This study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate different actors and layers of policy, implementation, and reception of pro-environmental Travel Demand Management policy and measures in Umeå. One initiative by Upab (Umeå Parkering AB) and Umeå municipality, Grönt parkeringsköp, which means moving parking spaces from the central area of Umeå and replacing them with facilities that promote sustainable travel, was investigated more thoroughly. The data was collected through a manually distributed survey in three properties that have implemented Grönt parkeringsköp, as well as through interviews with property owners. Utilizing discourse analysis, thematic analysis as well as OLS-regressions, the results have shown that the comprehensive plan of Umeå puts emphasis on sustainable growth to 200 000 inhabitants, as well as minimising car traffic in the central areas of town, mainly through densification of already built-up areas. The property owners stated several motives to implement such policies, including ecological, financial as well as brandstrengthening benefits. Attitudes amongst survey respondents are generally positive towards measures that improve conditions for bicycle users, and more negative towards push-measures. There are different predictors for attitudes and perceived importance of Travel Demand Management measures, including altruism and self-interest. The use of the installed measures through Grönt parkeringsköp however appear to be limited, possibly due to a lack of information.

A contínua ampliação da infraestrutura viária já se provou ineficaz em resolver os problemas de congestionamento nos grandes centros urbanos e uma solução não sustentável tendo em vista os altos investimentos envolvidos. Em contraposição ao tradicional aumento da capacidade viária, surge a Gestão da Demanda de Viagens (GDV). Uma das medidas englobadas pela GDV é a mobilidade corporativa que visa a promover o uso de opções de transporte mais sustentáveis e eficientes nos deslocamentos casa-trabalho das pessoas. Aproximadamente 50% dos deslocamentos diários nas cidades brasileiras ocorrem por motivo de trabalho. Por isso organizações públicas e privadas desempenham um papel fundamental em questões atreladas ao transporte. Embora não controlem a forma como seus funcionários vão ao trabalho, as organizações, por muitas vezes, podem estimular a mudança de hábitos de deslocamento ao prover informações e incentivos para isso. Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade da adoção de estratégias de mobilidade corporativa em organizações situadas no Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, apresenta-se mais profundamente o conceito, os benefícios e as medidas de mobilidade corporativa que podem ser implementadas. A seguir, são comparados e analisados diferentes métodos existentes para a elaboração de planos de mobilidade corporativa. Propõe-se um novo método adaptado à realidade local composto por sete passos que totalizam 26 atividades que devem ser cumpridas para a construção de um plano bem-sucedido. Realiza-se uma pesquisa-ação em um complexo administrativo que reúne 17 mil funcionários e está localizado a 20 km do centro da cidade. Investiga-se o padrão de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos funcionários da organização e são analisadas que medidas de mobilidade corporativa poderiam ser adotadas para estimular o transporte sustentável entre os funcionários deste local. / The continuous expansion of road infrastructure has proven to be ineffective in solving the problem of congestion in large urban areas. It is also an unsustainable solution due to the high investments involved. Instead of increasing road capacity, Travel Demand Management (TDM) emerges as an alternative to deal with the problem. One of TDM’s measures is corporate mobility, which aims to promote more sustainable and efficient transport options for commuting to work. Approximately 50% of daily trips in Brazilian cities are work related. Therefore public and private organizations play a key role in issues related to transportation. Although they do not control how employees commute to work, organizations have the ability to stimulate travel behavior change by providing information and incentives. This study aims to verify the applicability of the adoption of corporate mobility strategies in organizations located in Brazil. At first, a more in depth concept is explained in addition to the benefits and corporate mobility measures that can be implemented. Then, we compare and analyze different existing methods for the construction of corporate mobility plans. We propose a new method based on the local context. The method is composed by seven steps totalizing 26 activities which must be followed for developing of a successful plan. Finally, we describe the application of the method that was carried out in an Administrative Center which gathers 17 thousand employees and is located 20 km away from the city center. We investigate employees’ commute patterns and analyze which corporate mobility measures could be implemented to promote a more sustainable commute pattern to work.

