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Ce mémoire a pour sujet d’étude Le surréalisme et la peinture d’André Breton. Nous cherchons à montrer de quelle manière Breton redéfinit le mouvement surréaliste à la lumière des arts visuels. Nous avons pour postulat qu’il s’agit du texte central de Breton pour comprendre la peinture surréaliste, et qu’il pourrait même s’agir là d’un manifeste de la peinture surréaliste. Nous étudions de quelle manière Breton s’inscrit dans une lignée d’écrivains qui abordent les arts visuels dans leurs textes, et qu’il fait cela tout en se détachant des critiques d’art de son époque. Nous croyons que Le surréalisme et la peinture est un texte qui allie à la fois un discours critique et poétique. De plus, en nous penchant sur d’autres textes sur l’art de Breton, nous montrons l’évolution de ses idées sur les arts visuels. Nous nous penchons aussi sur des concepts comme le modèle intérieur et l’automatisme pour comprendre avec quels paramètres Breton tente de définir la peinture surréaliste.

Though Gide's homosexuality is well-documented, the theme of homosexuality plays a relatively minor role as it affects women in the récit. L'Immoraliste and Geneviève are the only ones in which the theme appears. Therefore, the reader will find little discussion of this subject per se in this work. This study will include only the récit, the art form which has come to be associated with Andre Gide. The récits include: L'Immoraliste (1902), La Porte étroite (1909), Isabelle (1911), La Symphonie pastorale (1919), L'Ecole des femmes (1929), Robert (1929), Geneviève (1936), and Thésée (1946).

Cette thèse s’interroge sur les anthologies d’écrivain, un objet littéraire très intéressant, mais encore insuffisamment étudié à ce jour. Nous entreprenons dans un premier chapitre d’esquisser le champ théorique dans lequel se situe notre analyse en évoquant brièvement les théories du canon littéraire avant de nous tourner vers la notion de ‘musée’ qui guide notre interprétation dans la suite de ce travail. Notre corpus est constitué de six auteurs, trois de langue française (André Gide, Paul Éluard et André Breton) et trois de langue allemande (Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Rudolf Borchardt et Walter Benjamin). Dans la partie centrale de notre travail, nous analysons et interprétons les anthologies (de poésie et prose) que ces auteurs ont publiées dans des buts très différents. Nous observons que pour les auteurs de langue allemande, c’est la notion de ‘nation’ qui se trouve au centre de leur travail éditorial ; il s’y agit donc de l’effort, né d’un sentiment de crise et absence de cadre identitaire dans les années 1920/30, d’établir un sentiment d’appartenance à quelque chose qui unirait les Allemands. Du côté des Français nous observons aussi une impression de crise, cependant essentiellement différente, et une concentration sur le champ littéraire dans leur travail éditorial. À la fin, nous essayons de relier ces aspects à l’idée du musée de la littérature dans toute sa variété, telle qu’elle se présente dans nos anthologies. / In this thesis, we study an object which, despite the great interest it presents, only little attention has been paid: anthologies of authors. In our first chapter, we try to define the theoretical field which determines our reflections by outlining, in the first place, the most important aspects of literary theories concerning the canon and, in a second step, exploring the notion of ‘museum’ that will guide our reflections throughout our paper. Our corpus includes three French-speaking and three German-speaking authors (André Gide, Paul Éluard and André Breton on the French side, and Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Rudolf Borchardt and Walter Benjamin on the German/Austrian one). Analyzing and interpreting their collections of poetry and prose, assembled with very different objectives, constitutes the core of our study. We observe that for the German-speaking authors, it’s the concept of ‘nation’ that takes the most prominent place in their work; deriving from a sentiment of crisis in the 1920s and 30sand of the lack of an identity frame that could unite Germany. Whilst a great part of their editorial work consists in an effort to establish that idea of a common German identity, the French authors on the other hand, confronted with a substantially different consciousness of crisis, try to develop a more literary solution. At the end of our study, we try to unite the different aspects of our interpretation by refining the idea of a “museum of literature” as it presents itself in the texts analyzed.

