Rapid urbanization and population growth have represented a great challenge to water resources management, since wastewater generated in urban areas forms a non-conventional source, wastewater reuse is being recognized as a sustainable water management approach. This study focuses on with the potential and practibility of implementing wastewater reuse techniques in Izmir region, especially with the aim to use treated wastewater and nutrient for agriculture. To this end, qualititative and quantitative agricultural water demand were considered. This thesis introduces a wastewater reuse planning model and optimization method with an emphasis on the wastewater treatment technology used as well as the agricultural demand in the area of the study. The model was developed with considerations over water quality, wastewater treatment and discharge. The objective of the model is to upgrade existing wastewater treatment plants or to design new treatment plants in regard to reuse wastewater in agriculture. The model is also capable of comparing treatment technologies from the point of design and cost. Three case studies were represented so as to demonstrate the modeling process and optimization studies for agricultural irrigation.

Les systèmes Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing (SOLAP) permettent de prendre en charge l’analyse multidimensionnelle en ligne d’un très grand volume de données ayant une référence spatiale. Dans ces systèmes, le vague spatial n’est généralement pas pris en compte, ce qui peut être source d’erreurs dans les analyses et les interprétations des cubes de données SOLAP, effectuées par les utilisateurs finaux. Bien qu’il existe des modèles d’objets ad-hoc pour gérer le vague spatial, l’implantation de ces modèles dans les systèmes SOLAP est encore à l’état embryonnaire. En outre, l’introduction de tels modèles dans les systèmes SOLAP accroit la complexité de l’analyse au détriment de l’utilisabilité dans bon nombre de contextes applicatifs. Dans cette thèse nous nous proposons d’investiguer la piste d’une nouvelle approche visant un compromis approprié entre l’exactitude théorique de la réponse au vague spatial, la facilité d’implantation dans les systèmes SOLAP existants et l’utilisabilité des cubes de données fournis aux utilisateurs finaux.Les objectifs de cette thèse sont donc de jeter les bases d’une approche de conception de cube SOLAP où la gestion du vague est remplacée par la gestion des risques de mauvaises interprétations induits, d’en définir les principes d’une implantation pratique et d’en démontrer les avantages.En résultats aux travaux menés, une approche de conception de cubes SOLAP où le risque de mauvaise interprétation est considéré et géré de manière itérative et en adéquation avec les sensibilités des utilisateurs finaux quant aux risques potentiels identifiés a été proposée; des outils formels à savoir un profil UML adapté, des fonctions de modification de schémas multidimensionnels pour construire les cubes souhaités, et un processus formel guidant de telles transformations de schémas ont été présentés; la vérification de la faisabilité de notre approche dans un cadre purement informatique avec la mise en oeuvre de l’approche dans un outil CASE (Computed Aided Software Engineering) a aussi été présentée. Pour finir, nous avons pu valider le fait que l’approche fournisse non seulement des cubes aussi compréhensibles et donc utilisables que les cubes classiques, mais aussi des cubes où le vague n’est plus laissé de côté, sans aucun effort pour atténuer ses impacts sur les analyses et les prises de décision des utilisateurs finaux. / SOLAP (Spatial On-Line Analytical Processing) systems support the online multi-dimensional analysis of a very large volume of data with a spatial reference. In these systems, the spatial vagueness is usually not taken into account, which can lead to errors in the SOLAP datacubes analyzes and interpretations end-users make. Although there are ad-hoc models of vague objects to manage the spatial vagueness, the implementation of these models in SOLAP systems is still in an embryonal state. In addition, the introduction of such models in SOLAP systems increases the complexity of the analysis at the expense of usability in many application contexts. In this thesis we propose to investigate the trail of a new approach that makes an appropriate compromise between the theoretical accuracy of the response to the spatial vagueness, the ease of implementation in existing SOLAP systems and the usability of datacubes provided to end users.The objectives of this thesis are to lay the foundations of a SOLAP datacube design approach where spatial vagueness management in itself is replaced by the management of risks of misinterpretations induced by the vagueness, to define the principles of a practical implementation of the approach and to demonstrate its benefits.The results of this thesis consist of a SOLAP datacube design approach where the risks of misinterpretation are considered and managed in an iterative manner and in line with the end users tolerance levels regarding those risks; formal tools namely a suitable UML (Unified Modeling Language) profile, multidimensional schemas transformation functions to help tailored the datacubes to end-users tolerance levels, and a formal process guiding such schemas transformation; verifying the feasibility of our approach in a computing context with the implementation of the approach in a CASE (Computed Aided Software Engineering) tool. Finally, we were able to validate that the approach provides SOLAP datacubes that are not only as comprehensible and thus usable as conventional datacubes but also datacubes where the spatial vagueness is not left out, with no effort to mitigate its impacts on analysis and decision making for end users.

