Patienter som lider av Münchhausens syndrom hittar på symtom och/eller skadar sig själva i syfte att få uppmärksamhet från sjukvårdspersonal. Det är en svårdiagnostiserad störning som är till skada för individen och hela sjukvårdssystemet. Det har gjorts få undersökningar om Münchhausens syndrom och därför intervjuades fem läkare för att öka kunskapen om Münchhausens syndrom och få svar på vilka möjligheter läkare har att kunna identifiera denna störning, samt vilka åtgärder som då kan bli aktuella. Resultatet visade att läkarna ansåg sig vara för lite insatta om Münchhausens syndrom och att de inte kunde vara helt säkra på att patienten inte hade de besvär som patienten påstod sig lida av. Det fanns heller ingen handlingsplan ifall läkarna misstänkte att en patient inte talade sanning om sitt hälsotillstånd. Kunskap och medvetenhet var två viktiga faktorer för att kunna identifiera och behandla patienter med Münchhausens syndrom. Urvalet kan ha påverkat studiens giltighet.

Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Neil C. Rowe, Dorothy E. Denning. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-70). Also available online.

The aims of the current research programme were, first, to examine expertise effects with regard to anticipation skill and the perception of deceptive movement, and, second, to examine how knowledge of the probability of behavioural events influences anticipation performance and visual search behaviour. In addition, this thesis sought to test the predictions of attentional control theory (ACT) in examining how anxiety affects the influence of top-down probability information on anticipation skill and visual search behaviour. In Chapter 3, skill-based differences in anticipation and decision making were examined using judgement accuracy and confidence ratings. High-skilled soccer players demonstrated superior anticipatory performance and were less susceptible to deception compared with low-skilled players. In Chapters 4 and 5 Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm was adapted to examine the influence of top-down probability information on anticipation skill and visual search behaviour. High-skilled participants were found to be more accurate and demonstrate more efficient visual search behaviour compared to low-skilled participants. However, findings demonstrated that both groups benefited from the provision of probability information, and performance was moderated by the degree of certainty conveyed through the probability information. In Chapter 6, the same anticipation task and process tracing measures were used to examine the effects of heightened anxiety on the processing of probability and visual information. The findings supported the predictions of ACT, as the influence of top-down information was suppressed during high-pressure conditions, owing to an increased influence of the stimulus-driven attentional control system. The series of studies in this thesis are the first to explore the influence of top-down probability information on anticipation performance and the perception of deception. Study 4 is also the first to test the predictions of ACT regarding the processing of (top-down) explicit knowledge and (bottom-up) visual information under pressure during a simulated soccer anticipation task. The use of probability information through performance analysis feedback plays a prominent role across a number of sports, and the present findings highlight the importance of understanding the costs and benefits associated with such information. It is concluded that future perceptual training interventions should incorporate context-specific information that mimics the real-life demands of competitive sport, and should be directed towards enhancing players' ability to detect deception rather than training players to become attuned to non-deceptive movement.

A pressing need exists for effective decision support systems to facilitate the rapid and accurate screening of large volumes of people. Millions of travelers transit through international borders and secure areas on an annual basis. Humans are exceptionally poor at detecting lying and deception and perform, on average, no better than chance. This research study focuses on the development, design and implementation of a Kiosk for Rapid Assessment of Deception (K-RAD) that integrates questioning with response processing and deception detection. An exploratory pilot study (N=68) and a primary study (N=225) were executed.The K-RAD was designed to have a three-dimensional figure, an "Embodied Conversational Agent" (ECA), deliver the questions through speech. This delivery mechanism was chosen because human subjects have been shown in the past to react emotionally to ECAs during conversational interactions, and emotional arousal is one of the cues to deception. Responses were analyzed for deception cues, focusing on kinesic, linguistic, and vocalic characteristics that can be captured for automated processing and which would be unique to this setting.The results show unique subject behaviors. Subjects exhibited minimal movement and had very little tendency to change posture. Some subjects (6%) referred to the ECA as an authority figure, using "sir" when responding. Subjects positioned themselves at varying distances from the ECA, with significant gender differences. Post-experiment surveys indicated a gender difference in overall stress, with female subjects reporting significantly higher levels, independent of the experimental condition.Postural-based logistic regression created significant classification models for the pilot (59.1% classification accuracy) and primary (57.2% & 62.8% classification accuracies) studies. Movement analysis had varying and conflicting results. A robust deception index with a 68.1% classification accuracy was achievable in the pilot study based on high-frequency movement and arm placement. Primary study deception indices were not significant.The results include a comprehensive set of observations and lessons learned regarding kiosk design, deception technologies, detection effectiveness, and future considerations to take into account when creating a next-generation K-RAD system. Many challenges remain, but the concept is functional, promising, and could revolutionize security screening and deception detection in a variety of settings.