Cette thèse apporte des éléments de description et d’analyse du registre littéraire que constitue l’humour noir. Elle s’appuie sur les réflexions développées par André Breton dans son Anthologie de l’humour noir (1966), tout en les resituant au sein des théories surréalistes et en démontrant que l’auteur construit un registre parfaitement adapté à la défense de ses opinions sur l’art et la modernité. La sélection effectuée par l’Anthologie peut alors être abordée sous un nouvel angle et étudiée d’un point de vue littéraire : l’humour noir peut ainsi être défini comme un registre bipolaire, reposant sur la confrontation entre deux tendances, l’une herméneutique et l’autre terroriste, mais qui interrogent toutes deux la valeur des discours tenus sur le monde. Les manifestations littéraires de l’humour noir peuvent ainsi être analysées, de même que les évolutions que connaît le registre à la suite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L’humour noir gagne en effet en popularité au sein des médias et les auteurs qui vont avoir recours à ce registre vont prendre en compte sa proximité avec des genres littéraires peu légitimes. Ces évolutions du registre sont étudiées à travers les œuvres de trois auteurs : Joyce Mansour, Roland Topor et Jean-Pierre Martinet. Leurs récits reposent sur des procédés similaires qui visent dans l’ensemble à déstabiliser les schémas narratifs traditionnels. Ainsi, l’humour noir interroge le lecteur sur ses habitudes de lecture et rompt le contrat passé avec l’auteur afin de remettre en cause l’idée d’une communauté possible à travers le partage – inégal – d’une culture et d’une langue communes. L’humour noir postule ainsi l’existence d’une communauté introuvable par la littérature, au sein de récits qui revendiquent leur illégitimité. / This dissertation offers new elements for the description and the analysis of the literary register that is dark humour. It is based on the considerations that André Breton developed in his Anthologie de l’humour noir (1966), and at the same time, it replaces them within the surrealist theories, in order to demonstrate that the author creates a register perfectly suited to the defence of his opinions about art and Modernity. The selection that is made in the Anthologie can henceforth be approached with a fresh eye and analyzed from a literary point of view : dark humour would then be defined as a bipolar register, built on a confrontation between two tendencies, a hermeneutic one and a terrorist one, but which both question the value of the speeches that pretend to represent reality. The literary features of dark humour can thus be analyzed, as well as its evolutions after the Second World War. Indeed, at that time, dark humour becomes more popular in the media, and the authors who use it take into account its acquaintances with literary genres that lack legitimacy. The evolutions of the register are studied through the work of three writers : Joyce Mansour, Roland Topor and Jean-Pierre Martinet. Their narratives follow similar patterns which, on the whole, aim to dismantle the traditional narrative schemes. Thus, dark humour questions the reader about his reading habits and breaks the contract entered into with the author, in order to call into question the possibility of a community unified by the – unequal – share of a common culture and language. Dark humour thereby postulates the existence of a community that cannot be found by literature, within narratives that claim their illegitimacy.

O projeto tem por objetivo o estudo da composição fílmica a partir da polarização entre realismo e formalismo. Em um primeiro momento, compreende os principais pontos definidos por André Bazin e Hollis Frampton, apresentando algumas de suas observações e críticas do que consideravam as características fundamentais do cinema. Em seguida, é proposta uma ampliação dessa comparação, num diálogo com obras e autores que de alguma maneira orbitaram em torno de Bazin e Frampton. Investigando as maneiras pelas quais as duas tendências se opõem, e quais aspectos relativos à composição são evidenciados por elas, o trabalho busca ainda uma possível complementaridade, uma abordagem que as considere igualmente como partes de um mesmo espectro. / The purpose of this project is the study of film composition by means of the polarity between realism and formalism. At first, it covers the main points defined by André Bazin and Hollis Frampton, presenting some of their insights and criticisms, and what they considered to be the fundamental qualities of cinema. From this follows an attempt to amplify the comparative outlook, in a dialogue between authors and films that were closely related to Bazin and Frampton. As the work investigate the ways by which both tendencies oppose each other, and what aspects of film composition are revealed by this opposition, it looks for an approach which considers them equally as parts of the same spectrum