A educação inclusiva visa garantir o direito de todos os alunos de estarem juntos, aprendendo e participando do contexto escolar sem nenhuma discriminação. A presente pesquisa investigou este espaço de interação, onde os alunos, com e sem deficiência, vivenciam experiências de aprendizagem na sala de ensino regular. A pesquisa abordou a qualidade dos materiais educacionais a partir da abordagem Design para a Experiência e da teoria das Inteligências Múltiplas, visando promover as experiências dos usuários no contexto da educação inclusiva. A investigação teórica da pesquisa relata marcos históricos da educação no Brasil e o crescimento através de normas e leis para a educação de todos no pais, trazendo a base do Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem, somados a assuntos como: Design Instrucional, Inteligências Múltiplas, até chegar na Interação e Qualidade dos materiais. A fase inicial da pesquisa gerou subsídios que embasam o instrumento de coleta de dados através de um questionário, que foi conduzido a partir de entrevistas com especialistas da área da educação: professores da sala de aula regular, educador especial, e psicopedagogo a fim de verificar as diretrizes de qualidades propostas. Foram selecionados alguns materiais de aprendizagem utilizados no ensino fundamental e verificados previamente pela pesquisadora. Após, foram elencados dois materiais com os seguintes critérios: (i) aquele que se julgou mais apto a proporcionar experiências a todos os alunos e (ii) o que se julgou gerar menor experiência (segundo perspectiva da pesquisadora). A verificação foi realizada por professores, de forma voluntária, através do instrumento fornecido pela pesquisadora. Para comprovação do estudo, foi realizado uma triangulação com os dados obtidos. Por fim, alcançou-se um conjunto de diretrizes capazes de auxiliar no desenvolvimento e projeto de novos materiais educacionais com o foco na educação inclusiva. / Inclusive education aims to ensure the right of all students to be together, learning and participating in the school context without any discrimination. “This study investigated learning experiences of students with and without disabilities in a regular classroom. The study addressed the quality of educational materials from the Design approach to experience and theory of Multiple Intelligences to promote the experiences of users in the context of inclusive education. The study addressed the quality of educational materials from the Design approach to the experience and theory of Multiple Intelligences to promote the experiences of users in the context of inclusive education. The theoretical investigation reports landmarks of education in Brazil and growth through rules and laws education for everyone in the country, bringing the base of Universal Design for Learning, adding subjects like: Instructional Design, Multiple Intelligences, reaching the interaction and quality of materials. The initial theoretical investigation stage generated resources that support the data collection instrument through a survey form, which was conducted from interviews with education experts in the field: regular classroom teachers, special educators, and educational psychologists in order to verify the proposed guidelines qualities. We selected some learning materials used in elementary school and previously checked by the researcher. After two school materials with the following criteria were selected: (i) the one judged most able to provide experiences to all the students and (ii) what was judged to generate less experience (according to the researcher). The verification was performed by teachers, on a voluntary basis, through the instrument provided by the researcher. For the study verification, a triangulation with the obtained data was performed. Finally, a set of guidelines that can assist in the development and design of new educational materials with the focus on inclusive education was reached.

