Improvement is an essential act for restricting increasing performance pressure in organizational activities. In this paper, a framework for carrying out performance measurement process in order to strengthen the balanced score card application is developed. The proposed framework is increased to 11 procedural steps with the modification of analytic hierarchy process methods (AHP) within the balanced score card (BSC) problem solving and continuous improvement. The framework was examined with a case study of city library in Sweden. The framework enabled the service providers’ as the decision maker to assess their performance on their service rendering with respect to customer requirement, identify key measures and select the most preferred and improvement means. The motivation for this proposed framework was evident of how the step 4 can be prioritized by addressing the measure to be taken that can lead the organization in improving their performance.

The UK is committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 80% from 1990 levels by 2050, with intermediate targets set in the form of 5-year carbon budgets. Residential sector emissions accounted for 26% of UK greenhouse gas emissions in 2009. For the UK to meet its carbon budgets, residential sector emission reductions of 35-40% are required by 2022 from 2009 levels, with further reductions beyond. As shown here, the UK has a range of policies and initiatives to reduce carbon emissions from the residential sector; and there is a range of methods and technologies available to reduce carbon emissions from dwellings. The process of selecting the combination of methods and technologies to reduce carbon emissions from dwellings is here termed the specification of a construction strategy. Energy assessment tools (such as SAP, BREDEM and PHPP) are integral to this process. They are used to predict the energy use of dwellings, to demonstrate compliance with targets and regulations, and to compare and choose between alternative construction strategies. However, current energy assessment tools, and the associated methodologies and data, are insufficient for optimal strategy selection. This is because they do not assist in the systematic comparison of all combinations of options; they do not assist in the evaluation of whole life energy, carbon and cost; they do not always allow sufficient flexibility for key inputs and assumptions characterising the dwelling and its use; and they do not allow sufficient flexibility for the key metrics (weather data, carbon emission factors, and energy costs) or lead users to develop values for these metrics appropriate to the study period. Following detailed analysis of the current processes of construction strategy selection for dwellings, a framework is developed for the rapid identification of the optimal construction strategy (within the constraints of the tools and data used), whilst evaluating the whole life energy, carbon, cost and performance of alternative strategies. Methodologies are developed and implemented in a working tool for the systematic comparison of all combinations of options entered by the user; the evaluation of whole life energy, carbon and cost in an energy assessment tool; the use of flexibility for key inputs and assumptions to test the sensitivity of strategy performance to changes in these values; and the development and application of metrics appropriate to the study period under consideration. The use of the framework, methodologies, and tool are demonstrated in worked examples for a new dwelling constructed to the proposed 2016 ‘Zero Carbon Homes’ standard, and for the renovation of an existing dwelling.

Nous postulons que la destination touristique, objet de recherche de ce travail, est un système complexe d’éléments en interaction qui se doit d’être commercialisée et gérée. Ainsi, pour maintenir sa compétitivité et son attractivité dans un environnement concurrentiel fort, les Organismes de Gestion de la Destination (OGD) et les professionnels du secteur se doivent d’adopter des stratégies opérationnelles et des outils d’aide à la décision. Cette recherche consiste à analyser la performance, principalement via l’efficience, de la destination touristique, afin de distinguer les meilleures pratiques observables (« benchmarks » ou points de comparaison) et d’apporter des recommandations managériales aux décideurs. À travers divers acteurs et échelles du territoire touristique français, nous tentons de soulever plusieurs questions de recherche liées à l’optimisation de la performance, problématique centrale en sciences de gestion. Les principaux enjeux de ce travail résident dans la valorisation de méthodes quantitatives d’aide à la décision destinéesau management du tourisme. / We postulate that tourism destination, which is the research subject of this study, is a complex system of interacting elements. Tourism Destination has to be marketed and managed. Thus, to maintain its position and attractiveness in a highly competitive environment, the Destination Management Organization (DMO) and professionals have to adopt operational strategies and tools for decision-making. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the performance, mainly through efficiency, of the tourism destination in order to identify the best practices (benchmarks) and provide managerial recommendations to decision makers. Through various actors and different scales of the French territory, we intend to raise several issues related to performance optimization, a core research problem in management. The main purposes of this thesis lie in the use of decision-making with quantitative methods for tourism management.

