Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-08-25T12:18:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Cristian Gewehr_.pdf: 908728 bytes, checksum: 3544aba191c9b1e82b406db9bd3fce38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T12:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Cristian Gewehr_.pdf: 908728 bytes, checksum: 3544aba191c9b1e82b406db9bd3fce38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-20 / Nenhuma / O funcionamento do progresso tecnológico exige a compreensão da dinâmica da difusão de inovações. A difusão consiste na propagação de uma inovação. Sem difusão não existe a inovação, uma vez que são conceitos imbricados. As tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) revolucionaram as estruturas de negócios das firmas e das indústrias, e são fundamentais para a difusão de outras inovações. Considerando tal cenário, para melhor compreensão de trajetórias tecnológicas dos países, releva compreender a dinâmica da difusão de inovações. Esta pesquisa pretende, portanto, responder ao seguinte problema: qual é a dinâmica do processo de difusão da tecnologia da internet e da telefonia móvel nos países desenvolvidos e nos países em desenvolvimento? Com o objetivo de compreender a referida dinâmica, foram utilizados os dados empíricos de consumo destas duas tecnologias para os grupos de países do G7 e do BRICS respectivamente, em um recorte temporal de 1990 a 2014. Aplicou-se o modelo matemático de Bass (1969), gerando curvas de consumo ajustadas pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. Como principais resultados destacam-se: i) a dinâmica de difusão destas duas tecnologias confirma o comportamento proposto por Rogers (1962), de uma curva em formato “S” ao longo do tempo representando as adoções pela população; ii) o modelo ajustou as curvas de difusão destas tecnologias com baixos índices de erros, que ao longo de 25 anos ficam entre 0,2% e 5,1%; iii) países desenvolvidos tendem a ter mais adotantes inovadores na população; iv) adotantes imitadores exercem maior influência na adoção de inovações; v) não há uma relação direta entre a velocidade e o nível de desenvolvimento das economias estudadas; vi) os países desenvolvidos analisados atingiram o ponto de inflexão no processo de difusão antes que as economias em desenvolvimento; vii) algumas nações atingirão apenas pouco mais da metade de sua população com acesso à internet. Nas economias em desenvolvimento, além da adoção tardia, o processo para capturar novos adotantes por ano é lento, chegando ao ponto de que, enquanto os países desenvolvidos já estão atingindo saturação, na maioria das economias em desenvolvimento analisadas, estas tecnologias ainda apresentam potencial capacidade para difusão. Por fim, destaca-se que, se estas duas tecnologias tendem a contribuir para a difusão de outras inovações, presume-se que o problema do progresso tecnológico retardado tende a se agravar para as economias em desenvolvimento. / The operation of technological progress requires understanding the dynamics of innovation diffusion. The diffusion consists in the propagation of an innovation. No there innovation diffusion, once they are imbricated concepts. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have revolutionized the business structures of firms and industries, and are fundamental to the diffusion of other innovations. Considering such a scenario, to better understand technological trajectories of the countries, reference to understand the dynamics of innovation diffusion. This research therefore aims to answer the following question: what is the dynamics of the diffusion process of internet technology and mobile telephony in developed countries and in developing countries? In order of understanding the dynamics that, empirical consumption data of these two technologies to the groups of the G7 countries and the BRICS were used respectively, in a temporal cut of 1990 to 2014. It was applied to the mathematical model of Bass (1969) generating consumption curve adjusted by the least squares method. The main results are: i) the dynamics of the diffusion of these two technologies confirms the behavior proposed by Rogers (1962), a curve in "S" shape over time representing adoptions by the population; ii) the model adjusted the diffusion curves of these technologies with low error rates, which over 25 years are between 0.2 and 5.1%; iii) developed countries tend to have the most innovative adopters in the population; iv) imitators adopters exert greater influence on the adoption of innovations; v) there is no direct relationship between the speed and the level of development of the economies studied; vi) the developed countries analyzed reached the tipping point in the diffusion process before developing economies; vii) some nations will reach just over half of its population with internet access. In developing economies, in addition to the late adoption, the process to capture new adopters per year is slow to the point that while the developed countries are already reaching saturation in most developing economies analyzed, these technologies also have the potential capacity for the diffusion. Finally, it is emphasized that if these two technologies tend to contribute to the diffusion of other innovations, it is assumed that the problem of retarded technological progress tends to aggravate for the developing economies.