A educação inclusiva visa garantir o direito de todos os alunos de estarem juntos, aprendendo e participando do contexto escolar sem nenhuma discriminação. A presente pesquisa investigou este espaço de interação, onde os alunos, com e sem deficiência, vivenciam experiências de aprendizagem na sala de ensino regular. A pesquisa abordou a qualidade dos materiais educacionais a partir da abordagem Design para a Experiência e da teoria das Inteligências Múltiplas, visando promover as experiências dos usuários no contexto da educação inclusiva. A investigação teórica da pesquisa relata marcos históricos da educação no Brasil e o crescimento através de normas e leis para a educação de todos no pais, trazendo a base do Desenho Universal para Aprendizagem, somados a assuntos como: Design Instrucional, Inteligências Múltiplas, até chegar na Interação e Qualidade dos materiais. A fase inicial da pesquisa gerou subsídios que embasam o instrumento de coleta de dados através de um questionário, que foi conduzido a partir de entrevistas com especialistas da área da educação: professores da sala de aula regular, educador especial, e psicopedagogo a fim de verificar as diretrizes de qualidades propostas. Foram selecionados alguns materiais de aprendizagem utilizados no ensino fundamental e verificados previamente pela pesquisadora. Após, foram elencados dois materiais com os seguintes critérios: (i) aquele que se julgou mais apto a proporcionar experiências a todos os alunos e (ii) o que se julgou gerar menor experiência (segundo perspectiva da pesquisadora). A verificação foi realizada por professores, de forma voluntária, através do instrumento fornecido pela pesquisadora. Para comprovação do estudo, foi realizado uma triangulação com os dados obtidos. Por fim, alcançou-se um conjunto de diretrizes capazes de auxiliar no desenvolvimento e projeto de novos materiais educacionais com o foco na educação inclusiva. / Inclusive education aims to ensure the right of all students to be together, learning and participating in the school context without any discrimination. “This study investigated learning experiences of students with and without disabilities in a regular classroom. The study addressed the quality of educational materials from the Design approach to experience and theory of Multiple Intelligences to promote the experiences of users in the context of inclusive education. The study addressed the quality of educational materials from the Design approach to the experience and theory of Multiple Intelligences to promote the experiences of users in the context of inclusive education. The theoretical investigation reports landmarks of education in Brazil and growth through rules and laws education for everyone in the country, bringing the base of Universal Design for Learning, adding subjects like: Instructional Design, Multiple Intelligences, reaching the interaction and quality of materials. The initial theoretical investigation stage generated resources that support the data collection instrument through a survey form, which was conducted from interviews with education experts in the field: regular classroom teachers, special educators, and educational psychologists in order to verify the proposed guidelines qualities. We selected some learning materials used in elementary school and previously checked by the researcher. After two school materials with the following criteria were selected: (i) the one judged most able to provide experiences to all the students and (ii) what was judged to generate less experience (according to the researcher). The verification was performed by teachers, on a voluntary basis, through the instrument provided by the researcher. For the study verification, a triangulation with the obtained data was performed. Finally, a set of guidelines that can assist in the development and design of new educational materials with the focus on inclusive education was reached.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20697号 / 工博第4394号 / 新制||工||1683(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 池田 芳樹, 教授 西山 峰広, 准教授 聲高 裕治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Industrialized house builders strive towards structure and control of their processes, including design. Such structure is seldom sought for in architectural design practice, where individuality and autonomy are considered essential. This is causing a tension in the construction industry as industrialized house builders and architects strive to improve their collaboration. In this licentiate thesis, a first step towards better understanding this tension is taken by exploring different design approaches from a creativity perspective. The analytical framework builds on a theoretical conceptualization of design approach features, including design task, design process, design organization, and knowledge sharing. A creativity perspective is added using heuristic or algorithmic design tasks; divergent or convergent design processes; autonomy or imposed structure from the design organization; and sole designer or teamwork as the basis for knowledge sharing. This framework is used to analyze four empirically explored design approaches, two focusing on platform development and two focusing on project specific design. Three of these are explored using a case study approach, while the fourth is explored through interviews with multiple architects. The architectural design approach’s features seem likely to facilitate creativity: the design task is mainly heuristic; the design process enables divergence; and the architects have autonomy in how to go about the design process. However, they experience a lack of knowledge sharing, which could further facilitate creativity. The studied standardized design development approach has the opposite features: the design task is mainly algorithmic; the design process facilitates convergence; and there is a clear structure with instructions of how each subtask should be executed. Hence, this design approach is not likely to facilitate creativity (which was also not its intention). The structure has however improved the design team’s knowledge sharing, which is likely to facilitate creativity. The two platform development approaches have a mix of features. Both design tasks are more algorithmic than heuristic and creativity was not expected of the design results. The design processes are clearly convergent. While the house platform development team is multi-functional and work in close collaboration, the design automation platform developers’ knowledge sharing is based on communication with the client’s organization, thus not enabling as many perspectives on the designed product. The design automation platform developers use a support structure with process descriptions and methods to ensure quality, motivated by the variety of platforms that they develop on a regular basis. The house product platform developers on the other hand, were expected to develop only this one platform. Hence, they worked autonomously, using the teamwork setting to progress and converge in the process. In summary, the creative intention seems related to how design is approached. If creativity is sought for, the design task is heuristic, and divergence and autonomy is promoted. If creativity is not sought for, structure seem to facilitate other benefits such as reliability and quality control. Knowledge sharing could however be potentially beneficial in most design approaches. By understanding that different design approaches will influence creativity in different ways, a first step has been taken towards understanding why architects and industrialized house builders approach design differently.

