Cette recherche explore la relation entre la supplémentation alimentaire et le développement cognitif des enfants de 2 ans au TOGO, à Lomé. Après une revue de la littérature en psychologie de la nutrition, l’étude présente trois contributions empiriques. La première étude définit le contexte de la recherche en interrogeant les théories naïves de 75 mères de Lomé sur le « bien manger » pour l’enfant. L’enquête indique que pour la majorité des mères, bien manger signifie s'alimenter en quantité suffisante plusieurs fois par jour. La réponse est d’autant plus fréquente que le niveau d’instruction des mères est faible. Le critère de la qualité des aliments est énoncé dans les groupes plus instruits. La qualité des aliments et l’équilibre des repas sont cités beaucoup moins que la quantité. La connaissance par les mères des compléments alimentaires est limitée.L’étude centrale compare les réussites d’enfants de 2 ans aux items cognitif de l’échelle de développement de Bayley, selon qu’ils consomment régulièrement ou non des suppléments alimentaires sous forme de farines enrichies pendant leur petite enfance. Elle montre un effet de la consommation sur les scores aux épreuves. Cet effet est augmenté en fonction de paramètres comme la taille de la famille, le niveau d’instruction des mères, l’ethnie.Enfin la troisième étude examine les conceptions des mères sur l’effet des suppléments alimentaires. Elle interroge 44 mères qui utilisent régulièrement les farines. Leurs réponses indiquent qu’elles considèrent que les farines facilitent la croissance de l’enfant, en particulier son poids, et aussi son développement intellectuel. / The relation between the food supplementation and the cognitive development of 2 years old infants in Lomé, TOGO, was explored in this research. After a review of the literature in developmental nutritional psychology, the study presents three empirical contributions. The first study defines the context of the research by questioning the naive theories of 75 mothers of Lomé on the "good to eat" for the child. The results indicate that for the majority of the mothers, the good to eat means feeding in sufficient amount several times a day. The answer is frequent all the more as the academic level of the mothers is low. The criterion of the quality of food is expressed in the more educated groups. The quality of food and the balance of the meals are much less quoted than the quantity. The knowledge by the mothers of the food complements is limited.The central study compares the 2 years old infant’s success with items cognitive of the cognitive scale of development of Bayley, as they consume regularly or not food supplements in the form of flours enriched during their early childhood. It shows an effect of the consumption on the scores in the tests. This effect increased according to parameters as the size of the family, the academic level of the mothers, the ethnic group.Finally, the third study examines the representations of the mothers concerning with the effect of the food supplements. 44 mothers who use regularly flours answered. Their answers indicate that they consider that flours facilitate the growth of the child, in particular his weight, and also its intellectual development.

<p dir="ltr">Cold mix asphalt (CMA) is an eco-friendly paving material produced at ambient temperatures, offering energy savings by requiring less energy to decrease asphalt binder viscosity. This technology eliminates the need for heating during the mixing and compaction processes, further magnifying its economic benefits when used as a cold-in-place recycling technique. Unlike hot mix asphalts that gain strength through cooling, CMA achieves its final strength through a curing process involving the evaporation of volatiles and the hardening of the emulsified asphalt binder over time. However, its reliance on a curing process for strength development raises concerns about its short-term performance.</p><p dir="ltr">A typical CMA mixture consists of four main components: air voids, mineral aggregate, water, and asphalt droplets suspended in water. The presence of water can significantly influence the overall performance of the mixture under both traffic and environmental loads. Most existing studies on CMA have predominantly focused on the behavior of the mixtures after they have fully cured. However, in real-world scenarios, pavements are often subjected to various stresses during the curing process, which takes up to several months. As a result, premature distress can compromise the early performance of the pavement. Asphalt undergoes significant chemical and physical changes throughout this phase that can influence its final characteristics and in-situ performance. Overlooking this crucial stage can lead to a poor understanding of the material's capabilities and limitations. Despite the importance of this phase, the micromechanical and rheological behaviors of CMA during curing remain largely uncharted territories. Therefore, this dissertation aims to investigate the micromechanical performance of CMA during the curing phase.</p><p dir="ltr">This research study was performed in two study scales: Mastic and Mixture. The first scale focused on the rheological performance of emulsified-cold asphalt mastic (ECAM), considering varying curing levels, different filler-binder ratios, and filler surface treatments. Comprehensive rheological tests, including frequency sweep, temperature sweep, and strain sweep tests, were conducted on fully and partially cured mastic samples, i.e., 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, across a wide range of test temperatures. To analyze the physio-chemical adhesion properties between filler and emulsified asphalt, an analytical tool named the “asphalt-filler interaction” theory was formulated to determine the adhesion bond between filler and binder in the presence of moisture. Microscopic images were also captured to analyze the micro-structure and moisture interaction in the CMA’s matrix. Moreover, the presence of moisture in the CMA brings up another complexity during curing time: The water-to-ice phase transition. Normal Force (Nf) was used as a novel measurement parameter to determine water-ice phase transition effects on the rheological study of emulsified mastic. In the mixture scale, mechanical tests were performed on specimens fabricated with two gradations at fully and uncured CMA samples. The mixture experimental tests included the dynamic modulus test, Illinois flexibility index test, Hamburg wheel loaded test, and disc-shaped compact tension test.</p><p dir="ltr">This dissertation presents a thorough analysis and detailed findings that illuminate the complex relationships and behaviors of CMA, particularly at the mastic scale. A significant observation is the direct influence of the filler-to-binder ratio on the curing time; increasing this ratio prolongs the curing process while using a filler with less surface area accelerates it. Notably, 25% of the filler-to-binder ratio enhances the rheological properties of ECAM, particularly at lower loading frequencies. This study further pinpoints the 60% curing level as a crucial threshold in the CMA curing process. Below this, moisture's effect on rheological performance overshadows that of the primary asphalt material, leading to brittle characteristics in freezing conditions and viscous behavior at intermediate temperatures. In the curing stage, the trapped and blocked waters that emerge during the coalescence phase of the emulsified asphalt breaking contribute to the extended curing time of ECAM.</p><p dir="ltr">Additionally, freezing temperatures yield a water-to-ice phase change in uncured ECAM, resulting in a brittle behavior. Interestingly, a direct correlation emerges between curing percentage and freezing point; higher curing percentages relate to lower freezing points. Another significant discovery is the appearance of micropores in fully-cured ECAM, likely due to water evaporation and emulsifier presence, which potentially compromises its performance compared to ECAM fabricated with residual asphalt binder. Furthermore, adjusting the pH, especially by treating limestone filler with hydrochloric acid (HCl), showed noticeable improvements in CMA’s rheological behavior. At the mixture scale, the CMA mixture contained a higher filler-binder ratio in the mixture scale, presenting a better viscoelastic performance and higher cracking resistance at intermediate and freezing temperatures. Moreover, a minimum amount of water, 2.5% by total mass, added to the CMA mixture is essential to ensure adequate mixability, workability, and compactibility. Viscoelastic analysis showed that the curing process changes the transition point from elastic to viscous behavior of CMA mixtures. This shift towards lower frequencies results in a CMA mixture with poor resistance to higher temperature performance.</p>