Hur strategiarbete och processmätning bör gå till behandlas i befintliga teorier var för sig även om vikten av att sammankoppla dessa också beskrivs. Dock anses det saknas en enhetlig modell som förenar strategiarbete och processmätningar fullt ut och beskriver hur genomförandet praktiskt ska gå till. Med bakgrund i detta syftar examensarbetet Analytics for Management (AFM) till att utveckla en modell som beskriver hur mätetal (Key Performance Indicators, KPI:er) tas fram utifrån ett företags strategi och visualiseras på rätt sätt för att kunna beskriva enskilda processers kapacitet och förmåga. Detta resulterar i ett beslutsunderlag på ledningsnivå där strategiarbete och processmätning kopplas samman. Framtagandet av AFM-modellen inleddes med teoretiska studier inom ämnet vilket resulterade i en konceptuell modell. Därefter testades den konceptuella modellen genom fallstudier på tre företag med olika struktur och storlek. Genom att kombinera den konceptuella modellen med resultaten från fallstudierna färdigställdes sedan den slutgiltiga AFM-modellen. AFM-modellen består av tre faser där den första fasen involverar strategikonkretisering och målnedbrytning. Fasen innefattar att strategin bryts ner till strategiska mål och en strategikarta, formulering av kritiska framgångsfaktorer (KFF:er) och slutligen framtagning av taktiska mål. I den andra fasen sker KPI-framtagning genom att först generera preliminära KPI:er utifrån de taktiska målen och sedan kartlägga dem för att identifiera två typer av KPI:er. Dessa är utfallsmått (Key Performance Outcomes, KPO:er), som beskriver processprestandan och påverkansmått (Key Performance Drivers, KPD:er), som påverkar utfallen som KPO:er illustrerar. Genom att KPD:erna förbättras kan även KPO:erna förbättras och därför är det viktigt att styrning sker med hjälp av KPD:erna. Efter att KPI:er har kartlagts väljs vilka KPI:er som ska användas för mätning. I den sista fasen sker mätningsförberedelser genom att göra en datainsamlingsplan. Därefter sker mätningar och slutligen sammanställs mätdata för att visualisera KPI:erna på ett bra sätt. Hur KPI:er ska visualiseras beror på KPI-typ eftersom KPO:er och KPD:er ska användas för olika syften. KPO:erna ska visualiseras med enkla diagram i ett resultatkort som ledningen ska använda sig utav i ett första steg för att följa upp verksamheten. För att sedan finna orsaken till KPO:erna och kunna förbättra dem, ska ett styrkort användas. I styrkortet sammanställs KPD:erna med hjälp av styrdiagram, vilka visar variation över tid i processerna, för att tidigt upptäcka förändringar och därmed styra processer. AFM-modellen resulterar med hjälp av resultatkortet och styrkortet i ett beslutsunderlag där rätt KPI:er visualiseras på rätt sätt. Resultaten från fallstudieföretagen har visat att AFM-modellen har hög generaliserbarhet. Vidare kan AFM-modellen användas av olika typer av organisationer då strategiarbete och processmätning är aktuellt och viktigt för det dagliga arbetet oavsett bransch. Modellen ska genom beslutsunderlaget underlätta för organisationer att agera handlingskraftigt och arbeta mer proaktivt med hjälp av beslut baserat på data framtaget utifrån företagets strategi. AFM-modellen möjliggör därmed en enhetlig användning av mätetal i organisationen, där uppföljningsarbetet i hela verksamheten genomsyras av strategin. / In existing theory, strategic management and process measurements are commonly treated separately even though the importance of connecting them is also mentioned. However, a comprehensive model or theory that combines strategic management and process measurement fully and describes how the implementation should be done in practice has not been found in literature. Thereby, the aim of the thesis Analytics for Management (AFM) is to develop a model that describes how to develop the right Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) based on corporate strategy and visualize them correctly in order to describe process performance. This results in a decision-making tool that combines strategic management and process measurement to be used by management. The model was initially developed through theoretical studies that resulted in a conceptual model. Thereafter, the conceptual model was tested through case studies at three companies with different organizational structure and size. By combining the theories and the results from the field studies the AFM model was finalized. The AFM model consists of three phases, where the first phase involves strategy decomposition and goal formulation. This is done by a stepwise decomposition of the strategy through strategic objectives and a strategy map, formulation of critical success factors finally resulting in tactical objectives. In the second phase, KPIs are developed by generating preliminary KPIs based on the tactical goals and then mapping them. KPI mapping is used to distinguish between