Les processus de conception d'ingénierie mécanique sont souvent centrés sur la technologie et ont des difficultés à intégrer de façon adéquate les comportements des utilisateurs lors des utilisations du futur produit. Ce problème existe tout au long du cycle de vie du projet de développement du produit et est particulièrement visible lors des phases préliminaires de conception. Bien que les industries et les universités conviennent que les aspects humains sont importants pour le succès du produit, il existe peu de méthodes qui soutiennent les créateurs/concepteurs pour la prise encompte de ces facteurs lors des travaux de conception. Afin d'améliorer la performance du produit, notre recherche vise à apporter ou complémenter la conception technique fonctionnelle par une approche plus intégrée. Elle vise en particulier une meilleure intégration du comportement du couple produit/utilisateur dès la phase de conception. En effet, les concepteurs ont été obligés de mettre de côté l’objectif d’une machine entièrement automatisée et doit continuer à faire appel à l'utilisateur pour effectuer certaines tâches. Même si pour améliorer la productivité de la machine l'automatisation des systèmes de production est une voix intéressante, l'intervention humaine sur ces systèmes reste un besoin critique, or elle reste mal définie au stade de la conception. Dans notre cas, le système mécanique pourrait être un système de production, une machine, un produit ou tout autre outil manipulé par un utilisateur. Les conditions d'utilisation sont directement influencées par les travaux de conception, qui constituent également le principal facteur d'amélioration des performances du système. L'objectif de cette recherche est le développement d’une évaluation technique « top-down » et d’une conception d'ingénierie socio-technique pour intégrer les diverses bases de connaissances et en particulier le modèle de tâche. L’objectif est donc de développer une approche de conception comportementale non pas uniquement centrée sur la technologie mais aussi sur une approche socio-technique, afin d'aider les concepteurs à optimiser la performance du produit globalement dès les premières phases de conception. Ainsi, nous proposons une approche qui intègre lesdonnées comportementales système technique, utilisateur et utilisateur/technique. Ce travail porte sur la conception d'ingénierie multi-métiers et traite de l'élaboration d'une approche de conception comportementale pour aider les concepteurs à optimiser la performance du produit globalement dès la phase de conception grâce à la prise en compte des conditions d'utilisation et de la présence de l’utilisateur. Pour expérimenter ces travaux, un logiciel est en développement pour soutenir et permettre une utilisation systématique de cette «approche de conception comportementale» en l'intégrant dans le travail au quotidien du concepteur. / Mechanical engineering design processes are often technology-centered and have difficulties to integrate user’s behaviour in term of using the product adequately. This problem is encountered along the whole life cycle of a project, and is especially noticeable during the early design phase. Although, industry and academia agree that human aspects are important for the success of the product, there are few methods that support the designers concerning these factors in the synthesis part of the design works. Mechanical engineering design is connected with human behaviours targeted at and eventually leading to the development of the product. These behaviours take place all over the product lifecycle. In order to improve product performance, our research carefully thinks out a piece of research linking the user cantered and functional engineering design approached into an integrated package. It aims to a better integration of product and user behaviour during the early design phase. Designers have been obliged to set aside their dreams of a 100% machine due to the vitalrequirement of the user to perform some definite tasks with machines. While machine productivity and use conditions are the main reasons for automating production systems, human intervention on such systems remains a critical need and the tasks performed by the user remain poorly defined at the early design stage. The focus of this research is the development and evaluation of a top-down technical and socio-technical framework for engineering design, which integrates various knowledge bases and the task model. The rationale behind such a framework is to develop a behavioural design approach not in a technology-centered approach, but with a socio-technical approach, in order to help designers to optimize the product performance through taking into account using conditions and requirements