Drawing on perspectives from stakeholder, resource dependence, institutional and the resource based theories and using a multiple-case inductive study, this research reframes the drivers of corporate environmentalism in the context of developing and developed countries. Based on case analysis of 23 environmentally responsive organizations in India and New Zealand, corporate environmentalism in this research has been operationalized as a two level construct. Organizations were categorized as being at first order responsiveness when they were observed to recognize the importance of the natural environment and exhibited attempts to decrease their impact on the natural environment through the adoption of programmes aimed at pollution reduction and prevention, decreased resource consumption and recycling of wastes. Organizations at second order responsiveness were observed to exhibit a higher order commitment in integrating environmental issues into their strategic decision making. This involved strategies such as green product development and initiating projects aimed at industrial ecology. Detailed within and cross case analysis revealed fundamental differences in the drivers that propel business organizations in developing and developed countries to be environmentally responsive at each level. The findings of this study reveal that lax enforcement of environmental regulations in developing countries implied that domestic regulations were not a driving factor for corporate environmentalism. Neither was pressure from consumers or communities reported to be a driving factor. Instead first order environmental responsiveness in organizations in developing countries was observed to be driven by pressure arising out of internationalization. Thus pressure from multinational organizational customers in developed countries and the institutional pressures imposed by the liability of foreignness (that arises when these firms set up subsidiaries in developed countries) drives first order responsiveness in the organizations in developing countries. However higher order environmental responsiveness in organizations in developing countries was observed to be associated with deep rooted identities and capabilities based in social responsiveness. In the context of business organizations in developed countries, the necessity to comply with stringently enforced domestic environmental regulations emerged as the primary driver for first order responsiveness. Societal expectations to comply with environmental regulations reinforce the regulatory drivers. Internationalization drives first order responsiveness in organizations in developed countries to the extent that the requirements of the host country are additional to and exceed current regulatory requirements in the parent country. Higher order corporate environmentalism in organizations in developed countries was observed to be associated with environmentally high impact organizations. Such organizations are considered environmental liabilities and are forced by stakeholders (with access to resource needed for continuity of operations) to exhibit higher order responsiveness or face a cancellation of the license to operate. The major contribution of this research lies in extending and reframing the existing theory about the drivers of corporate environmentalism.

在對外直接投資 (foreign direct investment，簡稱ＦＤＩ)的各種相關 理論中，大都偏向於先進國家 (developed country)到開發中國家( developing country)進行ＦＤＩ的為多，很少有學者研究為何開發中國 家會到先進國家進行ＦＤＩ？以開發中國家廠商而言，在其經營管理、生 產技術、商標信譽、行銷能力皆比先進國家要來得落後的情況下，要到先 進國家投資，與當地廠商一爭長短，它們對抗先進國廠商的本錢在那□？ 所憑藉的又是什麼？我們嚐試用以往對外投資理論的觀點來試著解釋此一 現象，然後再從台灣的實證中發覺是否有新的現象是不能用傳統的對外投 資理論來加以解釋，希望能對此一現象提供合理的答案，選擇的母體乃是 台灣廠商至歐美國家進行直接投資的廠商。由本文的分析，我們了解到臺 灣廠商到歐美投資與到東南亞投資其型態上是截然不同的。廠商為了擴大 市場，提昇產品形象及服務品質等有關行銷方面而至歐美投資，然而往東 南亞投資卻是考慮到廉價的勞動成本、豐富的資源等生產面的因素，是以 降低生產成本為首要目標，這可由在歐美投資產品皆以當地市場銷售為主 ，而至東南亞卻是以第三國為主要銷售對象看出來。因此臺商在東南亞的 投資似乎較符合 Kojima (1978)的防禦型假說與 Vernon (1966)的產品生 命週期理論；而赴歐美投資的現象卻是以 Hymer(1960),Caves(1971)主動 性的觀點來說明較為貼切。此外，由派遣人員部門別可知至歐美投資主要 著重在研發及行銷，而至東南亞投資主要目的卻在製造生產。以國際分工 的角度來看，臺商是善用此一分工型式的；臺商一方面在歐美建立良好的 行銷通路，設立售後服務網，取得或開發先進技術以提昇產品品質，藉以 提高售價，增加利潤，另一方面在大陸、東南亞設立生產中心，利用當地 廉價的資源，降低生產成本，以保障原有的出口市場。如此兩方面同時進 行，既可提高價格，又可降低成本。與其他廠商比較之下，競爭力當然強 過許多。 Wells(1983) 所提及在開發中國家廠商所具有的小規模生產， 富生產彈性的優勢對於在東南亞的投資情形較為適切，而對於解釋歐美的 投資狀況則似乎有點牽強，畢竟 Wells的觀點是以生產製造的觀點出發， 較符合東南亞的投資狀況。

<p> <p>&nbsp / </p> </p> <p align="justify">At the heart of this study is the topic of small economies in the Multilateral Trade System (MTS). The study examines the World Trade Organisation&rsquo / s (WTO) legal framework and policy objectives in order to develop a comprehensive definition of small economies as a group of WTO members with specific needs. Particular attention is given to the determination of the specific characteristics of small economies, as well as the issues and constraints they are facing in the MTS. The study explores solutions proposed in order to tackle the constraints to the effective integration of small economies in the MTS, with specific reference to the policy reasoning of small economies. More importantly, the study explores the impact of the size factor, which is certainly not only a burden on the growth and development perspectives of the considered entity, but which may also become an advantage and promotes the trade performance of a small economy. Hypotheses are then made relating to the relevance of the economic and political environments in the determination of a successful (or not) integration, and participation, of a small economy in the MTS. A crucial argument developed is that the differences observed between countries sharing similar characteristics of smallness, vulnerability and remoteness/landlockedness, illustrates the fact that what ultimately matters is the interplay of factors related to the economic and political environments, the effect of which is to promote or constrain (depending on the case) successful integration of the small economy in the MTS.</p>

