• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 137
  • 79
  • 41
  • 23
  • 16
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 371
  • 61
  • 56
  • 52
  • 51
  • 45
  • 39
  • 37
  • 36
  • 34
  • 33
  • 30
  • 29
  • 29
  • 29
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

Análise de Vibrações em Pontes Rodoviárias Induzidas pelo Tráfego de Veículos sobre Pavimentos Irregulares / Vibration Analysis of Highway Bridges Induced by the Vehicle Traffic on Irregular Pavement Surface

Ricardo Santos de Almeida 02 March 2006 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nesta dissertação, propõe-se uma metodologia para a analise da resposta dinâmica de pontes rodoviárias devido à travessia de comboios de diversos tipos de veículos sobre o tabuleiro irregular dessas obras de arte. Para tal, desenvolve-se uma análise paramétrica extensa com o objetivo de avaliarem-se os efeitos dinâmicos provenientes das irregularidades superficiais existentes no tabuleiro sobre o comportamento das pontes rodoviárias. A metodologia de análise é desenvolvida no domínio do tempo de acordo com um modelo estatístico. O modelo matemático é concebido de forma a simular o conjunto dos veículos e do tabuleiro, denominado neste trabalho comumente de sistema veículo-ponte (ou sistema veículo-estrutura). Considera-se a participação da massa e da rigidez dos veículos na definição das freqüências do conjunto e, conseqüentemente, a força de interação entre os veículos e a ponte é afetada pela flexibilidade desta. Simula-se o tabuleiro das obras de arte por uma viga modelada com base em elementos finitos de barra unidimensionais, com massas concentradas em seus nós e flexibilidade distribuída. Aos nós estão associados os movimentos de rotação no plano e de translação vertical. Desprezam-se a inércia de rotação e a deformação por cisalhamento. São considerados 04 (quatro) modelos distintos para representar os veículos do comboio na análise paramétrica, sendo estes: veículos com um eixo e uma massa, viaturas com um eixo e duas massas, veículos com dois eixos e três massas e carros com três eixos e quatro massas. Todos os veículos são simulados por sistemas de massas, molas e amortecedores e são descritos por graus de liberdade à translação e rotação no plano. As irregularidades da pista são definidas por um modelo matemático não- determinístico, com base na densidade espectral do perfil do pavimento, obtida experimentalmente. Os perfis irregulares do pavimento são considerados associados a processos fracamente estacionários e ergódicos. O carregamento sobre a superestrutura das pontes é constituído por uma sucessão infinita de veículos, igualmente espaçados e deslocando-se com velocidade constante sobre o tabuleiro. Devido à própria natureza das irregularidades superficiais e do comboio de veículos, atenção especial é concentrada na fase permanente da resposta do sistema veículo-ponte. São estudadas as respostas dos modelos estruturais, com base em tabuleiros isostáticos de concreto armado, com e sem balanços, em seção do tipo caixão, em termos de deslocamentos e esforços nas seções onde ocorrem os efeitos máximos. As conclusões deste trabalho versam sobre a adequação do modelo matemático empregado, observando- se a influência do tipo de modelo de veículo utilizado (com um ou mais eixos) sobre aresposta dinâmica das pontes rodoviárias analisadas e, bem como, à magnitude dos efeitos dinâmicos provenientes das irregularidades superficiais e suas conseqüências sobre as atitudes correntes de projeto. / In this investigation an analysis methodology is developed to evaluate the vehicle- structure response. A parametric study is carried to evaluate the dynamical effects, displacements and stresses, on highway bridge decks, due to vehicles crossing on rough pavement surfaces defined by a probabilistic model. The analysis methodology was considered following a statistical model, in the time domain. The mathematical model assumes a finite element representation of a beam like deck and the vehicle simulation uses concentrated parameters of mass, stiffness and damping. Four different models are developed in order to represent the vehicles. The vehicles are modeled as one axle, with one or two masses, and two and three axles, with three and four masses, respectively. All vehicles are simulated as mass-spring-damper systems and the degrees of freedom of these cars are defined as in plane vertical translations and rotations. The deck surface roughness is defined by a well known power spectrum probability density of road pavement profiles. The irregular pavement surface was defined like a weakly stationary and ergodic random process. The moving load is formed by an infinite succession of vehicles moving with constant velocity and equally spaced. Only steady-state response is considered. Response data are produced on concrete box girder elements assembled as simple beams, including cantilever spans. Conclusions are concerned with the fitness of the developed analysis methodology and the magnitude of the response amplification due to the surface irregularities.
232

