This thesis deals with an optimalization of the Escalation process in the customer support department in the company Centrum služeb s.r.o. It contains the analysis of the current process and theoretical knowledge to propose a new solution. The proposed solution is a website based application, which automates the process and decreases the time to resolve customers requests.

This paper investigates how changes in states’ repression tactics impact the dynamics of civil protests. Research on the repression-dissident nexus has commonly studied repression as one concept, lacking disaggregation into its different types. In an empirical study of the Gezi Park protest campaign, erupting in late May 2013 in Istanbul, Turkey, this paper focuses on the impact of indiscriminate versus selective repression. Specifically, it examines if the change from an indiscriminate to a more selective state repression strategy had a de-escalatory effect on the protest activity in the Gezi campaign. The study finds support for the hypothesis that this was the case. Further, it concludes that disaggregation of the repression concept is key for capturing the dynamic character of the repression-dissident relationship.

Although island disputes have returned to the geopolitical theatre on a small scale, to date, virtually no previous research on territorial interstate island disputes and violent escalation exists. This paper argues that when an island is positioned in a strategic location, because of its unique attacking, defending, and trade capabilities this may induce a willingness towards- and eventual use of violence in the attempt to conquer or defend the territory. This paper attempts to answer: under what circumstances do island disputes escalate? by modelling the influence of strategic locations on violent island disputes. It draws observations from Altman (2020c) and a novel data frame (1920 – 2020) with additional cases and an alternative operationalization of strategic locations along important lines of communication. It finds that island disputes are more likely to occur without BRD than non-island disputes. Meanwhile, island disputes escalate violently more often than they do not. An island’s strategic location, notwithstanding a broad or narrow operationalization, does not have a statistically significant effect on a violent outcome of a dispute. Instead, the presence of military garrisons, ceteris paribus, resulted in the most statistically significant effect. Consequentially, the causal mechanisms were adapted to include military garrisons.

The Arab Spring resulted in what came to be known as the "2015 refugee crisis", primarily in the EU. It was a paradigm shift for the EU's security strategy and for intergovernmental relations for the EU, Russia and Turkey. The study highlights the aspect of refugee flows by using the theory Coercive Engineered Migration, to understand strategic changes during the period 2012-2016. The study is a theory-consuming case study focusing on the case "refugee crisis 2015".The study combines the refugee aspect from political science with concepts from the strategy domain, deriving from war studies. This shows a course of events where the actor´s utilization of refugee flows has played a central role in an escalation duel.The conceptual development approach of the study shows the benefit of combining the theory of Coercive Engineered Migration, and how escalation increases the understanding of the case and broadens the strategic perspective. The study also claims to broaden the concept of escalation by including refugee flows.

SyfteStudiens syfte är att undersöka boxares förmåga att slå slag med givna intensitetsnivåer mot en boxningssäck. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka boxares förmåga att hålla en förbestämd submaximal intensitsnivå vid sparring.MetodFyra boxare deltog i studien. Corner handledssensorer användes för datainsamling av slaghastighet och acceleration i slag under slagtest på säck i självvald 50 %, 70 %, 90 % och 100 % intensitet, och i två 3-minutersronder av lätt sparring med instruktionen att sparras i 50 % intensitet. Shapiro-Wilks test användes för att undersöka variablernas normalfördelning, därefter analyserades data med One-sample t-test och Wilcoxon Signed-rank test beroende på normalfördelningen.ResultatDet fanns signifikanta skillnader (p < 0,05) mellan flera av deltagarnas slag och slagteknikernas respektive uträknade slagintensitet i samtliga slagintensiteter. Det förekom ingen eskalering (alla p > 0,05) under lätt sparringen, men merparten slagen var över den instruerade sparringsintensiteten (50 %), och i flera fall även över boxarnas maximala slagintensitestvärden.SlutsatserDeltagarna tenderar att underskatta sin egen slagintensitet vid slag mot säck. Vidare så kan det under lätt sparring förekomma flertalet slag med intensitet vid eller över deltagarnas egna maximala slagintensitetsvärden. Resultatet från den nuvarande studien kan dock inte generaliseras på grund av ett litet urval och utrustning utan validering. Mer forskning bör genomföras med ett större urval och även med högre sparringsintensiteter för att se om slagen i de olika intensiteterna skiljer sig åt. / PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine the ability of boxers to punch in predetermined submaximal intensities. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the ability of boxers to maintain a predetermined submaximal intensity during sparring.MethodsFour boxers participated the study. Corner wrist sensors was used for data collection for punching tests in self-selected 50 %, 70 %, 90 % and maximal effort on a boxing bag, and for punches thrown during two 3-minute rounds of low intensity sparring with the instruction to spar at 50 % intensity. Shapiro-Wilks test was performed to examine the variables normal distribution. The data was then analyzed with One-Samples t-test or Wilcoxon Signed-rank test depending on the normal distribution.ResultsThere were significant differences (p < 0,05) between several of the participants punches and the punching techniques respective calculated punch intensity for each boxer, in all punching intensities. No escalation of punching intensity was found in the sparring rounds, most punches was over the instructed intensity (50 %), and in several cases had intensity values near or even over the participants maximal effort punching values.ConclusionsThe participants tend to underestimate their punching intensity when punching a boxing bag. The results of the present study show that high intensity punches are still present even in light sparring, with several punches having values near or even above the boxers respective maximal punching effort value. However, these results cannot be applied to the general population because of the limited sample size and due to not validated equipment. More research with a larger sample size and including higher sparring intensities for comparison.