during the early design phase. We propose here a design approach that integrates user’s and system’s behavioural data as design specifications. We attempt to provide seamless integration means by merging engineering data and user-centered data within the engineer’s toolkit. Otherwise, classical user-centered approach may seem difficult to handle by the whole design team : in this respect, this work provides a formal integration model in the framework in mechanical engineering design. This paper covers the multi-trade engineering design, and deals with the development of a behavioural design approach to help designers to optimize the product performance in the early design phase through taking into account utilization conditions and requirements. Finally, a software application is in development to support and allow a systematic utilization of the “behavioural design approach” by integrating it into the daily work of the designer.

Computer screens are very small compared to the size of large information spaces that arise in many domains. The visualization of such datasets requires multiscale navigation capabilities, enabling users to switch between zoomed-in detailed views and zoomed-out contextual views of the data. Designing interfaces that allow users to quickly identify objects of interest, get detailed views of those objects, relate them and put them in a broader spatial context, raise challenging issues. Multi-scale interfaces have been the focus of much research effort over the last twenty years.There are several design approaches to address multiscale navigation issues. In this thesis, we review and categorize these approaches according to their level of content awareness. We identify two main approaches: content-driven, which optimizes interfaces for navigation in specific content; and content-agnostic, that applies to any type of data. We introduce the content-aware design approach, which dynamically adapts the interface to the content. The latter design approach can be used to design multiscale navigation techniques both in 2D or 3D spaces. We introduce Arealens and Pathlens, two content-aware fisheye lenses that dynamically adapt their shape to the underlying content to better preserve the visual aspect of objects of interest. We describe the techniques and their implementation, and report on a controlled experiment that evaluates the usability of Arealens compared to regular fisheye lenses, showing clear performance improvements with the new technique for a multiscale visual search task. We introduce a new distortion-oriented presentation library enabling the design of fisheye lenses featuring several foci of arbitrary shapes. Then, we introduce Gimlens, a multi-view detail-in-context visualization technique that enables users to navigate complex 3D models by drilling holes into their outer layers to reveal objects that are buried into the scene. Gimlens adapts to the geometry of objects of interest so as to better manage visual occlusion problems, selection mechanism and coordination of lenses.

This thesis takes in to account mainly the cooperative design and human factors from ubiquitous computing design perspective. Areas such as role of cooperative design in ubiquitous computing perspective, the changing attributes of society and the associated issues, the changing shape of public service delivery and need for a change in methodology in ubiquitous computing projects have been discussed. The overall approach is taking advantage of Suchman’s idea of ‘design as an artful integration of different social as well as technical aspects'. The advantage of the technique has been taken by bringing together social and societal aspects, agenda of governments from IT perspective, human factors and purely designs methodology to frame up in which we need to re-assess ubiquitous computing design methodology. The thesis work comprises literature review, and a case study to pick up on the role of cooperative and participatory design. The probe was specifically in the context of ubiquitous computing design requirements and ubiquitous computing vision / 26 Helsingorsgatan 16 444 Kista Phone: 0046 73 632 3670