Due to the rapid development of information technologies, especially the network technologies, business activities have never been as integrated as they are now. Business decision making often requires gathering information from different sources. This dissertation focuses on the problem of entity matching, associating corresponding information elements within or across information systems. It is devoted to providing complete and accurate information for business decision making. Three challenges have been identified that may affect entity matching performance: feature selection for entity representative, matching techniques, and searching strategy. This dissertation first provides a theoretical foundation for entity matching by connecting entity matching to the similarity and categorization theories developed in the field of cognitive science. The theories provide guidance for tackling the three challenges identified. First, based on the feature contrast similarity model, we propose a case-study-based methodology that identifies key features that uniquely identify an entity. Second, we propose a record comparison technique and a multi-layer naïve Bayes model that correspond respectively to the deterministic and the probability response selection models defined in the categorization theory. Experiments show that both techniques are effective in linking deceptive criminal identities. However, the probabilistic matching technique is preferable because it uses a semi-supervised learning method, which requires less human intervention during training. Third, based on the prototype access assumption proposed in the categorization theory, we apply an adaptive detection algorithm to entity matching so that efficiency can be greatly improved by the reduced search space. Experiments show that this technique significantly improves matching efficiency without significant accuracy loss. Based on the above findings we developed the Arizona IDMatcher, an identity matching system based on the multi-layer naïve Bayes model and the adaptive detection method. We compare the proposed system against the IBM Identity Resolution tool, a leading commercial product developed using heuristic decision rules. Experiments do not suggest a clear winner, but provide the pros and cons of each system. The Arizona IDMatcher is able to capture more true matches than IBM Identity Resolution (i.e., high recall). On the other hand, the matches identified by IBM Identity Resolution are mostly true matches (i.e., high precision).

Inom yrken som polis tullbevakare och säkerhetskontrollant är det av stor betydelse att kunna avgöra när en person ljuger eller talar sanning. Forskning har visat att personer som arbetar i dessa yrken såväl som studenter, tenderar att basera sin bedömning av lögn på stereotypa uppfattningar. Studiens syfte var att undersöka kroppsspråkets betydelse vid bedömning av lögn. Deltagare var 20 säkerhetskontrollanter, 6 tullbevakare, 31 poliser och 26 personer med övriga yrken varav 42 män. Deltagarna fick svara på en enkät om kroppsspråkets betydelse. Resultatet visar att deltagarna baserar sin bedömning på stereotypa uppfattningar om vad som indikerar lögn. Säkerhetskontrollanterna och tullbevakarna skattade sin egen förmåga att upptäcka en lögn högre än både poliser och övriga yrkesarbetare, och poliser svarade i större utsträckning att de tittade efter tecken utöver kroppsspråket i sin bedömning. Fler studier om vad som verkligen indikerar lögn är nödvändiga för att undvika bedömningar som baseras på stereotypa uppfattningar.

As organizations and government agencies work diligently to detect financial irregularities, malfeasance, fraud and criminal activities through intercepted communication, there is an increasing interest in devising an automated model/tool for deception detection. We build on Pennebaker's empirical model which suggests that deception in text leaves a linguistic signature characterised by changes in frequency of four categories of words: first-person pronouns, exclusive words, negative emotion words, and action words. By applying the model to the Enron email dataset and using an unsupervised matrix-decomposition technique, we explore the differential use of these cue-words/categories in deception detection. Instead of focusing on the predictive power of the individual cue-words, we construct a descriptive model which helps us to understand the multivariate profile of deception based on several linguistic dimensions and highlights the qualitative differences between deceptive and truthful communication. This descriptive model can not only help detect unusual and deceptive communication, but also possibly rank messages along a scale of relative deceptiveness (for instance from strategic negotiation and spin to deception and blatant lying). The model is unintrusive, requires minimal human intervention and, by following the defined pre-processing steps it may be applied to new datasets from different domains. / Thesis (Master, Computing) -- Queen's University, 2007-11-28 18:10:30.45

This dissertation applied the social psychological research on deception to a counseling situation. The social psychological literature on deception has demonstrated that judges are notextremely accurate in their evaluations of deception. The majority of investigators in this arena have reported that judges of deception have difficulty exceeding accuracy levels which could be obtained merely by chance. Furthermore, researchers have had difficulty identifying cues to deception which could benefit judges when making their assessments.It seems that the ability of counselors to detect deception would be an important facet of their repertoire--especially in situations where the counselor interacts with clients who may be more prone to lying (e.g.. substance abusers, perpetrators of family violence, criminals, and malingerers). If counselors are accurate in their determinations of client deception at levels of accuracy only slightly greater than chance (as the social psychological literature implies), then the entire assessment process might be undermined.This study was an examination of counselors' abilities to detect deception among their clients, the verbal and nonverbal cues to which counselors attend in making their assessments, and how client deception effects a counselor's psychological assessments. Four major findings were obtained. First, a factor analytic study revealed that counselors believe they attend to four general groups of verbal and nonverbal cues when suspecting a client of deception: (1) Stationary Cues of a Client's Face and Body, (2) Movements of a Client's Limbs, (3) the Quality/Style of a Client's Communications, and (4) the Content/Expression of a Client's Communications. Second, counselors in this study were accurate in their assessments of honest and deceptive clients at levels significantly greater than chance (85% overall accuracy). Third, this study was unable to identify cues which benefit counselors in making accurate assessments of client deception and/or honesty. Fourth, the accuracy of a counselor's psychological assessments were not affected by client deception. Results are discussed in relation to the social psychological literature on deception and implications for the profession of counseling psychology. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2007. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.