Submitted by LUÍS CARLOS SANCHEZ null (luissanchez-123@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-15T15:17:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃOLUISCARLOSSANCHEZ.pdf: 2890277 bytes, checksum: cfea2bf60d40685c6c36c43b6e60fd5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T15:21:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sanchez_lc_me_ilha.pdf: 2890277 bytes, checksum: cfea2bf60d40685c6c36c43b6e60fd5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T15:21:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sanchez_lc_me_ilha.pdf: 2890277 bytes, checksum: cfea2bf60d40685c6c36c43b6e60fd5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14 / No contexto de gestão e conservação de energia elétrica, ferramentas de apoio ao consumidor para gerenciar sua demanda são fundamentais para a otimização do uso dos recursos energéticos de modo a minimizar os custos com energia elétrica e ao mesmo tempo garantir o conforto do consumidor, considerando que este consumidor esteja inserido em um ambiente de Gerenciamento pelo Lado da Demanda (GLD). Assim, este trabalho propõe um novo modelo matemático de programação linear inteira mista (PLIM) para resolver o problema de gerenciamento ótimo de energia elétrica pelo lado do consumidor. O modelo matemático é baseado na minimização do custo da energia elétrica e maximização do conforto do consumidor, levando em conta a minimização da diferença entre o consumo habitual e o consumo ótimo, e a minimização da potência absorvida da rede. O modelo é implementado em linguagem de programação AMPL e resolvido utilizando o solver CPLEX. A metodologia é aplicada para gerenciar um conjunto de cargas típicas residenciais e os resultados mostram sua eficiência e potencial para gerenciar de forma ótima a demanda do consumidor, considerando a tarifa de energia elétrica com preço variável, geração distribuída, armazenamento de energia em banco de baterias e veículos elétricos. / In the context of the management and conservation of electric energy, consumer support tools to manage their demand are fundamental for optimizing the use of energy resources in order to minimize energy costs and at the same time guarantee consumer comfort, considering that the consumer is inserted in a Demand Response (DR) environment. Thus, this work proposes a new mathematical model of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to solve the problem of optimal management of electrical energy by the consumer side. The mathematical model is based on minimizing the cost of electrical energy, maximizing consumer comfort, taking into account the minimization of the difference between habitual consumption and optimal consumption, and minimizing the power consumed by the network. The model is implemented in AMPL programming language and solved using the CPLEX solver. The methodology is applied to manage a set of typical residential loads and the results show its efficiency and potential to optimally manage the consumer demand, considering the price of electricity with variable price, distributed generation, storage of energy in bank of batteries and electric vehicles.

Nos dias de hoje, o processo de gestão da demanda vem tornando-se cada vez mais importante num mercado competitivo como o brasileiro. Isto se deve a sua capacidade de ao mesmo tempo integrar a manufatura das empresas às necessidades de seus clientes, reduzir custos, melhorar o relacionamento com os clientes e organizar melhor o chão de fábrica e os estoques, entre outros. Neste contexto, muitas empresas estão buscando novas formas de tornar mais eficiente a gerência e operacionalização deste processo. O e-business surge como um facilitador da gestão da demanda em um ambiente colaborativo. O planejamento colaborativo da demanda é uma das formas de tornar o processo da gestão da demanda mais eficiente. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é contribuir ao tema com o estudo do impacto do e-business no processo de gestão da demanda, utilizando um modelo de referência para isto. / Nowadays, the demand management business process has been widely discussed in a competitive market as in Brazil. At the same time, it has a capacity of integrate the manufacture of the companies to the customer necessities, reduce costs, improve the relationship with clients and better orgazize the shop floor and inventory, among others. In this context, many companies are looking for new ways to become more efficient the operation and management of this process. The e-business facilitate the demand management in a collaborative environment. The demand collaborative planning is a way to become the demand management more eficient. The objective of this research is analize the impact of e-business in the demand management process, using a reference model.

Interest has been growing in the interaction of various power demand transformations, such as demand side management (DSM) and voltage control, with the power demand. Initial studies have highlighted the need for a better understanding of the power demand of low voltage (LV) residential networks. Furthermore, it is expected that future alteration of the residential appliance mixture, because of the advances in technology, will have an impact on both the demand curve as well as the electrical characteristics. This thesis presents a study of the impact of current and future household load on the power demand curve and the network operation. In order to achieve this, a bottom-up load modelling tool was developed to create LV detailed demand profiles that include not only the active and reactive power demand, but their electrical characteristics as well. The methodology uses a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach to generate residential LV demand profiles taking into account the user activity and behaviour to represent UK population. An appliance database has also been created which corresponds to the UK residential appliance mixture in order to calculate more accurately the power demand. The main advantages of the approach presented here are the flexibility in altering the type and number of the appliances that populate a household and how easily it can be adapted to a different population, location and climate. The tool is used to investigate the impact of scenarios that simulate future load replacement and the network behaviour under certain methods of demand control, implementation of DSM and control of voltage on the secondary of the LV transformer. The algorithm that was developed to apply the DSM actions on the power demand focused on the management of individual loads. The drivers used in this approach were the financial and environmental benefit of customers and the increase in the quality of the network operation. The control of the voltage as a method for power reduction takes into account the voltage dependence of the demand. The primary target is to quantify the benefits of this strategy either in combination with DSM for higher power reduction during the peak hours or on the current network as a quicker, easier and less expensive alternative to DSM. The study shows that there is a significant power reduction in both cases which is dependent on the time of day and not constant as expected from the literature. The results show that there are significant differences between current and future load demand characteristics that would be very difficult to acquire without the modelling technique presented. The alternative solution would require extensive local load and network modifications and a long period of expensive tests and measurements in the field.