different types of KPIs resulting in identification of Key Performance Outcomes (KPO) that describe the process performance and Key Performance Drivers (KPD) affecting the outcome that the KPOs represent. The KPDs drive the results of the organization, and should therefore be used for monitoring and controlling the business. When the KPI mapping has been completed the KPIs that will be used for measurement are chosen. In the final phase, measurement preparations are done through a data collection plan. Thereafter measurements are performed and compiled in order to visualize KPIs correctly. As the KPOs and KPDs should be used for different purposes they should also be visualized differently. KPOs should be visualized through simple charts in a scorecard that the management should use as a first step for monitoring. Then, in order to find the cause of the KPOs and be able to improve them, a controlcard should be used. The KPDs are compiled in the controlcard through control charts, which show variation in processes, and enables early detection of changes and process control. The AFM model thereby, through the use of a scorecard and a controlcard, results in a decision-making tool where the right KPIs are visualized correctly. The results from the field studies and the different characteristics of the companies have proven a high level of generalizability of the model. Furthermore, the AFM model addresses highly important and pressing issues involving strategic management and process measurement, which all types of companies need to consider in daily operations. The AFM model aims to make it easier for organizations to act energetically and proactive through the decision-making tool. In conclusion, the AFM model enables a uniform use of metrics aligned with the strategy, in order to monitor and control process performance.

In the last decades the population living in cities has substantially increased. According to the United Nations, by 2050 two thirds of the world population will be living in urban areas. Demographic pressure, through influx of residents or internal growth results in expansion and densification of urban areas and goes hand in hand with increased imperviousness, putting pressure on the provision of urban green. Urban green offers a range of direct and indirect benefits to the urban ecosystem. Green in the city reduces rainwater runoff and flooding risk while improving water quality; it improves air quality, provides natural cooling and contributes to reducing the urban heat island effect. Being the main source of contact with nature, urban green has also been shown to contribute to the physical and psychological wellbeing of urban citizens. The environmental concern for urban nature and re-naturing of cities are thus at the heart of developing more «ecological approaches to sustainable urban design and planning». In the framework of this research, it implies: understanding the (spatial) distribution of green space in relation to the built-up area of the city at different scale levels – the benefits they provide, their quality and proximity for urban residents – and; how to develop diagnostic, analytical and projective capabilities aimed at improving their (urban green) provision to address a host of sustainability challenges related to climate change, demographic growth and densification of the urban area. The research focuses on the development of evidence-based frameworks for planning that incorporate citizens’ needs and that are built on an interdisciplinary foundation. With this scope and focus, this study contributes to the development of a more ecological framework for sustainable urban design and planning aimed at integrating nature in the city more effectively and in an evidence-based way. The first part of the research focuses on the development of a spatially explicit tool for green space quality and proximity assessment reflecting user’s perception. Application of the model in the Brussels context reveals that user’s perception of qualities of urban green spaces such as naturalness and spaciousness can be linked to green space characteristics as described by available GIS-based data. As such GIS-based modelling allows for an extrapolation of questionnaire-based quality assessments for a selection of parks to other public green spaces. Analysis of the proximity of urban green spaces based on user’s perception shows spatial inequalities in green space provision, with less than 50% of Brussels’ citizens having good access to small (residential and play green) and to large green spaces (city and metropolitan green). By coupling multi-scale proximity assessment with quality assessment of green spaces, it is demonstrated that nearly two third of the Brussels population has no access to high quality public green spaces. Through collaborative research by design workshops involving different stakeholders, indicators produced