listed above and, where possible, articulated with transdisciplinary thoughts that allow us to explore specific aspects, especially with cyberculture, studies of film theory and psychoanalysis. The relationship of these different theoretical perspectives endow the artifices to deepen narrative, technical and aesthetic instances of Mulholland Drive and Inland Empire. The management of those aspects apparently fragmented, in theory and in the works of the north-american filmmaker, are reflected in the structure of this work, with noncumulative and non-sequential chapters for each treated subject. Finally, the conceptual operations proposed to analyze the chosen corpus of moving images allow us to defend that reflectivity is a structural element in the David Lynch film works and, in general, in some parts of contemporary cinema. / Este trabalho se propõe a analisar os modos de agenciamento do cinema reflexivo proposto pelo artista estadunidense David Lynch, com atenção maior para as obras Mulholland Drive e Inland Empire. Para isso, serão resgatadas discussões sobre o dispositivo cinematográfico, desde a proposição por Baudry, passando por atualizações como as propostas por Metz e noções mais recentes como as apresentadas por André Parente. As perspectivas sobre o dispositivo são relacionadas com o conceito de mise en abyme; operacionalizado por André Gide, posteriormente desenvolvido por Dällenbach, e aplicados aos filmes de David Lynch por Fátima Chinita; bem como os de reflexividade metacinematográfica e reflexividade metafílmica, apresentados por Metz. São ainda trabalhadas algumas questões que costumam orbitar a filmografia do cineasta e as pesquisas referentes ao tema, sendo estes: a desterritorialização das linguagens artísticas, os conflitos entre um cinema de gênero e um cinema independente e o surrealismo. Estas discussões nos ajudam a compreender traços secundários de nossa pesquisa que perpassam tanto a trajetória do autor quanto os filmes em observação. As análises dos filmes são fundamentadas nos percursos apresentados acima e, quando possível, articuladas com pensamentos transdisciplinares que nos possibilitem explorar aspectos específicos, principalmente com estudos da cibercultura, das teorias cinematográficas e da psicanálise. A relação dessas diferentes correntes teóricas nos munem de artifícios para aprofundar instâncias narrativas, técnicas e estéticas de Mulholland Drive e Inland Empire. O ordenamento desses aspectos aparentemente fragmentados, na teoria e nas obras do cineasta estadunidense, traduzem-se na própria estrutura do trabalho, com capítulos referentes a cada tema e não-cumulativos e sequenciais. Por fim, as operações conceituais propostas à análise das imagens em movimento do corpus escolhido nos permitem defender que a reflexividade é um elemento estruturante nos trabalhos do cinema de David Lynch e, de modo geral, em partes do cinema contemporâneo.

Der Artikel untersucht einen Werbespot von David Lynch für die Playstation 2 und ordnet ihn in das Universum der Lynch’schen Texte, das Lynchville, ein. Zunächst werden dazu einige regelmäßig wiederkehrende Motive aus dem Werk Lynchs vorgestellt. Es folgt eine eingehende Analyse des Werbespots, in der zahlreiche Parallelen zu den bekannten Filmen des Œuvres aufgezeigt werden. Abschließend wird kurz der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern der Begriff „auteur“ in dieser wohl kommerziellsten aller filmischen Ausdrucksformen überhaupt anwendbar ist. Der Artikel kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass es Lynch in diesem Werbespot gelingt, eine persönliche Visiondurchscheinen zu lassen – und dass die Karte des Lynchville deshalb um einen neuen Ort ergänzt werden muss. / The article analyzes a television-commercial, which David Lynch shot for the launch of Playstation 2. It tries to introduce that commercial into the universe of well known Lynch-Movies, the Lynchville. At first, some of the recurrent motives in Lynch’s work will be discussed. Then the commercial will be analyzed, especially regarding any parallels to Lynch’s Œuvre. Finally, the question will shortly be discussed whether in this most commercial form of filmmaking the term “auteur” can still apply. The article comes to the conclusion, that Lynch succeeds in maintaining his personal vision – and that therefore the map of Lynchville has to be expanded.

This thesis examines visionary directors David Lynch and Panos Cosmatos aesthetics in the films Inland Empire and Beyond the Black Rainbow. Two films with surrealistic aspects that are using a form of degraded aesthetics to achieve a certain kind of cinematography that is rarely seen in the industry. We examine what tools are being used to achieve the effect with theories concerning defamiliarization, the uncanny and uncanny valley. Aspects of cinematography in these films are working together to create effects that are both defamiliarized and uncanny.