This research used an Integrated Water Resource Management approach to investigate how Water Demand Management (WDM) measures at government, utility and end-user levels could contribute to providing sustainable water supply to Bahrain, which is in an arid to semiarid region. The main driver for this research was the supply-driven orientation favoured by policy makers and practitioners in Bahrain with little consideration for demand management. This leads to a high estimated gross per capita consumption 525 l/c/d as of 2010. There was also a need to investigate the institutional environment for managing water resources and delivering sustainable water supply to Bahrain. The research adopted a case study methodology which included qualitative analysis of interviews and documents from the water authority, and quantitative analysis of questionnaire surveys and pilot studies. The research adopted a cross-sectional approach to the analysis of activities associated with WDM practice in Bahrain. All findings and conclusions were evaluated/validated using surveys distributed to water experts and customers. Based on their feedback, findings and conclusions were revised. The main finding of this research was that the tariff is highly subsidized by the government and there is no encouragement for water savings. The low tariff leads to low revenue which in turn affects the budget allocated to the relevant departments and units at the Electricity and Water Authority (EWA). This impacts negatively on their activities. It was found that there is no effective strategy for integrated water resources management; there is a high level of Non Revenue Water (NRW) (38%); and limited reuse of grey water and water use saving devices. In addition there is a lack of public awareness and understanding of the benefits of WDM among all levels of society including professionals and water supply providers. The research concluded that improving water use efficiency in Bahrain should be a priority due to the current high water supply costs. There is a need for proper legislation that enforces the use of WDM; establishment of a national WDM committee with the Water Resources Directorate, and for water resource professionals to follow WDM oriented policies. The research proposed six areas to be further investigated to achieve more efficient use of water: (a) Water tariff reform to recover full water supply costs; (b) institutional reform through activating and enforcing Water Resources Council roles; (c) promoting public awareness about WDM and its benefits; (d) reducing non revenue water; (e) applying positive economic sliding scale incentives for customers who reduce their water consumption.

Bicycle planning is a current topic for planning for sustainable travel, both in Sweden and internationally. The purpose of this study is to investigate how bicycle planning can be implemented to make cities more sustainable. The study will examine Cykellänken in Linköping municipality to answer the questions: How has Linköping municipality planned for Cykellänken? How does the bicycle planning of Cykellänken meet the safety and accessibility aspects? The theoretical framework consists of the concept Travel demand management, security and accessibility aspects. The methods are interviews and observations. The conclusions are that there are some general improvement measures, which are safer crossings, reduced power play between vehicles, reduced speed, improved marketing and information and more evaluations. / Cykelplanering är ett aktuellt ämne för att planera för hållbart resande, både i Sverige och internationellt. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur cykelplanering kan genomföras för att städer ska bli mer hållbara. Studien kommer undersöka Cykellänken i Linköpings kommun för att svara på frågeställningarna: Hur har Linköpings kommun planerat för Cykellänken? Hur uppfyller cykelplaneringen av Cykellänken aspekterna säkerhet, tillgänglighet och framkomlighet? Det teoretiska ramverket består av konceptet Travel demand management, samt aspekterna säkerhet, tillgänglighet och framkomlighet. Metoderna för studien är intervjuer och observationer. Slutsatsernaär att det finns några generella förbättringsåtgärder, vilket är säkrare korsningar, reducera maktspelet mellan bil och cykel, sänkt hastighet, förbättrad marknadsföring och information samt fler utvärderingar.

