This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.

This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.

The main aim of my thesis on the topic of "Euler's number in mathematical analysis" is to create an overview of the Euler numbers in calculus. This essay in the first part deals with the rise of the number e, in other parts of the current use of calculus. Purpose of this work is the insight students of secondary schools and universities to problems Euler numbers and to better understand the importance of e not only in mathematics.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The coastal landscape presents one of the most complex systems due to the convergence of atmospheric, continental and oceanic agents. Under this fragile and dynamic biophysical composition, anthropic systems, which are manifested in the most diverse types of use and occupation, are spatialized. Associated with such conjuncture, we highlight the coastal landscape of the municipality of Aracaju, central coast and capital of Sergipe state, which is the object of study of this thesis. The occupation of this area, intensified after the 70’s, is a result of the urban expansion of the city towards the coastal front. This process has been notably led by the joint action between private capital and state action and assumed the shape of a predatory model whose implication is the continuous suppression of natural features and the interruption of geoecological functions performed by them. In view of the problem that has been exposed, the scope of this research study has been to evaluate the risks associated with the coastal landscape of Aracaju, based on the postulates of Geoecology. The method adopted in order to comprehend the object of study was the systemic approach, which comprehends a holistic analysis of landscape components. The risk assessment included: the analysis of the coastal front occupation – responsible for evidencing phases, settlement patterns and, mainly, indicating the agents that have influenced this process; the geoecological study of the landscape – in which we analyzed the composition, the structure, the evolution and the function exerted by the delimited units (Marine Terrace, Tidal Flat, Dune Field and Recent Sedimentation Environments), such as the environmental condition of the landscape and the biophysical vulnerability of the units; and, ultimately, the delimitation of risk areas – assessed by the interpolation of hazard indicators (magnitude and susceptibility) and by the vulnerability of anthropic structures. What has been concluded in the space of this thesis is that the environmental risk scenarios emerged from the combination of the high natural susceptibility of geoecological units and the reduction of resistance and resilience of physical components in the face of the analyzed hazards – intense rainfall events and coastal erosion. This limitation of support capacity comes from a pattern of urban expansion that has not made the maintenance of balance between elements of the landscape feasible. As the occupation process itself has occurred in a disordered way, anthropic structures are deficient and unable to completely absorb the effects of hazardous events, a fact which accentuates vulnerability. The result of this conjunction is that much of the area investigated is framed in the medium and high risk degrees, with emphasis on the Marine Terrace, especially when associated with wet shoals and lagoons, and the Deposits Associated with Coalescence of Sand Banks. In an analysis of future scenarios, based on the evaluation of historical-current tendencies, it is deduced that in the face of the continuity of the assessed process, there is an evident propensity for both the increase and the aggravation of risk scenarios. / A paisagem costeira constitui-se como um dos sistemas mais complexos em razão da convergência dos agentes atmosféricos, continentais e oceânicos. Sob essa composição biofísica frágil e dinâmica espacializam-se os sistemas antrópicos, manifestos nos mais diversos tipos de uso e ocupação. Associada a essa conjuntura destaca-se a paisagem costeira do município de Aracaju, litoral central e capital do estado de Sergipe, objeto de estudo da presente tese. A ocupação dessa área, intensificada no pós-década de 70, é decorrente da expansão urbana da cidade em direção à frente litorânea. Tal processo, conduzido notadamente pela ação conjunta entre capital privado e ação estatal, tem assumido contornos de um modelo predatório cuja implicação é a contínua supressão das feições naturais e interrupção das funções geoecológicas desempenhadas por estas. Diante da problemática exposta esta pesquisa teve por escopo avaliar os riscos associados à paisagem costeira do município de Aracaju alicerçada nos postulados da Geoecologia. O método adotado para compreensão do objeto de estudo foi a abordagem sistêmica, que pressupõe uma análise holística dos componentes da paisagem. A avaliação do risco englobou: a análise da ocupação da frente litorânea – responsável por evidenciar as fases, os padrões de assentamento e, sobretudo, indicar os agentes que influenciaram nesse processo; a avaliação geoecológica da paisagem – em que foram analisadas a composição, a estruturação, a evolução e a função exercida pelas unidades delimitadas (Terraço Marinho, Planície de Maré, Campo de Dunas e Ambientes de Sedimentação Recente), tal como o estado ambiental da paisagem e a vulnerabilidade biofísica das unidades; e, por fim, a delimitação das áreas de risco – mensurada a partir da interpolação dos indicadores de perigo (magnitude e suscetibilidade) e da vulnerabilidade das estruturas antrópicas. O que se conclui no âmbito desta tese é que os cenários de risco ambiental são produtos da combinação entre a elevada suscetibilidade natural das unidades geoecológicas e a redução da capacidade de resistência e resiliência dos componentes físicos diante dos perigos analisados – eventos pluviométricos intensos e erosão costeira. Esta limitação da capacidade de suporte provém de um padrão de expansão urbana que tem inviabilizado a manutenção de equilíbrio entre os elementos da paisagem. Como o próprio processo de ocupação ocorreu de forma desordenada, as estruturas antrópicas são deficitárias e não são capazes de absorver completamente os efeitos dos eventos perigosos, fato que acentua a vulnerabilidade. O resultado desta conjunção é que grande parte da área investigada está enquadrada nos graus mediano e elevado de risco, com destaque para o Terraço Marinho, principalmente quando associados aos baixios úmidos e lagoas, e os Depósitos Associados à Coalescência de Bancos Arenosos. Em uma análise dos cenários futuros, baseado na avaliação das tendências histórico-atuais, deduz-se que mediante a continuidade do processo aferido, há propensão evidente tanto da potencialização, quanto do agravamento dos cenários de risco.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Geography, as a science of relations, has as object of study the geographic space, configured from the relation man-nature. Thus, the landscape becomes a reflection of the relationships and derivations associated with the forms of social organization that impose functionalities. In the State of Sergipe, when analyzing the historical occupation process, significant anthropogenic derivations are verified, resulting from the types of land use by social groups, the implementation of public policies and the lack of technical assistance that interfere with the natural dynamics. The object of this study is the irrigated perimeter of Bitumen, located in the sub-basin of the Betume River, located on the right bank of the São Francisco River, partially covering the municipalities of Ilha das Flores, Neópolis and Pacatuba, which are part of the Baixo São Francisco Sergipano. From the 1970s onwards, the Federal Government increased its financial investment in the implementation of public policies linked to economic activities - irrigated agriculture. The irrigated perimeter of Betume was implanted as a compensatory measure after the construction of the Sobradinho dam in the state of Bahia during the years 1973-1977, since it has had consequences for the local population that survives from the rhiziculture. The objective of this study is to analyze the anthropogenic derivations in the landscape dynamics, having as theoretical-methodological foundations the systemic conception, according to the geosystemic approach. Currently, the irrigated perimeter goes through precarious conditions in its infrastructure, as well as problems related to pests, diseases and weeds for rice crops, contributing to the indiscriminate use of pesticides; Another element that interferes with the irrigation system is the current environmental conditions of the São Francisco river, due to the reduction of the flow and the silting process, favoring water insufficiency and compromising the productivity of the lots. In addition, the anthropic pressure resulting from the exploitation, pollution and uses of natural resources, without proper planning, favors the existence of possible potential socio-environmental risks. Therefore, the elaboration of this study may support environmental planning and decision making in the area. / A Geografia, enquanto ciência de relações, tem como objeto de estudo o espaço geográfico, configurado a partir da relação homem-natureza. Assim, a paisagem se torna reflexo das relações e das derivações associadas às formas de organização social que impõem funcionalidades. No Estado de Sergipe ao se analisar o processo histórico de ocupação, constatam-se significativas derivações antropogênicas, decorrentes dos tipos de uso da terra pelos grupos sociais, pela implantação de políticas públicas e pela falta de assistência técnica que interferem na dinâmica natural. O objeto deste estudo corresponde ao perímetro irrigado de Betume, inserido na sub-bacia do rio Betume, situado na margem direita do rio São Francisco, abrangendo parcialmente os municípios de Ilha das Flores, Neópolis e Pacatuba, que fazem parte do território do Baixo São Francisco Sergipano. A partir dos anos 70 a área passou a ter maior investimento financeiro do governo federal para implantação de políticas públicas vinculadas a atividades econômicas – agricultura irrigada. O perímetro irrigado de Betume foi implantado como medida compensatória, após a construção da barragem de Sobradinho, no estado da Bahia, durante os anos de 1973-1977, visto que, a mesma trouxe consequências para a população local que sobrevive da rizicultura. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as derivações antropogênicas na dinâmica da paisagem na área do perímetro irrigado de Betume, tendo como fundamentos teórico-metodológicos a concepção sistêmica. Atualmente, o perímetro irrigado passa por condições precárias em sua infraestrutura, além de problemas relacionados com pragas, doenças e ervas daninhas para as lavouras de arroz, contribuindo para que se verifique o uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos; outro elemento que interfere no sistema de irrigação são as condições ambientais atuais do rio São Francisco, em virtude da diminuição da vazão e do processo de assoreamento, favorecendo a insuficiência hídrica e comprometendo a produtividade dos lotes. Além disso, a pressão antrópica decorrente da exploração, poluição e usos dos recursos naturais, sem o devido planejamento, favorece a existência de possíveis riscos potenciais socioambientais. Sendo assim, a elaboração deste estudo poderá subsidiar o planejamento ambiental e a tomada de decisões para a área. / São Cristóvão, SE