A great deal of the design of bridges today is carried out using finite element models and analyses. These models are usually generalized versions of the actual bridge, as these kinds of models often is able to produce results similar to reality. In this thesis, a study regarding how the considerations of some of the details of a bridge affect the results using a FE analysis is performed. The analyses are focused on the change of transverse load distribution in the bridge slab. The thesis also addresses the use of a parametric design approach in FE modeling and analyses. The models are created using Python code with the possibility of choosing which properties that will be active or not before each analysis. The study is focused on the modeling of composite bridges with parallel box-girders. The bridge Kollektivtrafikbron, which is a new bridge currently in design as part of the Hisingsbridge project in Gothenburg, is used as a case study. The study has shown that a great deal of simplifications is reasonable to carry out in the modeling of a composite bridge, as long as the designer is aware of how these simplifications affect the results obtained. For the type of bridge investigated, the study has shown that the presence of transverse stiffening beams in the model as well as how the material properties of the edge beams are specified have a large impact on the transverse bending moment. The study has also shown that the use of shell or beam elements in the modeling of the main beams have a large impact on the shear force in the slab. Furthermore, the choice of element types and how constraints are specified have been shown to entail greater differences in the results than the detailing level of the model. These aspects should therefore be thoroughly considered in all modeling work. Additional aspects treated in the study is the impact of radius, the recess in the slab for the track as well as the size of the surface specified when applying traffic loads. The parametric design approach implemented in this study have provided the possibility of carrying out more analyses and investigating more details than what would have been possible if each model had been created manually. The greatest benefit of using a parametric design approach have been the possibility of carrying out analyzes automatically without monitoring or adjusting, which has made it possible to utilize the time provided for the study in a highly effective way. The design approach has been shown to be most effective when using simplified FE models, as these can be generated automatically fairly quickly. Therefore, it could be very beneficial to implement this kind of design approach in the early stages of design. / Idag utförs ofta dimensioneringen av broar med hjälp av finita elementmodeller och analyser. Dessa modeller utgörs i regel av generaliserade versioner av den verkliga bron då en kraftigt förenklad beräkningsmodell antas generera resultat som är väldigt nära verkligheten. I detta examensarbete undersöks hur vissa utvalda detaljer i brons utformning påverkar de resultat en finita elementanalys ger utifrån hur de beaktas vid modellering. Analyserna är inriktade på förändring av lastfördelning i tvärled hos brons farbana. Vidare undersöks möjligheten att använda ett parametriserat arbetssätt vid modellering och analys. Modellerna som analyseras formuleras i kod med möjlighet att välja vilka egenskaper som ska vara aktiva inför varje analys. Arbetet är koncentrerat på modellering av samverkansbroar med parallella lådbalkar som huvudbalkar. Som fallstudie används Kollektivtrafikbron. En ny plankrökt bro med denna utformning under pågående projektering inom projektet med den nya Hisingsbron i Göteborg. Arbetet har visat att det finns många förenklingar som är rimliga att genomföra vid modellering, så länge det finns en medvetenhet kring hur dessa påverkar resultaten. För den undersökta typen av bro har arbetet visat att förekomsten av tvärbalkar i modellen samt hur materialegenskaperna definieras för kantbalkar har stor inverkan på tvärledsmomentet. Utöver detta har arbetet visat att tvärkraften påverkas kraftigt utifrån om huvudbalkarna modelleras med skalelement respektive balkelement. Genomgående resultat är att modellering av huvudbalkarna med balkelement medför mycket högre max värden för tvärkraft. Vidare har arbetet visat att val av elementtyp och definiering av kopplingar kan ge större differenser än detaljrikedom och att dessa delar bör beaktas med stor noggrannhet vid all modellering. Ytterligare aspekter som behandlats är inverkan av radie, rälursparingar i farbanan samt definiering av lastytans storlek vid applicering av trafiklast. Det parametriserade arbetssättet som implementerats i detta arbete har gjort det möjligt att utföra fler analyser och undersöka fler faktorers inverkan än vad som hade varit möjligt om varje modell hade byggts upp manuellt. Den största vinsten med detta arbetssätt har varit att tiden som avsatts för arbetet kunnat utnyttjas mycket effektivt då analyser har kunnat utföras automatiskt utan krav på övervakning eller manuella korrigeringar. Mest effektivt har arbetssättet visats vara med modeller med lägre detaljrikedom då dessa förhållandevis snabbt kan genereras automatiserat. Detta kan framförallt vara väldigt effektivt att implementera i inledande projekteringsskeden.