by the quality-proximity model are used to indicate and tackle problem areas. Three alternative scenarios for public green space development are defined. The scenario analysis demonstrates that actions to provide low-income neighborhoods with a good accessibility to public green spaces will require creative solutions, dealing with complex property and management issues, and levels of investment that go well beyond the cost of regular green space development. The second part of the study presents a GIS- and design-based approach to assess potential land cover change for the Brussels-Capital Region anticipating expected population growth. The methodology proposed can be used to assess the impact of spatial policies and the implementation of building codes on future urban land cover. By studying the everyday processes for parcel infill and densification, and by defining a densification process based on the principles of sustainable urban design (e.g. walkable and high-density urban areas near mobility hubs, compact building typologies, preserving valuable natural areas, creative approaches to increasing the provision of urban green (green roofs, bioswales, etc.) space for water and floodscapes, etc.), two land use evolution scenarios are formulated; a business-as-usual and a sustainable scenario. One of the main conclusions of the case study on the Brussels-Capital Region is that densification can be deployed as a vehicle for positive land cover change and greening of the city. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Architecture) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’idée de ce sujet de thèse a émergé du constat des difficultés auxquelles sont aujourd’hui confrontés les aménageurs de grands projets d’infrastructures linéaires. Le contexte actuel leur impose de prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux, notamment en termes de préservation des milieux naturels et de la biodiversité, à différentes échelles, tout en veillant à faire aboutir leurs projets dans de bonnes conditions, sans surcoûts. Cependant, les maîtres d’ouvrage de grands projets d’infrastructures linéaires peinent pourtant à intégrer ces enjeux efficacement faute de méthodes et d’outils adaptés. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse propose une lecture et une analyse de l’évaluation environnementale au travers du prisme d’une géographie environnementale et d’une géographie de l’aménagement expérimentales et de l’étude d’un projet à enjeux environnementaux à échelles emboîtées, du niveau européen au niveau local, avec son lot de contradictions scalaires : le projet Seine-Nord Europe. Tout d’abord, au travers de la présentation et de l’évaluation de ce projet au regard de la prise en compte de ces enjeux, cette thèse se veut une contribution théorique à la connaissance des dynamiques et des stratégies d’aménagement et de leur trajectoire en matière d’intégration des enjeux environnementaux : la biodiversité et la question de la préservation des milieux naturels constituent l’enjeu environnemental plus particulièrement envisagé. D’autre part, cette thèse est aussi conçue comme une recherche-action et un accompagnement de la maîtrise d’ouvrage. Trois outils d’évaluation de la vulnérabilité écologique des milieux le long du tracé du projet ont ainsi été élaborés pour répondre à cet objectif. / This thesis is led by difficulties experienced by planners during linear infrastructure studies and developments. In the present context, they have to ensure a successful project without any extra cost while also taking into account environmental issues at different scales, as natural habitats and biodiversity protection. Until recently, these issues were not a main source of concern and studies were carried out to simply cover regulatory requirements as environmental assessment. Nevertheless, since The Grenelle Environment Forum, environment concerns have been considered as a key challenge for linear infrastructure projects in spite of difficulties due to a lack of process and efficient tools. Therefore this thesis provides an environmental assessment analysis based on environmental and experimental spatial planning geography and focused on the North-Seine canal project with some inconsistencies from European to local scale. Firstly, based on the description and analysis of this project, this thesis is a contribution to the knowledge improvement of planning strategies and the way they take into account environment issues: biodiversity and natural resources and environment protection are the main environmental concerns. Furthermore, this thesis is also designed as an “action research” and a help for project planners and managers with effective help. Three different ecological vulnerability assessment tools have been created to analyze natural resources and environments along the route proposition and they are described in this paper.