In an attempt to discern the prevalence of British place-names with a Scandinavian origin this paper is a small linguistic study on place-names in Herefordshire, Cumbria and the areas along rivers Trent and Ouse. Based on modern maps place-names were included in the study. Older forms of the place-names were retrieved, and these old forms were analysed in order to understand the modern versions of the place-names. Place-name elements were grouped and their frequencies calculated in an attempt to understand the distribution of elements in each area. 1300 place-names were categorised based on their presumed origin, though some lacked the necessary information. Several place-names were given new possible derivations based on their categorisation and the elements they contained. Modern place-name elements/features hinting at a possibly Scandinavian place-name in the past were identified and described. Possible geographical patterns of Scandinavian place-names were found in central Herefordshire, in south-eastern Cumbria and in north-western Yorkshire. Possible implications of the place-names and their geographical concentrations were considered, yielding a hint on an area that might have been pivotal in the evolution of Old English. / I ett försök att urskilja utbredningen av brittiska ortnamn med ett skandinaviskt ursprung är denna uppsats en liten språkvetenskaplig studie av ortnamn i Herefordshire, Cumbria och längs floderna Trent och Ouse. Utifrån moderna kartor i en viss upplösning inkluderades alla synliga ortnamn i områdena. Äldre versioner av ortnamnen samlades in, och dessa gamla former analyserades i syfte att undersöka bakgrunden till de moderna ortnamnsvarianterna. Ortnamnens delar grupperades och deras frekvenser beräknades i syfte att förstå hur dessa fördelades i de olika områdena. 1300 ortnamn kategoriserades utifrån deras förmodade ursprung, men några ortnamn saknade den nödvändiga information undersökningen krävde. Flera ortnamn fick nya tänkbara betydelser baserat på den kategori de tilldelats och de ortnamnsdelar de innehöll. Moderna ortnamnsdelar som skulle kunna indikera en forntida nordisk ortnamnsvariant identifierades och beskrevs. Tänkbara geografiska nordiska ortnamnsmönster upptäcktes i centrala Herefordshire, i sydöstra Cumbria och i nordvästra Yorkshire. Tänkbara implikationer av ortnamnen och deras geografiska koncentrationer betraktades, vilket resulterade i upptäckten av ett område som kan ha påverkat fornengelskans utveckling i väldigt hög utsträckning.