La empresa en estudio dedicada a la distribución de productos de limpieza ha presentado elevados costos operativos provenientes de una gestión desorganizada en los procesos de compras e inventarios. Este es un problema que acontece a muchas empresas del sector retail ya que, no poseen herramientas o controles que le permitan evaluar su desarrollo en tales procesos. Para resolver este problema, se propone una gestión de compras y abastecimiento basado en herramientas que implican el desarrollo de pronosticación de demanda con el fin de poder evaluar la tendencia y fluctuación de la demanda, para que la empresa esté preparada ante cualquier cambio. Por otra parte, una clasificación ABC de productos para poder tener en cuenta aquellos productos que tienen una mayor rotación. Además, el desarrollo de lotes económicos, stocks de seguridad y puntos de reposición para el seguimiento de los inventarios existentes en el almacén. Por último, un control adecuado de la gestión mediante procedimientos, políticas y formatos que permitirán una estandarización y un flujo correcto de dichos procesos. Todo ello, con el fin de poder contribuir a la reducción de los costos operativos y aumentar la utilidad de la de la empresa. / The Company under study dedicated to the distribution of cleaning products has presented high operating costs resulting from a disorganized management in the processes of purchases and supply. This is a problem that happens to many companies in the retail sector because, it does not have tools or controls that allow it to evaluate its development in such processes. To solve this problem, a management of purchases and inventories is proposed based on tools that involve the development of demand forecasting in order to be able to evaluate the trend and fluctuation of the demand, so that the company is prepared for any change. On the other hand, an ABC classification of products to be able to consider those products that have a higher turnover. In addition, the development of economic lots, safety stocks and replenishment points to track inventories in the warehouse. Finally, an adequate control of the management by means of procedures, policies and formats that will allow a standardization and a correct flow of said processes. All this, to contribute to the reduction of operating costs and increase the utility of the company. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Background: In today's competitive and dynamic market, companies are trying to find new ways of changing their warehousing and logistics operations to increase the value for customers. Inbound and outbound logistics flows are key channels within warehouses as these encompass activities such as planning and scheduling which align with the flow of goods between enterprises and external associates, i.e. suppliers and customers. Due to the complexity of the logistics operations, the planning of both flows is dealt with separately. In this thesis the CPFR business model will be reconstructed and combined with lean tools in all four phases to achieve the potential enablers.   Purpose: The overarching purpose is to analyze the potential enablers of implementing a reconstructed CPFR business model with the application of lean principles to enhance inbound and outbound logistics flows.   Method: This thesis has conducted a single embedded case study at Dagab Inköp & Logistik. Empirical data has been collected primarily through semi-structured interviews with employees within the organization and Snabbgross, which is wholesale company within the corporation. Respondents that participated had different positions such as operational purchaser, forecast specialist, transportation engineer, and warehouse manager.   Conclusion: This study has distinguished enablers of lean tools and its impact on organisations. Lean is essential to integrate in the CPFR business model in order to ensure enhancement within in- and outbound logistics flows. It has been highlighted that is of importance to integrate lean tools in all four phases of the CPFR model.

The occurrence of water crises in many parts of the world raises the need to consider more efficient and sustainable consumption of water resources. As such, many cities have prioritised water demand management strategies, which are based on price and non-price mechanisms. The literature shows no consensus as to which of these measures are most effective for managing residential water demand. To understand the impact and effectiveness of these mechanisms, there is a need to understand how people respond to them. This requires understanding materials, meanings and competences (skills and know how) that people have, which constitute elements of social practice. In 2017 and 2018, the City of Cape Town (CoCT) ramped up their price and non-price mechanisms to encourage people to save water in response to a severe drought. These mechanisms included water restrictions, increased water tariffs, and the Day Zero communication campaign. However, little is known about how effective these measures were at encouraging people to save water. There is no clear documentation of how the public understands, interprets and incorporates these mechanisms into their own household water use practices. This study explores the impacts and effectiveness of the City of Cape Town’s price and non-price mechanisms on household water use practices during the water crisis. Using information obtained through semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals living in houses where they paid their water bills, a version of social practice theory is used as a lens to understand how respondents interpreted and responded to these mechanisms when it comes to residential water use practices. This allows for an assessment of which of the CoCT’s actions are more effective in achieving sustainable water use practices. Results show that price mechanisms (water tariffs) were considered to be ineffective and did not encourage people to save water. Non-price mechanisms (water restrictions and Day Zero communication campaign) were seen as having more impact on respondents, encouraging water conservation behaviour; especially when it comes to household indoor water use activities related to hygiene. Compared to other studies which have used estimates for the water demand function, this study conducted interviews directly with households on the impact of the mechanisms. This enabled this study to explain how and why household water use practices change in response to these measures. Such qualitative information is important and contributes to a field that often uses quantitative data to suggest whether price or non-price mechanisms are effective.