Higher Education Institutions are spaces for planning strategies deployment and sustainable best practices implementation in teaching, research, outreach, management and operations, behaving as a role model to society. The innovation of this work relies on deploying tools to aid waste management decision-making, considering that higher education institutions community are potential sustainability agent promoters, and that strategies to integrate HEIs educational dimension with engagement, operational, and policy & management dimensions, is this works innovation from other frameworks already deployed. It is important to understand that HEIs, different than other institutions, have the obligation to build knowledge and to train its community to serve society. HEIs responsibility to prepare new leaders, given the opportunity for raising awareness and sustainable culture by engaging its community in daily activities, by preparing them to see daily challenges and solve it through more sustainable approaches. This works tools were deployed using social sciences, engineering, and computational modeling interfaces. This thesis products are a literature review regard solid waste management at Higher Education Institutions; The description of the solid waste management at University of São Paulo – São Carlos Campus, a study describing strengthening and weakening factors for the University of São Paulo Recicla recycle program; A framework for solid waste management at Higher Education Institutions; The use of survey as a tool to assess culture of sustainability at the University of São Paulo – São Carlos Campus; The Waste Management Index for Brazilian Higher Education Institutions; and the use of Agent-Based Modeling methodology as a decision-making tool for recycling initiatives. The main conclusions are that there is a gap on tools to help decision-making regard solid waste management and that consider higher education institutions specificities, this lead to creation of tools to address these necessities. By working to deploy tools with social sciences and engineering interfaces, researchers can find an innovative, rich, and barely exploited field. / Instituições de ensino superior são espaços para implantação de estratégias de planejamento e melhores práticas sustentáveis no ensino, pesquisa, extensão, gerenciamento e operações, comportando-se como modelo para a sociedade. A inovação deste trabalho baseia-se na elaboração e implantação de ferramentas para auxiliar na tomada de decisão referente a gerenciamento de resíduos, considerando que a comunidade de instituições de ensino superior são potenciais agentes promotores de sustentabilidade. Além disso, estratégias para integrar a dimensão educacional das IES com o engajamento, as dimensões operacional e de políticas e gestão é o que diferencia o modelo aqui proposto de outros modelos existentes. É importante entender que as IES, diferentes das outras instituições, têm a obrigação de construir conhecimento e treinar sua comunidade para servir a sociedade. A responsabilidade da IES em preparar novos líderes, tem a oportunidade de aumentar a conscientização e a cultura sustentável, envolvendo sua comunidade nas atividades diárias, preparando-as para ver desafios diários e resolvê-lo através de abordagens mais sustentáveis. As ferramentas foram elaboradas usando interfaces de ciências sociais, engenharia e modelagem computacional. Os produtos desta tese são: A revisão da literatura sobre o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos nas Instituições de Ensino Superior; A descrição da gestão de resíduos sólidos no campus da Universidade de São Paulo - São Carlos, um estudo que descreve os fatores de fortalecimento e fragilização do programa de reciclagem de Recicla da Universidade de São Paulo; Um modelo para a gestão de resíduos sólidos nas Instituições de Ensino Superior; O uso da questionários como ferramenta para avaliar a cultura de sustentabilidade na Universidade de São Paulo - Campus de São Carlos; O Índice de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos para Instituições de Ensino Superior Brasileiras; e O uso da metodologia de modelagem baseada em agentes como uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão para iniciativas de reciclagem. As principais conclusões são que há uma lacuna em ferramentas para ajudar a tomada de decisão em relação ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e que consideram as especificidades das instituições de ensino superior, o que leva à criação de ferramentas para atender a essas necessidades. Trabalhando para implantar ferramentas com interface entre as ciências sociais, engenharia, e modelagem computacional os pesquisadores puderam trabalhar em um campo inovador, rico e pouco explorado.

Higher Education Institutions are spaces for planning strategies deployment and sustainable best practices implementation in teaching, research, outreach, management and operations, behaving as a role model to society. The innovation of this work relies on deploying tools to aid waste management decision-making, considering that higher education institutions community are potential sustainability agent promoters, and that strategies to integrate HEIs educational dimension with engagement, operational, and policy & management dimensions, is this works innovation from other frameworks already deployed. It is important to understand that HEIs, different than other institutions, have the obligation to build knowledge and to train its community to serve society. HEIs responsibility to prepare new leaders, given the opportunity for raising awareness and sustainable culture by engaging its community in daily activities, by preparing them to see daily challenges and