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Dans le système de santé québécois, il est attendu des infirmières qu’elles développent et démontrent un niveau élevé de leadership clinique infirmier [LCI] dans leur pratique. En effet, des auteurs soutiennent que le développement de cette compétence est primordial à l’optimisation de la qualité des soins et de la sécurité des patients (Goudreau, Pepin, et al., 2015; Stanley et Stanley, 2018). D’autres soutiennent que l’exercice du LCI présente un important défi pour les infirmières nouvellement diplômées [IND] qui continuent d’apprendre à prioriser, à organiser les soins et à déléguer (Benner, 2001; Ekström et Idvall, 2015). Une recension des écrits sur le LCI des IND n’a permis d’identifier que cinq recherches-clés. Elles portent sur le processus de développement du LCI (Pepin et al., 2011), ainsi que sur les moyens de soutenir ce développement et l’exercice de cette compétence en milieux cliniques (Chappell, & Richards, 2015 ; Ekström et Idvall, 2015 ; Larue et al., 2013 ; Won, 2015). À notre connaissance, seules une recension systématique (Chappell et Richards, 2015) et quatre études qualitatives (Ekström et Idvall, 2015 ; Larue et al., 2013 ; Pepin et al., 2011 ; Won, 2015) se seraient intéressées à l’exercice du LCI spécifiquement chez des IND. Ces articles illustrent les difficultés rencontrées très tôt dans la pratique des IND. Le développement et l’exercice du LCI permettent aux infirmières de faire face à l’exercice de leur rôle professionnel et ultimement à l’amélioration de la qualité de la prestation de leurs soins. Afin de mieux comprendre comment les IND exercent cette compétence auprès des patients, ce mémoire de recherche, publié par article, s’intéresse au parcours expérientiel du LCI chez des IND. Grâce et à une posture épistémologique constructiviste (Guba et Lincoln, 1994), cette étude descriptive interprétative (Thorne, 2016) avait comme but de décrire le parcours expérientiel de l’exercice de cette compétence infirmière à travers la première année de pratique professionnelle. De plus cette étude avait comme autre objectif d’identifier les éléments du contexte de pratique qui facilitent ou contraignent l’exercice de cette compétence chez les infirmières bachelières nouvellement intégrées dans le milieu professionnel. Pour y arriver, le cadre de référence de cette étude reposait essentiellement sur le modèle de développement de l’expertise professionnelle (Benner, 2001), ainsi que sur la notion d’individuation au travers des parcours de vie, élaborée par Carpentier et White (2013) Grâce à un échantillonnage de convenance, huit infirmières ayant respectivement 1, 5 (n=2), 6 (n=3), 10 ou 11 mois de pratique clinique, ont été recrutées dans un centre hospitalier universitaire francophone. Des entretiens semi-dirigés d’une durée de 45 à 60 minutes ont été effectués. Une analyse de contenu thématique (Thorne, 2016) selon la méthode proposée par Paillé et Mucchielli (2016) a été réalisée. Les résultats indiquent que pour les IND le LCI est difficile à exercer durant les premiers mois de pratique clinique. Néanmoins, l’exercice de cette compétence s’avère évolutif et exponentiel à l’expérience clinique. Sur une trajectoire de 12 mois, les IND décrivent cinq manières cumulatives d’exercer leur LCI dans leur pratique clinique au chevet des patients, soit par 1) le maintien d’une qualité des soins optimale ; 2) la collaboration et la communication efficace avec les équipes inter et intra professionnelle 3) l’adoption du rôle de précepteur clinique ; 4) l’implication professionnelle au-delà des soins aux patients 5) la consultation des résultats scientifiques à des fins d’amélioration des pratiques. De plus, celles-ci identifient différents facteurs facilitants et contraignants l’exercice de cette compétence. Ces facteurs se regroupent dans trois grandes catégories, soit : 1) les équipes de soins, 2) les quarts de travail, ainsi que 3) les ressources. Cette étude contribue au développement des connaissances sur le LCI et fournit des pistes quant aux stratégies permettant d’appuyer l’exercice de cette compétence critique au sein de la pratique infirmière. Les IND sont une ressource précieuse « et tout devrait être mis en œuvre pour améliorer la rétention des effectifs et réduire le roulement de personnel de ce segment