Efficient Route-based Optimal Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Berntsson, Simon, Andreasson, Mattias January 2018 (has links)
The requirements on fuel consumption and emissions for passenger cars are getting stricter every year. This has forced the vehicle industry to look for ways to improve the performance of the driveline. With the increasing focus on electrification, a common method is to combine an electrical driveline with a conventional driveline that uses a petrol or diesel engine, thus creating a hybrid electric vehicle. To fully be able to utilise the potential of the driveline in such a vehicle, an efficient energy management strategy is needed. This thesis describes the development of an efficient route-based energy management strategy. Three different optimisation strategies are combined, deterministic dynamic programming, equivalent consumption minimisation strategy and convex optimisation, together with segmentation of the input data. The developed strategy shows a decrease in computational time with up to more than one hundred times compared to a benchmark algorithm. When implemented in Volvo's simulation tool, VSim, substantial fuel savings of up to ten percent is shown compared to a charge-depleting charge-sustain strategy.
233

Colonização por staphylococcus aureus meticilina-resistente (MRSA) e seus fatores associados, em pacientes clínicos admitidos no Hospital De Clínicas de Porto Alegre

Santos, Helena Barreto dos January 2009 (has links)
Contexto: As infecções causadas pelo Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina tem conseqüências graves aos pacientes e aos serviços de saúde. As medidas gerais de controle de infecção são fundamentais para conter a disseminação desta bactéria, mas não são sempre suficientes, e estratégias mais agressivas são empregadas muitas vezes para obter-se uma diminuição das taxas. Os estudos publicados para a avaliação da efetividade das medidas tem recebido criticas pela sua qualidade, e ainda não ha consenso sobre o assunto. Objetivos: Quantificar a prevalência de pacientes colonizados pelo Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina admitidos em um hospital terciário universitário, avaliar aspectos associados a transmissão da bactéria e estimar, através de modelo matemático, o efeito de medidas de isolamento de pacientes com Staphylococcus aureus resistentes meticilina na aquisic5o de colonização. Métodos: Um estudo de coorte prospectivo, com pacientes clínicos admitidos no hospital selecionados aleatoriamente na sua admissão. Os pacientes foram entrevistados na admissão e a cada semana e houve coleta de swab nasal para identificação de colonização pelo MRSA na admissão e a cada semana de internação. Os fatores de risco associados com a presença de colonização na admissão e sua aquisição durante a hospitalização foram investigados. Construiu-se um modelo determinístico de aquisição de MRSA considerando-se o impacto da prevalência de colonização basal pelo MRSA, a adesão a higienização das mãos e o use de isolamento na carga de trabalhos de enfermeiros e nas taxas de infecção pelo MRSA. Resultados: Foram selecionados 301 pacientes adultos e 189 pediátricos. A prevalência de MRSA na admissão foi de 5,3% (IC 95%: 3,1% a 8,5%) na população adulta, e 1,6% (1C95%: 0,3% a 4,6%) entre as crianças. A analise multivariável identificou os seguintes fatores de risco associados com a colonização em adultos na admissão: idade acima de 60 anos (RP = 2,9, IC 95%: 1,1 a 7,6), e internação no ano anterior (RP = 5,4, IC 95%: 1,3 a 23,4). A analise da incidência foi realizada em 285 pacientes que não eram portadores de MRSA na admissão, e que tiveram uma segunda amostra coletada. Entre estes, 9,5% (1C95%: 8,1 a 11,1) adquiriram colonização ou infecção durante a hospitalização. A taxa de colonização foi de 5,5/1.000 pacientes-dia entre os adultos (1C95%: 3,36 a 8,49), e de 1,6/1.000 pacientes-dia entre as crianças (1C95%: 0,33 a 4,61). 