A urbanização de favelas consiste em uma intervenção – prioritariamente governamental – que busca adequar sítios irregulares através de melhoria das condições de moradia e de saúde de seus moradores. Verifica-se, decorrente de diversos motivos, alterações entre o que é projetado e o que é executado, suscitando um questionamento sobre qual o nível de detalhamento dos projetos é suficiente para subsidiar as obras. Por meio de um estudo de caso, esta pesquisa investiga quais são as dificuldades na implementação de projetos em campo; as reais possibilidades do projeto; os motivos que promovem alterações nos projetos no momento da obra; e as possibilidades de contorná-los. Da descrição do caso observou-se a necessidade de adequação dos produtos e de melhoria na socialização das informações. Da análise do cadastro da obra foram verificadas as execuções que contrariaram as orientações dos projetos, tanto decorrentes da necessidade de ajustes locais, quanto de desobediência ou incompreensão das soluções. Das entrevistas constatou-se que, em função de cada intervenção, há necessidade de graus de detalhamento diferenciados para cada item de projeto e para cada etapa de elaboração. Conclui-se pela necessidade de aprimoramento do processo de implementação do empreendimento para obtenção de resultados mais eficazes. / Slums upgrading consists in an intervention – mainly governmental – that aims to adequate irregular sites by improving the dwelling and health conditions of their inhabitants. Due to several reasons, there are changes comparing what is designed and what is executed, which raises questions about how detailed the designs should be to subsidize the construction works. By means of a case study, the present research investigates the difficulties faced in the implementation of designs on the field; the real possibilities of the design; the reasons that promote changes in the designs when the construction work is started; and the possibilities to skirt them. The case description showed the need to adequate the products and to improve the socialization of information. The analysis of the construction work as built revealed the executions that contradicted the designs’ orientations, deriving both from the need of local adjustments and from disobedience or misunderstanding of the solutions. The interviews showed that, to each intervention, different degrees of detail are necessary for each item of the design and for each elaboration stage. In conclusion, it was found that the implementation process of the project must be perfected so that more efficient results are obtained.

Esta dissertação visa analisar as transformações ocorridas nas políticas habitacionais para favelas implementadas no Brasil a partir dos anos 1990, após a crise do modelo de remoções e construção massiva de conjuntos habitacionais nas periferias das cidades e da consolidação das urbanizações de favela como política oficial. Esse processo foi antecedido pelo fechamento do Banco Nacional de Habitação, pela nova constituição brasileira e pelo ajuste fiscal proposto pelas agências internacionais, causando mudanças significativas na capacidade de investimento dos governos locais e alterando o perfil das políticas habitacionais brasileiras. Essas novas políticas passaram a contemplar não somente a intervenção física, mas também várias ações sócio-econômicas, diluindo a questão habitacional dentro do contexto da nova questão social, resultando na diminuição de investimentos no setor da habitação de interesse social. Para exemplificar esse caso, será apresentado o processo de construção do programa integrado de inclusão social desenvolvido pela Prefeitura de Santo André a partir de 1997, baseado em programas de urbanização de favelas desenvolvidas no final dos anos 1980 na mesma cidade. / This dissertation is aimed at analyzing the transformations that have taken place in housing policies for slums implemented in Brazil as of the 90’s, after the crisis of the model of removal and massive construction of housing complexes in the outskirts of cities and the consolidation of slum upgrading as an official policy. This process was subsequent to the closure of the National Housing Bank, to the new brazilian constitution and to the tax adjustment process proposed by international agencies, causing significant changes in the ability to invest of local governments, thus changing the profile of brazilian housing policies. These new policies include physical intervention in addition to several social-economic actions, diluting the housing issue within the context of the new social issue, resulting in a decrease of investments in the social interest housing sector. As an example, we will present the development process of the integrated social inclusion program carried out by the Municipality of Santo André as of 1997, based on slum upgrading programs developed in the late 80’s in the same city.