important de la main-d’œuvre infirmière » (Fallatah, Laschinger et Read, 2017, p. 173, traduction libre). Ainsi, de nombreuses pistes de réflexion ont été proposées pour la pratique, la recherche, ainsi que la formation. / In the Quebec health system, nurses are expected to develop and demonstrate high level of clinical nursing leadership (CNL) in their practice. In fact, researchers argue that the development of this competency is essential to optimizing the quality of patient care and patient safety (Goudreau, Pepin & al., 2015; Stanley & Stanley, 2017). Other researchers argue that the exercise of CNL presents a significant challenge for newly graduated nurses (NGN) who are still trying to learn how to prioritize, organize and delegate care (Benner, 2001; Ekström & Idvall, 2015). We found only five key research studies from our review of the CNL of new graduated nurses. They focus on the development process of this competency (Pepin & al., 2011), as well as ways to support this development and exercise it in clinical settings (Chappell & Richards, 2015, Ekström & Idvall, 2015, Larue & al., 2013, Won, 2015). To our knowledge, a systematic review (Chappell & Richards, 2015) and only four qualitative studies (Ekström & Idvall, 2015; Larue & al., 2013; Pepin & al., 2011; Won, 2015) have focused on CNL practice in NGNs specifically. The literature provides an understanding of the development of this nursing competency, with landmarks of its exercise, but remains silent regarding the pathways of its exercise. In order to better understand and complement the existing research, this qualitative interpretive descriptive study (Thorne, 2016) based on a constructivist epistemological theory (Guba & Lincoln, 1994), described the experiential path of exercising CNL among NGNs in their first year of professional practice, including the identification of elements that facilitated or impeded its exercise, from their perspective. The conceptual framework guiding this study encompasses the development of clinical nursing expertise (Benner, 2001) and the notion of individuation through life courses (Carpentier & White, 2013). Through convenience sampling, eight nurses with respectively 1, 5 (n=2), 6 (n=3), 10 or 11 months of clinical practice, respectively, were recruited from a francophone university hospital center. Semi-structured interviews varying in length from 45 to 60 minutes were conducted with each of the nurses recruited. A content analysis based on themes (Thorne, 2016) according to the method proposed by Paillé & Mucchielli (2016) was carried out. The results indicate that for NGNs, it is difficult to exercise CNL during the first months of practice. However, the exercise of this nursing competency is evolutionary and exponential to clinical experience. We found that over a 12-month period, NGNs identified five cumulative ways of exercising their CNL in their bedside clinical practice, either by 1) maintaining an optimal level of quality of their patient care; 2) collaboration and effective communication with the care team; 3) adopting the role of clinical preceptor; 4) professional involvement beyond the patient care; 5) improving practices through consulting scientific evidence. In addition, we identified various factors facilitating and impeding the exercise of their CNL. In all, these advanced-beginner nurses identified four facilitating factors and five impeding factors. We conclude that the influence of organizational contexts and institutional cultures plays a role in the exercise of this particular leadership competency at the beginning of clinical practice is present. These factors are grouped into three main themes: 1) teams; 2) shifts and 3) resources. We believe that this study contributes greatly to the literature and provides insights into strategies to support the practice of this critical competency in nursing practice. In addition, we hope that this study will serve as a guide for health institutions in adopting strategies that support the exercise of CNL in the nursing field. NGNs are a valuable resource “and every effort should be made to improve retention and reduce turnover of this important segment of the nursing workforce” (Fallatah, Laschinger & Read, 2017, p. 173). Thus, many recommendations have been proposed for practice, research, as well as education.