Escalation of commitment in new product development has been studied extensively for the last four decades but the impact of culture on the escalation phenomenon remains largely unexplored. This study investigates how culture impacts the decision to escalate or deescalate commitment to new products. Americans are analytic thinkers whereas Chinese tend to be holistic thinkers. When it comes to decision making, analytic thinkers focus on field independent and abstract factors and believe that future is linear and static, whereas holistic thinkers focus more on contextual factors and believe that future is dynamic and nonlinear. Hence, Chinese are more likely to escalate their commitment relative to Americans on receiving a negative performance report in the new product development process. A lab experiment using weekend MBA students and managers was used to test this underlying hypothesis. The findings confirmed that analytical thinkers use fewer factors than holistic thinkers in making new product decisions, and that Chinese managers are more likely to escalate their commitment relative to American managers. The decision to escalate or de-escalate was moderated by perceived product innovativeness.

The response to civil disturbances has historically been the aggressive use of force or escalation with tactics such as the use of police dogs, armed federal troops during war protests, and police field forces. These types of tactics can escalate tensions between protestors and police and only add to the violence and destruction of the incident. To reduce the violence between protestors and the police and the destruction often associated with civil disturbances, it is necessary to examine the need to include de-escalation techniques in the responses. This study utilized 3 theoretical frameworks, the chaos theory, the behavioral decision theory and the strain theory, all which complement each other in interpreting the opinions and experiences of participants and civil disturbance responses. The research questions were used to determine the influence of experience, training, personal biases or external influences on decision making and elicit the opinions of respondents in how they would respond to a civil disturbance. Twenty-five respondents responsible for policy or response decisions regarding civil disturbances from southern U.S. state emergency management and law enforcement agencies took part in the survey. The results of a cross-tabulation analysis determined that there is a need for the inclusion of de-escalation techniques and that they would be effective in civil disturbances. The results also showed that an aggressive response was the preferred method to restoring or maintaining order, but there was a need to examine changes in response tactics. This study may be beneficial and provide a social impact through policy changes, which may lead to a lessening of the severity and scope of an incident.

Juvenile direct-care officers working in juvenile correctional facilities historically responded to critical and potentially aggressive incidents using nontherapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to examine and to understand the lived experiences of direct-care officers' use of de-escalation skills for managing violent and disruptive behaviors in juvenile correctional facilities. The findings from this study may add to the existing literature by describing juvenile correctional officers' experiences as well as to better understand their perceptions and attitude using de-escalation strategies in correctional environments. The social learning and self-efficacy theories provided the conceptual framework to examine and understand their experiences. The phenomenological design was used to examine the lived experiences of 9 juvenile direct-care officers use of de-escalation strategies to respond to disruptive and aggressive incidents within the juvenile correctional facility. The 9 direct-care officers participated in audio-recorded interviews that were transcribed and analyzed using Moustakas's phenomenological steps that identified 3 themes using de-escalation strategies: to avoid use of force and reduce liability of injuries; to resolve conflicts using their words to de-escalate the youth or the situation; and to use according to their training, perceived level of confidence, and effectiveness of de-escalation strategies. Understanding direct-care officers' perceptions of use of de-escalation may result in positive social change for fostering caring and safe living correctional environments and strengthen current training curriculums for working with aggressive and disruptive behaviors.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the dynamics interaction between Russia and Ukraine in 2014-2015 to explain why the limited war did not escalate into a major war, which could also provide an explanation for the stalemate in the conflict today. This thesis argues that existing literature has not thoroughly examined the dynamic interaction between Russia and Ukraine. The theory of escalation was applied to the case, which focuses on salient limits in conflicts. By using qualitative content analysis, this thesis presents an analysis of the escalatory steps undertaken and the salient limits that Russia and Ukraine signalled to each other in the conflict. The main findings of this thesis suggest that neither Russia nor Ukraine wanted a major war. Both Russia and Ukraine took careful actions to keep the conflict within its salient limits that the states had agreed on through the bargaining process. Russia demanded that Donbas would remain an integral part of Ukraine. Therefore, it is likely that Russia only had the aim of destabilising Ukraine through the separatists to prevent Ukraine’s incorporation with the West and NATO.

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