solve it through more sustainable approaches. This works tools were deployed using social sciences, engineering, and computational modeling interfaces. This thesis products are a literature review regard solid waste management at Higher Education Institutions; The description of the solid waste management at University of São Paulo – São Carlos Campus, a study describing strengthening and weakening factors for the University of São Paulo Recicla recycle program; A framework for solid waste management at Higher Education Institutions; The use of survey as a tool to assess culture of sustainability at the University of São Paulo – São Carlos Campus; The Waste Management Index for Brazilian Higher Education Institutions; and the use of Agent-Based Modeling methodology as a decision-making tool for recycling initiatives. The main conclusions are that there is a gap on tools to help decision-making regard solid waste management and that consider higher education institutions specificities, this lead to creation of tools to address these necessities. By working to deploy tools with social sciences and engineering interfaces, researchers can find an innovative, rich, and barely exploited field. / Instituições de ensino superior são espaços para implantação de estratégias de planejamento e melhores práticas sustentáveis no ensino, pesquisa, extensão, gerenciamento e operações, comportando-se como modelo para a sociedade. A inovação deste trabalho baseia-se na elaboração e implantação de ferramentas para auxiliar na tomada de decisão referente a gerenciamento de resíduos, considerando que a comunidade de instituições de ensino superior são potenciais agentes promotores de sustentabilidade. Além disso, estratégias para integrar a dimensão educacional das IES com o engajamento, as dimensões operacional e de políticas e gestão é o que diferencia o modelo aqui proposto de outros modelos existentes. É importante entender que as IES, diferentes das outras instituições, têm a obrigação de construir conhecimento e treinar sua comunidade para servir a sociedade. A responsabilidade da IES em preparar novos líderes, tem a oportunidade de aumentar a conscientização e a cultura sustentável, envolvendo sua comunidade nas atividades diárias, preparando-as para ver desafios diários e resolvê-lo através de abordagens mais sustentáveis. As ferramentas foram elaboradas usando interfaces de ciências sociais, engenharia e modelagem computacional. Os produtos desta tese são: A revisão da literatura sobre o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos nas Instituições de Ensino Superior; A descrição da gestão de resíduos sólidos no campus da Universidade de São Paulo - São Carlos, um estudo que descreve os fatores de fortalecimento e fragilização do programa de reciclagem de Recicla da Universidade de São Paulo; Um modelo para a gestão de resíduos sólidos nas Instituições de Ensino Superior; O uso da questionários como ferramenta para avaliar a cultura de sustentabilidade na Universidade de São Paulo - Campus de São Carlos; O Índice de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos para Instituições de Ensino Superior Brasileiras; e O uso da metodologia de modelagem baseada em agentes como uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão para iniciativas de reciclagem. As principais conclusões são que há uma lacuna em ferramentas para ajudar a tomada de decisão em relação ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e que consideram as especificidades das instituições de ensino superior, o que leva à criação de ferramentas para atender a essas necessidades. Trabalhando para implantar ferramentas com interface entre as ciências sociais, engenharia, e modelagem computacional os pesquisadores puderam trabalhar em um campo inovador, rico e pouco explorado.

The rapidly evolving global market scenario raised multiple challenges for an organization such as: change in customer needs and lifestyle, increased competition, compulsion to enter into new markets, pursue to innovate and so on, which raises an additional challenge for organization to sustain and succeed. In order to meet these multiple challenges, continuous New Product Development (NPD) turns out to be one of the essential tasks for any organization to improve market share, profitability and to succeed. In this scenario, a new product portfolio with best mix of new projects that ensures strategic alignment, balance of portfolio and improves organizations’ potential gain is compulsion. However, From the literature, it is observed that, ‘As nearly half of initial NPD ideas occur informally or without a specific goal, even a best performing organization requires a major improvement in the decision making process of Project Evaluation and Selection (PES)’. This emphasizes the significance of decision on Project Evaluation and Selection (PES) of NPD. Additionally, huge investments and resources need to be employed based on decision that is taken at PES phase of NPD. Thus PES turns out to be a crucial and essential phase of New Product Process (NPP). All these stated aspects of this challenging and crucial strategic decision of PES provoke for the requirement of an efficient management system and decision making model. In the literature the management system and decision making processes for formulation of portfolio is termed as “New Product Portfolio Management (NPPM)”. Though various researchers have been focusing on this particular issue of improving NPPM Performance, from the analysis of literature, to the best of our knowledge, it is observed that no one has identified or considered an exhaustive list of possible evaluative dimensions while taking the decision on PES of NPPM (PES-NPPM). This thesis makes an