The importance of supervision and the influence of this relationship on the process of supervision, is often underrated. In order for this process to be implementede success-fully knowledge of the different functions including the administrative- educational- and supportive functions is of the utmost importance. It is also becoming increasingly impor-tant that note should be taken of the impact that cultural differences has on supervisor-relationships, the supervisional process and the effectivity of rendering of service as so-cial service organisations increasingly consists of diverse staff members rendering service to a diverse clientelle. This descriptive study has as goal to describe the impact of cultural differences on the practice focussing on the function of supervision and the establishment of diverse organisations and problems arising in this connection. Carefull attention will be paid as to how respondents experience cultural differences in the working environment, their problems and their opinions of how to solve these problems effectively. Conclusions and recomendations were made, which focussed on problems arising as result of cultural differences. The compilation of tentative guidelines which could be usefull in establishing supervision services with greater cultural sensitivity were given. / Social Work / M.Diac (Maatskaplike Werk-Rigting)

The aim of this study was to identify and describe the viability of using cell phones to conduct rapid assessments, pass key health messages and conduct monitoring and evaluation in complex emergencies. The study setting was in a cholera outbreak response situation in Mogadishu, the capital of war torn Somalia. Qantitative, descriptive research was conducted to determine the feasibility. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires, self-response mailed questionnaires as well as follow-up telephone interviews. Three groups of respondents participated in the study. The respondent groups included 383 internally displaced persons (IDPs), 5 water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialists and 5 specialists from 5 mobile phone providers in Mogadishu. The study showed that there is good potential for an effective, cost efficient and scalable short message service (SMS) based public health education platform in Somalia. The study has also come up with recommendations on key considerations to ensure viability of the Public health education platform. It is envisaged that the recommended platform shall increase speed, access, spontaneity, coverage and reduced cost per capita, a combination of which form the hallmark of a good emergency health response. Ultimately this effort shall contribute to improved health, reduced suffering and reduced deaths in fragile humanitarian contexts. / Health Studies / M. (Public Health)

The importance of supervision and the influence of this relationship on the process of supervision, is often underrated. In order for this process to be implementede success-fully knowledge of the different functions including the administrative- educational- and supportive functions is of the utmost importance. It is also becoming increasingly impor-tant that note should be taken of the impact that cultural differences has on supervisor-relationships, the supervisional process and the effectivity of rendering of service as so-cial service organisations increasingly consists of diverse staff members rendering service to a diverse clientelle. This descriptive study has as goal to describe the impact of cultural differences on the practice focussing on the function of supervision and the establishment of diverse organisations and problems arising in this connection. Carefull attention will be paid as to how respondents experience cultural differences in the working environment, their problems and their opinions of how to solve these problems effectively. Conclusions and recomendations were made, which focussed on problems arising as result of cultural differences. The compilation of tentative guidelines which could be usefull in establishing supervision services with greater cultural sensitivity were given. / Social Work / M.Diac (Maatskaplike Werk-Rigting)

The aim of this study was to identify and describe the viability of using cell phones to conduct rapid assessments, pass key health messages and conduct monitoring and evaluation in complex emergencies. The study setting was in a cholera outbreak response situation in Mogadishu, the capital of war torn Somalia. Qantitative, descriptive research was conducted to determine the feasibility. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires, self-response mailed questionnaires as well as follow-up telephone interviews. Three groups of respondents participated in the study. The respondent groups included 383 internally displaced persons (IDPs), 5 water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialists and 5 specialists from 5 mobile phone providers in Mogadishu. The study showed that there is good potential for an effective, cost efficient and scalable short message service (SMS) based public health education platform in Somalia. The study has also come up with recommendations on key considerations to ensure viability of the Public health education platform. It is envisaged that the recommended platform shall increase speed, access, spontaneity, coverage and reduced cost per capita, a combination of which form the hallmark of a good emergency health response. Ultimately this effort shall contribute to improved health, reduced suffering and reduced deaths in fragile humanitarian contexts. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Introduction. L’ostéoarthrose trapézo-métacarpienne (OTM) est l’une des ostéoarthroses (OA) de la main la plus prévalente, la plus douloureuse et la plus handicapante. Bien qu’une approche biopsychosociale soit préconisée dans la gestion de douleur chronique, la majorité des études sur l’OTM ne documentent que ses composantes physiques. La gestion de cette pathologie est souvent jugée sous-optimale, probablement due à une méconnaissance de la maladie et à l’absence de guide de pratique clinique. Ce travail doctoral a visé à (1) documenter l’efficacité des interventions non-chirurgicales et chirurgicales et (2) investiguer les impacts de l’OTM dans diverses sphères de la vie, (3) examiner les facteurs biopsychosociaux qui influencent la sévérité de la douleur et des incapacités fonctionnelles, et (4) documenter l’utilisation des ressources en santé que font les personnes atteintes d’OTM. Méthodologie. Le premier objectif a eu recours à deux revues systématiques en suivant la méthodologie de la Cochrane Collaboration. Pour les deuxième, troisième et quatrième objectifs, une étude descriptive a été menée auprès de 228 participants atteints d’OTM. Ils ont répondu à un questionnaire comprenant diverses échelles dûment validées. Des régressions linéaires multiples ont été utilisées afin d’identifier les facteurs de la sévérité de la douleur et des incapacités fonctionnelles. Résultats. Les résultats des revues systématiques ont montré des preuves scientifiques de qualité faible à modérée qui appuient l’efficacité des interventions suivantes en termes de douleur, d’incapacités fonctionnelles, de satisfaction et/ou d’événements indésirables: (1) injections de solution saline (intra-/extra-articulaire); (2) orthèse thermoplastique du pouce; (3) mobilisation nerveuse; (4) combinaison des exercices/mobilisation nerveuse et articulaire; (5) trapézectomie par voie antérieure ou postérieure; (6) trapézectomie et reconstruction ligamentaire avec ½ flexor carpi radialis (FCR) et tunnel métacarpien; (7) trapézectomie et reconstruction ligamentaire et interposition tendineuse en utilisant ½FCR et tunnel métacarpien; et (8) arthroplastie par distraction d’hématome. Pour ce qui est des résultats de l’étude descriptive, les participants étaient âgés de 63 ans en moyenne et plus de 80% d’entre eux rapportaient de la douleur d’intensité modérée à sévère (≥ 4/10). Leur score moyen au QuickDASH (incapacités fonctionnelles) était modéré (46,1/100). Leur score moyen de qualité de vie physique (SF-12v2) était inférieur à la moyenne de la population générale (41,0 vs 50,0). Près de 30% des participants présentaient des signes cliniquement significatifs d’anxiété et/ou de dépression. La fréquence de la douleur et le niveau d’incapacités fonctionnelles expliquaient 59,0 % de la variance dans la sévérité de la douleur tandis que le sexe, l'intensité de la douleur, la dépression et l'éducation expliquaient 60,1 % de la variance dans les scores d’incapacités fonctionnelles. Acétaminophène, anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens oraux, injections intra-articulaires de cortisone, orthèses, massage/exercices et application de chaleur/froid étaient fréquemment employées, tandis que les principes ergonomiques, des aides techniques, de la mobilisation nerveuse et des interventions psychosociales l’étaient beaucoup moins. Conclusions. L’OTM peut engendrer une douleur sévère, affectant divers aspects de la vie quotidienne. Les connaissances générées par cette thèse permettront de bonifier les recommandations des guides de pratique pour l’OTM, ainsi que de faciliter la gestion personnalisée de cette pathologie dans une perspective biopsychosociale. / Introduction. Trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis (TMO) is one of the most prevalent, painful, and handicapping hand osteoarthritis (OA). Although a biopsychosocial approach is advocated in the management of chronic pain, the majority of studies on TMO document only its physical components. The non-surgical management of this pathology is often considered suboptimal, probably due to the poor understanding of the TMO and the absence of a clinical practice guide. This doctoral work thus aimed to (1) document the efficacy of non-surgical and surgical interventions and (2) investigate the impacts of TMO in various spheres of daily life, (3) examine the biopsychosocial factors that influence the severity of pain and functional disability, and (4) document the healthcare resources used by TMO patients. Methods. To answer the first objective, two systematic reviews were conducted using the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. For the second, third and forth objectives, a descriptive study was carried out among 228 participants with TMO. They answered a questionnaire comprising various scales duly validated. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify factors of pain severity and functional disability. Results. The results of the systematic reviews showed low to moderate quality evidence supporting the efficacy of the following interventions in terms of pain, physical function, satisfaction and/or adverse events: (1) saline injections (intra-/extra-articular); (2) custom-made thermoplastic thumb orthosis; (3) nerve mobilization; (4) combination of exercises/nerve and joint mobilization; (5) trapeziectomy by anterior or posterior approach; (6) trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction with ½ flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and metacarpal tunnel; (7) trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition using ½FCR and metacarpal tunnel; and (8) distraction hematoma arthroplasty. The descriptive study revealed that the participants were on average 63 years old and over 80% of them reported moderate to severe pain (≥ 4/10). Their mean QuickDASH score was moderate (46.1/100) for functional disability. Their mean physical quality of life score (SF-12v2) was lower than the average in the general population (41.0 vs 50.0). Nearly 30% of the participants had clinically significant signs of anxiety and/or depression. Pain frequency and magnitude of disability explained 59.0% of the variance in pain severity while sex, pain intensity, depression and education explained 60.1% of the variance in functional disability scores. Acetaminophen, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cortisone injections, orthotics, hand exercise, hand massage and heat/cold application were frequently employed, while ergonomic principles, assistive devices, nerve mobilization and psychosocial intervention were much less used. Conclusions. TMO can cause severe pain and affect various aspects of daily life. The new knowledge generated by this thesis will allow to improve the recommendations for TMO, thus facilitating a tailored management of this pathology from a biopsychosocial perspective.