A incompatibilidade entre a produção em massa para atender ao capitalismo, altamente impulsionado pelo desenvolvimento tecnológico, e a capacidade de carga da natureza despertou o mundo para a importância de se discutir as questões ambientais. As nações colocam-se em uma postura de discussão integrada por meio da qual sejam estabelecidas diretrizes comuns aos países, porém passíveis de serem ajustadas para atender às particularidades de cada nação. A consolidação da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente no Brasil apresenta-se como marco da internalização política das questões ambientais em uma proposta de ação integrada das esferas de poder - União, Estados e Municípios. A descentralização política que ocorreu no país não só revelou autonomia aos municípios como aproximou a população da arena política por entender que sua integração legitima as ações do poder público e confere uma divisão de responsabilidade na gestão do meio, que deve ser realizada de forma compartilhada. A percepção que a população apresenta acerca das ações implementadas pelo poder público pode ser entendida como uma forma de participação da sociedade na arena política por orientar os gestores quanto ao efetivo impacto das políticas públicas instauradas, referenciar ajustes necessários e consolidar uma relação de parceria na gestão do meio ambiente. Sendo assim, é Objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa analisar como o uso da percepção da sociedade pode ser relevante para a gestão ambiental municipal. A metodologia utilizada envolveu entrevistas exploratórias, pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento documental e estudo de caso. O estudo de caso realizou-se no Distrito de Paranapiacaba e Parque Andreense pertencente ao Município de Santo André-SP por meio de entrevistas realizadas com 230 moradores abordados em seus domicílios, selecionados segundo critérios estatísticos. Os resultados permitiram identificar que a experiência obtida na pesquisa aplicada em Santo André indicou pontos positivos no uso da percepção da comunidade pela administração pública para a gestão do meio ambiente local, podendo ser internalizada como uma ferramenta de apoio aos instrumentos de gestão ambiental para subsidiar o ciclo político e para que lacunas inerentes ao processo de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas sejam corrigidas e as ações redirecionadas / The incompatibility between mass production to heed capitalism, highly driven by technological development, and carrying capacity of nature awakened the world to the importance to discuss the environmental issues. The nations put themselves in a position of integrated discussion by which are established common guidelines to the countries, but which can be adjusted to suit the particularities of each nation. The consolidation of the National Politic of Environment in Brazil is a landmark of political internalization of environmental issues in integrated action proposed of the spheres of power - federal, states and municipalities. Politic decentralization that has occurred in the country not only revealed municipalities autonomy as approach the population of politic arena because it understands that its integration legitimizes government actions and gives a shared responsibility in managing the environment, which should be in a shared. The population perception about the implemented actions by the government may be understood as a form of society participation in the politic arena to guide managers as to the effective impact of public policies implemented, referencing necessary adjustments and consolidate a partner relationship in environment management. Therefore this research aims analyze how the use of society perception may be relevant to the municipality environmental management. The methodology involves exploratory interviews, literature search, document survey and case study. The case study took place at the District of Paranapiacaba and Parque Andreense belonging to the municipality of Santo André-SP through interviews with 230 residents raised in their households, selected according to statistical criteria. The results showed that the experience in applied research in Santo André indicated positive points in the use of community perception by government to manage the local environment, being internalized as a tool to support environmental management tools to subsidize the policy cycle and what inherent shortcomings of formulating and implementing public policies process to be corrected and the actions redirected