The Asset Dividing Appraisal Model (ADAM) enables the appraisal of cash flows resulting from direct real estate investments. The model is an evaluation tool, which takes capital markets and the specific characteristics of real estate as an asset (heterogeneity, site-dependency, eternal land-yield, etc.) into consideration, while also considering different ownership approaches of real estate in the European Union. Thus, it contributes to the harmonization of capital markets and of direct real estate investment evaluation as intended by the "European Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments 2004/39/EC". ADAM is based on financial mathematical instruments and on the property valuation methods of different cultural areas. It combines continental European (Germ an Gross Rental-Method) and international (Discounted Cash Flow-Method) property valuation approaches. Although it is scientifically reasonable to take property valuation approaches into account, the aim of the model is not to valuate a property or to quantify an objective market value but to evaluate cash-flows resulting from direct real estate investments. A mathematical analysis based on empirical market data confirmed the validity of the methodology of the model. In the course of the analysis the major input variables that determine the results of the model and how the model reacts to marginal deviations of input data, were quantified. This was done using partial derivations and a simulation study. In Czech Republic a building isn't actually considered as a part of the underlying plot. Consequently, differing persons or institutions can be owner of the building, as of the appropriate plot. From 2014 on, a suitable reformation of the Czech Civil Code is supposed to cause a consolidation of real estate property. Czech law is going to be adjusted to German law, which considers plot and building as an economic entity. This consolidation of real estate could be an approach of the introduced model.

Tato disertační práce zavádí jednostranné gramatiky s nahodilým kontextem jako řízené gramatiky založené na bezkontextových gramatikách. V těchto gramatikách je ke každému pravidlu přiřazena množina povolujících symbolů a množina zakazujících symbolů a množina pravidel je rozdělena na množinu levých pravidel s nahodilým kontextem a množinu pravých pravidel s nahodilým kontextem . Levým pravidlem s nahodilým kontextem lze přepsat neterminál pokud se všechny povolující symboly vyskytují vlevo od přepisovaného neterminálu a žádný zakazující symbol tam přítomen není. Pravé pravidlo s nahodilým kontextem lze aplikovat analogicky, ale ona kontrola na přítomnost a nepřítomnost symbolů je provedena doprava od přepisovaného neterminálu. Práce je rozdělena na tři části. První část uvádí motivaci za zavedením jednostranných gramatik s nahodilým kontextem a umisťuje materiál pokrytý v této práci do vědeckého kontextu. Poté dává přehled základů teorie formálních jazyků a některých méně známých oblastí, jejichž znalost je nutná pro pochopení studovaného tématu. Druhá část tvoří jádro práce. Formálně definuje jednostranné gramatiky s nahodilým kontextem a studuje je z mnoha pohledů. Mezi studovaná témata patří generativní síla, vztah k jiným typům gramatik, redukce, normální formy, nejlevější derivace, zobecněné a LL verze těchto gramatiky. Třetí část této práce zakončuje diskusi několika poznámkami. Mezi ně patří poznámky týkající se aplikovatelnosti zavedených gramatik v praxi, bibliografie a otevřených problémů.