0 risco de aquisição aumentou conforme aumentou o tempo de internação, e este aumento foi estatisticamente significativo. No modelo proposto, se isolamento de pacientes aumenta o volume de trabalho dos trabalhadores da saúde, reduzindo a adesão aos protocolos básicos de prevenção de infecção, a execução das medidas de isolamento podem provocar o aumento da prevalência de MRSA. Entretanto, a aplicação de medidas de isolamento pode ter resultados diferentes dependendo da prevalência inicial MRSA e da carga de trabalho dos trabalhadores. A redução da carga de trabalho é mais custo-efetivo quando implementada para impedir a transição de um estado de baixa endemicidade para de alta. Conclusões: A identificação de portadores nasais de MRSA poderia ajudar a diminuir a pressão de colonização dentro do hospital e reduzir o alto índice de aquisição nesses pacientes. Entretanto, as medidas de controle devem ser cuidadosamente avaliadas num cenário com altas taxas de infecção, pois o grande numero de pacientes em isolamento pode comprometer a adesão a higienização de mãos ao aumentar a carga de trabalho dos enfermeiros, tendo efeito contrario ao desejado na prevenção de infecções. / Background: Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have serious consequences for patients and healthcare services. Basic infection control measures are essential to contain the spread of the bacteria, but are not always sufficient, and more aggressive strategies are often employed to obtain a reduction of rates. Studies published to assess the effectiveness of the measures have received criticism for its quality, and there is no consensus if the search and destroy policy is necessary Objectives: To quantify the prevalence of patients colonized by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus admitted in a tertiary university hospital, evaluate factors associated with transmission of the bacteria and to estimate, through a deterministic mathematical model, the effect of isolation measures of patients with the bacteria in the acquisition of colonization. Methods: A prospective cohort with clinical patients randomly selected in their entry to a hospital. Patients were interviewed on admission and weekly, with collection of nasal swab for identification of MRSA colonization at admission and every week of hospitalization. Risk factors associated with the presence of colonization on admission, and associated to its acquisition during hospitalization were investigated. A deterministic model for acquisition of MRSA was built, considering the impact of the baseline prevalence of MRSA colonization, adherence to hand hygiene and use of isolation measures in the workload healthcare workers and on the rates of MRSA infection. Results: We randomly selected 301 adult and 189 pediatric patients. The prevalence of MRSA at admission was 5.3% (95% CI, 3.1% to 8.5%) in adults and 1.6% (95% CI, 0.3% to 4.6%) among children. Multivariate analysis identified the following risk factors associated with colonization of adults at admission: age over 60 years (PR = 2.9 95% CI 1.1 10 7.6) and hospitalization in the previous year (PR = 5.4, 95% CI 1.3 to 23.4). The analysis of incidence was performed in 285 patients who were not carriers of MRSA on admission, and who had a second sample collected. Of these, 9.5% (95% CI 8.1 to 11.1) acquired colonization or infection during hospitalization. The colonization rate was 5.5 / 1,000 patient-days among adults (1C95%, from 3.36 to 8.49) and 1.6 / 1,000 patient-days among children (95% Cl, 0.33 to 4.61). The risk of acquisition increases as the length of stay increases, and this increase is statistically significant. In the proposed model, if isolation of patients increases the workload of health workers, and reduces adherence to the basic protocols for infection prevention, the implementation isolation can increase the prevalence of MRSA. However, the application of isolation can have different results depending on the initial prevalence of MRSA and the effect on healthcare workers workload. The reduction in workload is more cost-effective when implemented to prevent the transition from a state of low to hitzh. endemicity. Conclusions: The identification of nasal carriers of MRSA could help reduce the colonization pressure within the hospital and reduce the high rate of acquisition in these patients, but the measures of control should be carefully evaluated in a setting with high rates of infection, because the great number of patients in isolation can compromise adherence to hand hygiene of increasing the workload of the nurses, and result in the opposite effect in preventing infections.
234

Uma abordagem inspirada no recozimento determinístico para escapar de mínimos locais em navegação por campos potenciais artificiais