The general concept of communication for development is that it explores the use of communication – both as a tool and as a way of expressing processes of social change. Artcan be regarded as a way of communication, and to use the arts in the field of communication for development is not new. Art as a force in social change has a long history.The purpose of this thesis is to take a closer look at the art project To Reveal, Remember and Expose and make an exploration of how or if an art project can facilitate new awareness,primarily around memories, heritage, identity and social change among project participantsand city inhabitants encountered by the project. The objectives of this thesis are to investigate the following questions: What kind of awareness will the participants get out of the project? Can the project create a new awareness in terms of memory and heritage? How does the project connect and relate to culture, identity and city space?Communication theory, concepts of culture and representation, identity and space in the formof private and public space are presented. Performance art and theory, art intervention, sitespecific art and tactical media are elaborated upon. The primary methodology used isparticipatory observation, which has been applied on the planning, actions and discussions ofthe project. An interview with the artist behind the project and a structural content analysis oftexts written by the students that participated in the art project will complement theparticipatory observation.The analysis of the project showed that the project could create awareness among itsparticipants, especially about people, time and space. The actions also gave some insight and awareness concerning memories and heritage of some objects and places. The projectconnected and related to culture, identity and space in different ways. There were similaritiesto tactical media as it create situations were criticality could occur, but it was hard to see awhole picture of the outcome as it was not possible to know what the “audience” thought. Alltopics are relevant in communication and development and social change, but the thesis wasnot able to show that the project could give access to ways of expressing processes of socialchange. For further research it is of relevance to consider the magnitude of social change anart project can bring, and take into consideration that social change usually take time and ishard to find in a short period of time.

This briefing paper examines relationships between armed violence affecting rural communities and efforts to maintain, restore and promote already fragile livelihoods. It is one of a series of briefings addressing issues surrounding the interaction between armed violence and poverty-reducing development. This paper seeks to provide an introduction for the staff of the UK government¿s Department for International Development (DFID) and other donor agencies to some of the issues raised in trying to make this connection and to stimulate thinking on these questions in analysis and policy. Some of the key questions to be addressed are: ¿ How can DFID¿s current sustainable rural livelihoods framework be applied to contexts of armed violence? ¿ What are the implications of these relationships for planning and programming rural development? ¿ Conversely, how might development interventions tackle the prevalence and spread of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and other factors fostering violence that affect livelihoods