<p>The general objective of the proposed research is to do a needs analysis for the tourism and hospitality industries of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. This will be followed by an alignment of these industries with the provisions of the General Agreement of Trade in Services, commonly known as GATS, so that a Tourism and Hospitality Services Charter may be moulded that may be used uniformly throughout SACU. The specific objectives of the research are: To analyze impact assessment reports and studies conducted on the Tourism and Hospitality Industries for all five SACU member states with the aim of harmonizing standards, costs and border procedures. To ecognize SACU member states&rsquo / schedule of GATS Commitments, especially in the service sectors being investigated, by improving market access, and to recommend minimal infrastructural development levels to be attained for such sectors&rsquo / support. To make recommendations to harness the challenges faced by the said industries into a working document. To calibrate a uniformity of trade standards in these sectors that shall be used by the SACU membership. To ensure that the template is flexible enough for SACU to easily adopt and use in ongoing bilateral negotiations, for example.</p>

<p>The research paper seeks to investigate the possible ways in which African countries can maximise their benefit from the existing special and differential treatment clauses for trade in agriculture, and, then, make recommendations as to what should be the potential bargaining position of African countries with regard to future trade negotiations on agricultural trade.</p>

The Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region is faced with limited medical personnel and healthcare services to address the many healthcare problems of the region. Poor health indicators reflect the overall decline in socio-economic development. Shortages of access to health services in the region is further complicated by the concentration of health services in urban areas, the region’s multiple medical problems (over 70% of HIV/AIDS cases in the world); and the brain drain phenomenon – it is estimated one-third of African physicians emigrate to North America and Europe. The result is that the SSA region is left with about 10 physicians, and 20 beds, per 100,000 patients. Telemedicine has been found to offer socio-economic benefits, reduce costs, and improve access to healthcare service providers by patients, but previous attempts to move various information technologies from developers in the industrial world to the developing world have failed because of a clear neglect of infrastructural and cultural factors that influence such transfers. The objective of this study is to address key factors that challenge the introduction of telemedicine technology into the health sector in SSA in particular, and by extension, other developing countries with similar socio-economic structures. This research offers a distinctive perspective, focusing on visually-based clinical applications in the SSA region, and considerable attention to the national infrastructure and cultural impact of telemedicine transfer (social and value) outcomes. Two research models and its associated hypotheses are proposed and empirically tested using quantitative data collected from SSA physicians and other health professionals. The study also contributes to the ongoing debate on the potential of telemedicine in improving access and reducing costs. This research can help to understand the socio-economic impact of telemedicine outcomes in a comprehensive way. The finding from the survey shows the rapid advances in telemedicine technology specifically, visual clinical applications may become an essential healthcare tool in the near future within SSA countries.

No description available.

The threat of global warming is bringing a new pro-environmental paradigm all over the world under the Kyoto Protocol. Addressing climate change is beneficial to all countries because environment is global public good. However, because global warming is also closely related to each country’s specific condition such as industrial development and political situation, prudent approaches considering different situations of each country are required in order prevent unintended negative consequences. This study focuses on the weakness of the current CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) in terms of impeding sustainable development in LDCs (Least Development Countries). As a case study, the Grameen Shakti Program in Bangladesh demonstrates the potential scenario of sustainable development in LDCs through CDM markets and a new financial model of CERs (Certified Emissions Reductions) is suggested to support and replicate the Grameen Shakti Program other LDCs. / text

<p> <p>&nbsp / </p> </p> <p align="justify">At the heart of this study is the topic of small economies in the Multilateral Trade System (MTS). The study examines the World Trade Organisation&rsquo / s (WTO) legal framework and policy objectives in order to develop a comprehensive definition of small economies as a group of WTO members with specific needs. Particular attention is given to the determination of the specific characteristics of small economies, as well as the issues and constraints they are facing in the MTS. The study explores solutions proposed in order to tackle the constraints to the effective integration of small economies in the MTS, with specific reference to the policy reasoning of small economies. More importantly, the study explores the impact of the size factor, which is certainly not only a burden on the growth and development perspectives of the considered entity, but which may also become an advantage and promotes the trade performance of a small economy. Hypotheses are then made relating to the relevance of the economic and political environments in the determination of a successful (or not) integration, and participation, of a small economy in the MTS. A crucial argument developed is that the differences observed between countries sharing similar characteristics of smallness, vulnerability and remoteness/landlockedness, illustrates the fact that what ultimately matters is the interplay of factors related to the economic and political environments, the effect of which is to promote or constrain (depending on the case) successful integration of the small economy in the MTS.</p>