Doria, Nara Strappa Facchinetti 27 February 2013 (has links)
The Artificial Potential Fields approach is widely used in mobile robot navigation due to its easy implementation and low computational cost. In this approach, the environment is seen as a potential surface, where the goal point is modeled as an attractor point and the obstacles are considered repulsor points. A potential field function is used to model all the environment, calculating the in uence over the robot. The force that moves the robot is the descendent gradient of the field. Local minima appear when this gradient (the force) becomes equal to zero. This situation prevents the robot from arriving at the goal point. This work presents a new algorithm to escape from local minima points in the environment. This new algorithm is inspired in the deterministic annealing algorithm. A comparative study between the developed method and two known methods, simulated annealing to escape from local minima, and the method of virtual obstacle, is carried out. The results show that the proposed algorithm can be used to perform local minima escape, since this approach was capable to produce satisfactory results when compared with other classical existent solutions. / O Método dos Campos Potenciais Artificiais é amplamente utilizado para navegação de robôs móveis por sua facilidade de implementação e baixo custo computacional. Nessa abordagem, o ambiente é modelado com base em campos potenciais. Pontos de destino são modelados como atratores, ao passo que obstáculos são vistos como repulsores e uma função é usada para modelar o campo potencial gerado por cada um dos obstáculos e destinos e a sua in uência sobre o robô. Sendo o gradiente negativo do campo a força que impulsiona o movimento do robô, há a possibilidade de surgimento de pontos de mínimos, onde a forçaa se anula, diferentes do mínimo global. Este é um problema existente no método, que pode impedir que o robô chegue ao seu ponto de destino. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem para escapar de pontos de mínimos locais por sistemas autônomos que implementam o método dos campos potenciais artificiais, inspirada no recozimento determinístico. É apresentado um estudo comparativo entre a técnica desenvolvida neste trabalho e mais dois métodos já conhecidos: recozimento simulado para escapar de mínimos locais e o método do obstáculo virtual. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o algoritmo inspirado no recozimento determinístico pode ser usado para escapar de mínimos locais, pois esse método foi capaz de produzir resultados satisfatórios quando comparado com outras soluções clássicas existentes.
235

Limite hidrodinâmico para neurônios interagentes estruturados espacialmente / Hydrodynamic limit for spatially structured interacting neurons

Guilherme Ost de Aguiar 17 July 2015 (has links)
Nessa tese, estudamos o limite hidrodinâmico de um sistema estocástico de neurônios cujas interações são dadas por potenciais de Kac que imitam sinapses elétricas e químicas, e as correntes de vazamento. Esse sistema consiste de $\\ep^$ neurônios imersos em $[0,1)^2$, cada um disparando aleatoriamente de acordo com um processo pontual com taxa que depende tanto do seu potential de membrana como da posição. Quando o neurônio $i$ dispara, seu potential de membrana é resetado para $0$, enquanto que o potencial de membrana do neurônio $j$ é aumentado por um valor positivo $\\ep^2 a(i,j)$, se $i$ influencia $j$. Além disso, entre disparos consecutivos, o sistema segue uma movimento determinístico devido às sinapses elétricas e às correntes de vazamento. As sinapses elétricas estão envolvidas na sincronização do potencial de membrana dos neurônios, enquanto que as correntes de vazamento inibem a atividade de todos os neurônios, atraindo simultaneamente todos os potenciais de membrana para $0$. No principal resultado dessa tese, mostramos que a distribuição empírica dos potenciais de membrana converge, quando o parâmetro $\\ep$ tende à 0 , para uma densidade de probabilidade $ho_t(u,r)$ que satisfaz uma equação diferencial parcial nâo linear do tipo hiperbólica . / We study the hydrodynamic limit of a stochastic system of neurons whose interactions are given by Kac Potentials that mimic chemical and electrical synapses and leak currents. The system consists of $\\ep^$ neurons embedded in $[0,1)^2$, each spiking randomly according to a point process with rate depending on both its membrane potential and position. When neuron $i$ spikes, its membrane potential is reset to $0$ while the membrane potential of $j$ is increased by a positive value $\\ep^2 a(i,j)$, if $i$ influences $j$. Furthermore, between consecutive spikes, the system follows a deterministic motion due both to electrical synapses and leak currents. The electrical synapses are involved in the synchronization of the membrane potentials of the neurons, while the leak currents inhibit the activity of all neurons, attracting simultaneously their membrane potentials to 0. We show that the empirical distribution of the membrane potentials converges, as $\\ep$ vanishes, to a probability density $ho_t(u,r)$ which is proved to obey a nonlinear PDE of Hyperbolic type.
236