attempt to address this research gap, and the scope of this study is pertained to three sectors of manufacturing industry, namely, Automotive, Electronics and Machine Tools. Accordingly, the main objective of this thesis is “ In order to achieve this particular objective the following sub-objectives, methodologies, and analysis are carried out. For this purpose, first and foremost analysis of literature on PES is carried out. Accordingly, five evaluative dimensions are identified for PES-NPPM and they are: (i) Strategic Fit; (ii) Portfolio-Innovation Balance; (iii) Risk-Uncertainty Estimation; (iv) Cost-Revenue Estimation and (v) Optimized Resource Allocation. Furthermore, it is observed that, there is no study considering all the five evaluative dimensions simultaneously for PES-NPPM either to analyze their impact on performance of NPPM or to develop a decision making model. Thus, we are addressing a new problem configuration in the area of PES-NPPM. Additionally, though the requirements of multi-criteria models for PES-NPPM is discussed both in academic and practioners points of view, the real demonstration of the applicability of multi-criteria models are given a scant treatment in the literature. . By the end of the achieving this objective, we identified five distinct evaluative dimensions which are used in different combinations for PES-NPPM. Further, for measuring each of these five evaluative dimensions, we identified 23, 11, 15, 10, and 18 measurement variables respectively. Based on the evaluative dimensions considered in this study, a framework work is proposed for PES-NPPM. Due to the limitation of empirical evidences on considering the identified evaluative dimensions and respective measurement variables towards the proposed initial framework for PES-NPPM, another exploratory study: a case study method is carried out. In addition to the process of triangulation, the case study approach is carried out to understand (a) significance and nature of the identified measurement variables of all the five evaluative dimensions for PES-NPPM, and (b) real-life practices in decision making process of PES-NPPM and to identify the requirements of decision making tools. Accordingly, 12 case studies (4 each) from three manufacturing sectors, considered in this study, are conducted. Further, 12 case study reports are prepared and inferences are drawn. The inferences drawn are verified by conducting an individual brain-storming session with 3 academicians and 4 practitioners. The detailed analysis of the 12 case study reports endorsed the necessity of considering all the five identified evaluative dimensions in the proposed framework for PES-NPPM. In addition, the case study analysis revealed some of the variables originally considered for measuring the evaluative dimensions are not really the measurement variables, whereas those variables are expected to impact the decision making environment of PES-NPPM (or) NPPM Performance. Further those non-measurement variables are classified into (a) Characteristic Variables of PES-NPPM, and (b) Moderating variables for NPPM. Based on this, case study analysis identified 8 characteristic variables and 8 moderating variables. This specific observation resulted to analyze further the existing literature in order to identify if there exist any additional variables which impact decision making environment of PES-NPPM (or) NPPM Performance. Thus, from the analysis of literature and case study analysis 17 characteristic variable and 13 moderating variables are identified. Additionally, For this purpose, Partial Least Square – Path Modeling (PLS-PM) (or) regression analysis is conducted depending upon type of variables with 104 observations (representing 34, 39, and 31 observations of the three sectors respectively) to analyze the relationships between characteristic and moderating variables on decision-making environment of PES-NPPM and NPPM Performance respectively. From case study analysis, it is observed that the decision making tool required should provide: (a) ability to incorporate judgmental scores along with financial and other quantitative metrics, (b) ability to attain a balance of portfolio and consider interactions among project, and (c) ability to provide alternatives and rank the alternatives. In addition to the observation drawn from the case study analysis on the need of MCDM based tool(s), analysis of the literature is carried out to verify the same. As this problem scenario considers both quantitative and qualitative data for the development of a decision making tool, an appropriate technique/methodology needs to be employed. Based on analysis of literature and the case study reports, this study proposes an integrated Data Envelopment Analysis and Balanced Scorecard (DEA-BSC) model for individual PES. Further, the proposed DEA-BSC model is extended for evaluation of new product portfolio. In the process of formulation of new product portfolio, first, every new product project is evaluated with the proposed integrated DEA-BSC model. Second, an algorithm is designed to generate alternate portfolios with the selected set of efficient new product projects. Then, DEA-BSC model is employed to evaluate the generated portfolios. At this step, an accumulation functions are proposed which considers interactions among projects. These accumulation functions determine the overall input and output of the portfolio along with interactions involved. Accordingly, the proposed integrated DEA-BSC model for portfolio evaluation is expected to result in a balanced portfolio with profitable new product projects. In addition, the workability of the proposed integrated DEA-BSC model is demonstrated by developing a suitable numerical example. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is carried out on proposed DEA-BSC model to analyze the robustness of the results. In summary, this thesis examined a problem of decision making of NPPM. Further, this problem was retained with main focus on PES phase. Accordingly, the major contributions of this thesis are as follows: Identified an exhaustive lists of evaluative dimensions: (i) Strategic Fit; (ii) Portfolio-Innovation Balance; (iii) Risk-Uncertainty Estimation; (iv) Cost-Revenue Estimation and (v) Optimized Resource Allocation. Also identified the significance of these five dimensions in case of PES-NPPM. In addition, all the five evaluative dimensions are considered simultaneously for development of a multi criteria decision making tool for PES-NPPM. Identified the required measurement variables for each of the evaluative dimensions, considered in this study, that are essential for PES, and analyzed their influence on performance of NPPM. Identified and analyzed characteristic and moderating variables that influence decision making environment of PES-NPPM and performance of NPPM respectively. Identified the requirements of a decision making tool for PES-NPPM and developed an integrated DEA-BSC model for PES. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed integrated DEA-BSC model is considered to be the first hybrid model applied to PES-NPPM. Furthermore for implementing the proposed DEA-BSC model, an algorithm is proposed in this study and this is expected to assist decision maker for selecting the right set of projects for new product portfolio with higher development potential, profitability and minimize the associated risk. Identified possible project interactions caused due to external or internal factors and accordingly proposed an accumulation function to capture these interactions. Proposed an algorithm for formulation of new product portfolio and accordingly proposed a detail step-by-step procedure for implementation of the proposed integrated DEA-BSC model. Though this study analyzes the impact of characteristic variables on decision-making environment of PES-NPPM, we limit to link this impact to DEA-BSC Model. In this study, an attempt is made to capture the moderating effect on NPPM Performance, but this study limits to link this moderating effect in proposed DEA-BSC model. Finally, the validation of the workability of proposed DEA-BSC model is limited to the numerical example considered in the study and not to the real-life problems scenarios.

La biodiversité est actuellement fortement menacée par les activités humaines. Dépendant des milieux marins et terrestres, les oiseaux marins sont particulièrement exposés aux pressions anthropiques. À La Réunion, les conséquences des impacts des aménagements sur les populations restent méconnues. Dans une optique de conservation et de réalisation d'études environnementales pertinentes, des informations fiables sur la répartition des espèces, sur leur comportement de vol et une évaluation de leur vulnérabilité vis-à-vis des aménagements sont nécessaires. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de préciser des données biologiques et d'évaluer la vulnérabilité des oiseaux marins nocturnes de La Réunion face aux aménagements. Nous avons étudié l'évolution de la taille et de la répartition des colonies de puffin tropical Puffinus bailloni à l'échelle de l'île sur une période de 19 ans. Les patterns de vol du puffin tropical et du pétrel de Barau Pterodroma baraui ont été caractérisés par imagerie radar à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales. Nos résultats montrent une stabilité apparente de la population de puffin tropical malgré la forte pollution lumineuse. Le puffin tropical et le pétrel de Barau présentent des patterns de vol spécifiques. Les effectifs estimés de pétrel de Barau suggèrent une population plus importante que celle connue actuellement. Les effectifs estimés de puffin tropical sont cohérents avec les estimations actuelles. Les jeunes pétrels de Barau s'envolent principalement durant les premières heures de la nuit. Des outils d'aide à la décision ont été produits. Nos travaux soulèvent la nécessité de poursuivre des recherches fondamentales et appliquées. / The biodiversity is currently threatened by human activities. As they depend both of marine and terrestrial habitats, seabirds are particularly exposed to human pressures. In Reunion Island, the consequences of the urbanization on populations are unknown. For conservation and environmental assessment purposes, accurate information on the species repartition, flight patterns and vulnerability to infrastructure is required. The goals of this thesis are to update biological information on species and to assess the vulnerability of nocturnal seabirds of Reunion Island exposed to infrastructure. We studied the evolution of the size and the repartition of the colonies of tropical shearwater Puffinus bailloni at the scale of the entire island over a 19-years period. The flight patterns of tropical shearwater and Barau's petrel Pterodroma baraui were described with radar technology at different spatial and temporal scales. Our results show an apparent stability of the tropical shearwater population despite an important light pollution. Tropical shearwater and Barau’s petrel present specific flight patterns. The estimated census of Barau's petrel suggests a population size higher than current estimation whereas the estimated census of tropical shearwater is reliable to current estimations. Barau's petrels' juveniles mostly take off during the first hours of the night. Decision making tools have been produced. Our study also highlights the need to conduct further fundamental and applied researches.