<p>The Thesis purpose is in the context of system development validate the Scrum Methodology. Projects concerning information technology are difficult to manage and tend to fail in quality, time or costs. Scrum presents a new view of the system development. Better cooperation between customers and developers, continuous follow-up on daily basis and extensive communication in the development team are all characteristics of Scrum. Scrum is described as a new paradigm by its founders but has been criticized by experts of system development too. This Thesis discuss if Scrum is a better way to develop software than older models like the Rational Unified Process and the Spiral Model with focus in five factors. The result of the study is that Scrum has given system development new ways to manage requirements and methods to push the project forward. Lack of management commitment and user involvement can be better with Scrum if the model is used in the right way. Answers concerning coding and testing differ between the respondents in the study which makes it different to make conclusions regarding this factor.</p> / <p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att i en systemutvecklingskontext beskriva de problem som gör att IT-projekt misslyckas och utvärdera om användningen av den agila utvecklingsmodellen Scrum reducerar problemen. IT-projekt tenderar att misslyckas och de bakomliggande orsakerna är flera. Uppsatsen grupperar misslyckande av IT-projekt i fem faktorer. Ledningsstöd, användarmedverkan, projektstyrning, kravhantering samt kodning och test. Scrum är en agil systemutvecklingsmodell som av sina skapare beskrivits som ett paradigmskifte inom systemutvecklingen. Korta tidsintervaller, självgående systemutvecklare, daglig uppföljning är några av Scrums kännetecken. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ datainsamlingsmetod använts. En intervjuserie med tio intervjuer och en observation ligger till grund för undersökningens resultat. All insamlad data är insamlad på fallföretaget Banverket Verksamhetsstöd IT. Undersökningen har visat att Scrum ger en del nya angreppssätt främst avseende projektstyrning och kravhantering. Scrum innehåller möjligheter för ökad användarmedverkan och ledningsstöd men det krävs konkreta åtgärder från projektorganisationen om det ska lyckas fullt ut. Uppfattningar kring kodning och test skiljer sig åt beroende på vilken respondent som frågas. Det tyder på att det saknas tydliga rutiner i det här avseendet. Slutsatsen blir därmed att Scrum reducerar några av de problem som finns i IT-projekt och därmed med fördel kan användas som en best practice.</p>

This thesis focuses on thinking and reasoning in preschool children in the mathematical education and deals with the development of thinking in this group. This thesis is based on the fact that preschool education is indispensable. The theoretical part is focused on development, stimulate thinking and types of preschool age child. The practical part is to stimulate thinking processes reduced to thinking and reasoning, or the possibility of stimulation in the form of worksheets. This thesis presents thirteen original worksheets, whose suitability was tested on twenty children aged 5-6 years in one kindergarten.

The main theme of the diploma thesis is the senior's demand after the tourist services. The diploma thesis defines the main characteristics of the senior segment, its individual attributes and travel behaviour. It also presents the actual offer in tourism for this segment and its possible progress. The diploma thesis is divided into six chapters.

Optimizing rendering is one of the greatest challenges faced by game developers. Most game engines make use of hardware rendering which uses technology specifically built for rendering. Before such hardware existed, game developers had to rely on the CPU to render their games. This is known as software rendering. Software rendering is not commonly used nowadays but has been seen in cases such as a backup for when the end users machine does not support the hardware based renderer of the application. Since the CPU is not purposely built for rendering, unlike the GPU, the developer has to perform optimizations to make the renderer more efficient in terms of speed. In this thesis, we present an approach which is a subset of parallel programming called Single Instruction, Multiple Data. This technique operates on vector based registers which means operations can be performed on multiple pieces of data at once. This is applied to an already built game engine in order to optimize its rendering. The results show a speed-up of 90.5% and a framerate increase from 30 frames per second to 133 frames per second within the rendering routine.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’évaluer les potentialités et les impacts des monnaies locales, sociales et complémentaires au regard des enjeux posés par le développement soutenable. La thèse adopte une approche socioéconomique et institutionnaliste, alimentée principalement par deux études de terrain sur les dispositifs du SOL Alpin (France) et de l’Accorderie (Québec) pour obtenir des données quantitatives et qualitatives. Dans une approche bioéconomique et socioéconomique, un double enchâssement de l’économie dans le social et du social dans l’environnement est postulé. À partir des résultats des enquêtes et de l’analyse théorique, un schéma monétaire à même de favoriser le développement local soutenable sera présenté. Cet agencement propose, dans un dépassement de l’approche en termes de complémentarité, de poser les jalons d’une perspective relative à la subsidiarité monétaire c'est-à-dire un agencement monétaire relatif à chaque niveau d’action sur le territoire. / This thesis aims to assess the potential and impact of local, community and complementary currencies with regard to the challenges posed by sustainable development. The thesis adopts a socio-economic and institutionalist approach based mainly on the SOL Alpin (France) and the Accorderie (Quebec) to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. In a bio-economic and socio-economic approach is postulated a double embeddedness of the economy in the social and social in the environment. From the survey results and theoretical analysis will be presented a monetary scheme able to support local sustainable development. This arrangement provides beyond the approach to complementarity, to lay groundwork for a perspective on subsidiarity money that is to say monetary arrangement on each level of action in the territory.

The main objective of this thesis is to approach the issue of management of destinations and to analyse the potential for development, the strategy for the development of tourism, and to propose more opportunities for the development of tourism in the Pardubice region. The work is divided into two parts - the practical and theoretical part. The theoretical section explains the basic concepts and discusses the issue of destination management. Practical part deals with a detailed analysis of the Pardubice region, strategies for the tourism development and the final evaluation of the current state including the developement potential of the region.