Relação entre o volume da célula e dinâmica do ciclo celular em mamíferos

Magno, Alessandra Cristina Gomes 22 March 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-31T15:25:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alessandracristinagomesmagno.pdf: 3807060 bytes, checksum: a3775aee860af7ea06cde6b9d587ab80 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2017-06-01T11:41:14Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T11:44:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alessandracristinagomesmagno.pdf: 3807060 bytes, checksum: a3775aee860af7ea06cde6b9d587ab80 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-01T11:47:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alessandracristinagomesmagno.pdf: 3807060 bytes, checksum: a3775aee860af7ea06cde6b9d587ab80 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T11:47:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alessandracristinagomesmagno.pdf: 3807060 bytes, checksum: a3775aee860af7ea06cde6b9d587ab80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / O objetivo principal deste trabalho é adicionar e analisar uma equação que repre senta o volume no modelo dinâmico do ciclo celular de mamíferos proposto por Gérard e Goldbeter (2011). A divisão celular ocorre quando o complexo ciclinaB/Cdk1(quínase dependente de ciclina) é totalmente degradado atingindo um valor mínimo. Neste ponto, a célula é divida em duas novas células filhas e cada uma irá conter a metade do conteúdo citoplasmático da célula mãe. As equações do modelo de base são válidas apenas se o volume celular, onde as reações ocorrem, é constante. Quando o volume celular não é constante, isto é, a taxa de variação do volume em relação ao tempo é explicitamente levada em consideração no modelo matemático, então as equações do modelo original não são mais válidas. Portanto, todas as equações foram modificadas a partir do princípio de conservação das massas para considerar um volume que varia ao longo do tempo. Por meio desta abordagem, o volume celular afeta todas as variáveis do modelo. Dois méto dos diferentes de simulação foram efetuados: determinista e estocástico. Na simulação estocástica, o volume afeta todos os parâmetros do modelo que possuem de alguma forma unidade molar, enquanto que no determinista, ele é incorporado nas equações diferen ciais. Na simulação determinista, as espécies bioquímicas podem estar em unidades de concentração, enquanto na simulação estocástica tais espécies devem ser convertidas para número de moléculas que são diretamente proporcional ao volume celular. Em um esforço para entender a influência da nova equação sobre o modelo uma análise de estabilidade foi feita. Isso esclarece como o novo parâmetro µ, fator de crescimento do volume celular, impacta na estabilidade do ciclo limite do modelo. Para encontrar a solução aproximada do modelo determinista, o método Runge Kutta de quarta ordem foi implementado. Já para o modelo estocástico, o método direto de Gillespie foi usado. Para concluir, um modelo mais preciso, em comparação ao modelo de base, foi desenvolvido ao levar em consideração a influência da taxa de variação do volume celular sobre o ciclo celular. / The main goal of this work is to add and analyse an equation that represents the volume in a dynamical model of the mammalian cell cycle proposed by Gérard and Gold beter (2011). The cell division occurs when the cyclinB/Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase) complex is totally degraded and it reaches a minimum value. At this point, the cell is divided into two newborn daughter cells and each one will contain the half of the cyto plasmic content of the mother cell. The equations of our base model are valid only if the cell volume, where the reactions occur, is constant. Whether the cell volume is not constant, that is, the rate of change of its volume with respect to time is explicitly taken into account in the mathematical model, then the equations of the original model are no longer valid. Therefore, every equations were modified from the mass conservation prin ciple for considering a volume that changes with time. Through this approach, the cell volume affects all model variables. Two different dynamic simulation methods were ac complished: deterministic and stochastic. In the stochastic simulation, the volume affects every model’s parameters which have molar unit, whereas in the deterministic one, it is incorporated into the differential equations. In deterministic simulation, the biochemical species may be in concentration units, while in stochastic simulation such species must be converted to number of molecules which are directly proportional to the cell volume. In an effort to understand the influence of the new equation over the model an stability analysis was performed. This elucidates how the new parameter µ, cell volume growth factor, impacts the stability of the model’s limit cycle. In order to find the approximated solution of the deterministic model, the fourth order Runge Kutta method was implemen ted. As for the stochastic model, the Gillespie’s Direct Method was used. In conclusion, a more precise model, in comparison to the base model, was created for the cell cycle as it now takes into consideration the rate of change of the cell volume.
237

Development of a pitch based wake optimisation control strategy to improve total farm power production

Tan, Jun Liang January 2016 (has links)
In this thesis, the effect of pitch based optimisation was explored for a 80 turbine wind farm. Using a modified Jensen wake model and the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) model, a pitch optimisation strategy was created for the dominant turbulence and atmospheric condition for the wind farm. As the wake model was based on the FLORIS model developed by P.M.O Gebraad et. al., the wake and power model was compared with the FLORIS model and a -0.090% difference was found. To determine the dynamic predictive capability of the wake model, measurement values across a 10 minute period for a 19 wind turbine array were used and the wake model under predicted the power production by 17.55%. Despite its poor dynamic predictive capability, the wake model was shown to accurately match the AEP production of the wind farm when compared to a CFD simulation done in FarmFlow and only gave a 3.10% over-prediction. When the optimisation model was applied with 150 iterations and particles, the AEP production of the wind farm increased by 0.1052%, proving that the pitch optimisation method works for the examined wind farm. When the iterations and particles used for the optimisation was increased to 250, the power improvement between optimised results improved by 0.1144% at a 222.5% increase in computational time, suggesting that the solution has yet to fully converge. While the solutions did not fully converge, they converged sufficiently and an increase in iterations gave diminishing results. From the results, the pitch optimisation model was found to give a significant increase in power production, especially in wake intensive wind directions. However, the dynamic predictive capabilities will have be improved upon before the control strategy can be applied to an operational wind farm.
238

Deterministisk Komprimering/Dekomprimering av Testvektorer med Hjälp av en Inbyggd Processor och Faxkodning / Deterministic Test Vector Compression/Decompression Using an Embedded Processor and Facsimile Coding

Persson, Jon January 2005 (has links)
Modern semiconductor design methods makes it possible to design increasingly complex system-on-a-chips (SOCs). Testing such SOCs becomes highly expensive due to the rapidly increasing test data volumes with longer test times as a result. Several approaches exist to compress the test stimuli and where hardware is added for decompression. This master’s thesis presents a test data compression method based on a modified facsimile code. An embedded processor on the SOC is used to decompress and apply the data to the cores of the SOC. The use of already existing hardware reduces the need of additional hardware. Test data may be rearranged in some manners which will affect the compression ratio. Several modifications are discussed and tested. To be realistic a decompressing algorithm has to be able to run on a system with limited resources. With an assembler implementation it is shown that the proposed method can be effectively realized in such environments. Experimental results where the proposed method is applied to benchmark circuits show that the method compares well with similar methods. A method of including the response vector is also presented. This approach makes it possible to abort a test as soon as an error is discovered, still compressing the data used. To correctly compare the test response with the expected one the data needs to include don’t care bits. The technique uses a mask vector to mark the don’t care bits. The test vector, response vector and mask vector is merged in four different ways to find the most optimal way.
239

Contrôle optimal stochastique des processus de Markov déterministes par morceaux et application à l’optimisation de maintenance / Stochastic optimal control for piecewise deterministic Markov processes and application to maintenance optimization

Geeraert, Alizée 06 June 2017 (has links)
On s’intéresse au problème de contrôle impulsionnel à horizon infini avec facteur d’oubli pour les processus de Markov déterministes par morceaux (PDMP). Dans un premier temps, on modélise l’évolution d’un système opto-électronique par des PDMP. Afin d’optimiser la maintenance du système, on met en place un problème de contrôle impulsionnel tenant compte à la fois du coût de maintenance et du coût lié à l’indisponibilité du matériel auprès du client.On applique ensuite une méthode d’approximation numérique de la fonction valeur associée au problème, faisant intervenir la quantification de PDMP. On discute alors de l’influence des paramètres sur le résultat obtenu. Dans un second temps, on prolonge l’étude théorique du problème de contrôle impulsionnel en construisant de manière explicite une famille de stratégies є-optimales. Cette construction se base sur l’itération d’un opérateur dit de simple-saut-ou-intervention associé au PDMP, dont l’idée repose sur le procédé utilisé par U.S. Gugerli pour la construction de temps d’arrêt є-optimaux. Néanmoins, déterminer la meilleure position après chaque intervention complique significativement la construction de telles stratégies et nécessite l’introduction d’un nouvel opérateur. L’originalité de la construction de stratégies є-optimales présentée ici est d’être explicite, au sens où elle ne nécessite pas la résolution préalable de problèmes complexes. / We are interested in a discounted impulse control problem with infinite horizon forpiecewise deterministic Markov processes (PDMPs). In the first part, we model the evolutionof an optronic system by PDMPs. To optimize the maintenance of this equipment, we study animpulse control problem where both maintenance costs and the unavailability cost for the clientare considered. We next apply a numerical method for the approximation of the value function associated with the impulse control problem, which relies on quantization of PDMPs. The influence of the parameters on the numerical results is discussed. In the second part, we extendthe theoretical study of the impulse control problem by explicitly building a family of є-optimalstrategies. This approach is based on the iteration of a single-jump-or-intervention operator associatedto the PDMP and relies on the theory for optimal stopping of a piecewise-deterministic Markov process by U.S. Gugerli. In the present situation, the main difficulty consists in approximating the best position after the interventions, which is done by introducing a new operator.The originality of the proposed approach is the construction of є-optimal strategies that areexplicit, since they do not require preliminary resolutions of complex problems.
240

Aspects neutroniques associés à des réseaux irréguliers d'assemblages dans un coeur de RNR-Na / Neutronics Aspects Associated To Irregular Lattices in Sodium Fast Reactors Cores

Gentili, Michele 15 September 2015 (has links)
Les cœurs de réacteur à neutrons rapides refroidi au sodium (RNR-Na ) sont constitués d’assemblages combustibles disposés selon un réseau hexagonal régulier, compact en régime de fonctionnement nominal.Sous l’effet de l’irradiation et de la température, les assemblages sont amenés à se déformer axialement et radialement.Les objectifs de cette thèse sont la compréhension des phénomènes neutroniques intervenant lors d’une telle déformation du cœur, l’impact sur la conception ainsi que la mise au point de schémas de calcul neutroniques déterministes innovants aptes à en évaluer l’amplitude.La première partie de ces travaux est dédiée au développement d’une modélisation analytique des causes de variations de réactivité lors de la déformation du cœur. Cette analyse a permis d’identifier à la fois les causes de ces variations de réactivité et l’impact du déplacement des assemblages en fonction de leurs directions et de leurs positions dans le cœur.Un premier schéma neutronique basé sur la méthode de projection de maillage a été conçu et développé à l’aide des codes ERANOS (BISTRO, H3D et VARIANT) et du solveur SNATCH Le deuxième schéma conçu se base sur la transformation géométrique du maillage de calcul : le maillage est modifié en fonction du champ des déformations des assemblages. Cette fonctionnalité a été implémentée pour le solveur SNATCH, initialement prévu pour la résolution de l’équation de Boltzmann pour de mailles régulières.Enfin un modèle itératif basé sur la méthode de projection de maillage a été mis en place afin de déterminer les champs de déformations les plus réactifs en fonction de l’énergie mécanique fournie au cœur dans sa configuration nominale. / The fuel assemblies of SFR cores (sodium fast reactors) are normally arranged in hexagonal regular lattices, whose compactness is ensured in nominal operating conditions by thermal expansion of assemblies pads disposed on the six assembly wrapper faces.During the reactor operations, thermal expansion phenomena and irradiation creep phenomena occur and they cause the fuel assemblies to bow and to deform both radially and axially.The main goal of this PhD is the understanding of the neutronic aspects and phenomena occurring in case of core and lattice deformations, as much as the design and implementation of deterministic neutronic calculation schemes and methods in order to evaluate the consequences for the core design activities and the safety analysis.The first part of this work is focused on the development of an analytical model with the purpose to identify the neutronic phenomena that are the main contributors to the reactivity changes induced by lattice and core deformations.A first scheme based on the spatial mesh projection method has been conceived and implemented for the ERANOS codes (BISTRO, H3D and VARIANT) and to the SNATCH solver.The second calculation scheme propose is based on mesh deformation: the computing mesh is deformed as a function of the assembly displacement field. This methodology has been implemented for the solver SNATCH, which normally allows the Boltzmann equation to be solved for a regular mesh. Finally, an iterative method has been developed in order to fulfill an a-priori estimation of the maximal reactivity insertion as a function of the postulated mechanical energy provided to the core, as much as the deformation causing it.

Page generated in 0.064 seconds