The phenomenon of aggression has been of interest to psychologists for many years, and has resulted in a variety of theories which-attempt to explain its existence in man. Aggression is prevalent in our primary schools today and it was this observation which initiated the research project. The Relationship Theory was applied in order to gain insight into the life-world of the aggressive child and to explore possible causes which may originate from changes in our society. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling (Psychology of Education)

This thesis is an exegesis of the portrayal of deviance in selected post-independence Shona fictional works. The analysis is done within the context of moralisation in Shona literature. The forms of deviant behaviour discussed include prostitution, homosexuality, crime and violence and negligence of duty within families. The fictional works are Mapenzi (1999), Totanga Patsva (2003), Ndozviudza Aniko? (2006), Ndafa Here? (2008), and Makaitei? (2008). All the fictional works are set during the period of the Zimbabwe Crisis and this becomes the context of the criticism of the manner in which deviance is handled by the writers. Particular attention is paid on the causes and solutions to deviance, images of deviants and the implications of such images in attempting to understand the realities of deviant behaviour. The research adopts an eclectic approach through a combination of literary and sociological theories to unpack issues concerning the litigious subject of deviance. The research fully acknowledges that deviance is a fluid and controversial concept as it varies with cultural frameworks and historical periods of certain societies. Thus the research has endeavoured to locate deviance with the ambit of Shona existential philosophy and the period of the Zimbabwe crisis. The research advances the argument that no human being is inherently deviant but there are certain circumstances and eventualities that are responsible for the development of such a personality. Therefore deviance herein is viewed as a response to the situation and in the case of this research it is the crisis which then is responsible for nurturing the people into deviance. In most of the situations, deviance is shown to be essentially a survival strategy by those who engage in it. Prostitution, homosexuality and crime have been shown to be largely economic necessities as the collapsing economy during the period of the crisis came with amorphous challenges and people resorted to anti-social behaviour in an attempt to live contenting lives. With regards to prostitution, homosexuality and crime, the writers have to a larger extent been able to contextualise deviance in terms of the crisis although Mabasa has been shown to display some ambivalence in his treatment of prostitutes in Mapenzi and Ndafa Here? There are instances he castigates prostitutes as social renegades which somehow weakens his vision. Apart from this, it has also been argued that deviant behaviour can be a result of the frustrations people face as they battle the vagaries of life. Violence and negligence of duty within families is argued to be a consequence of the frustrations from the poverty brought by the crisis and the movement into the diaspora as this has its own challenges that disempower people to carry out their duties as sanctioned by culture. Also, the research advances the argument that oral literature continues to impact on written literature and one such area is that of moralisation which continues to be a major priority of the writers. Except for the authors of the short stories in Totanga Patsva, moralisation on issues to do with deviance has been done in an enlightening way as the writers unearth the underlying causes of deviant behaviour and these are found in society and not individuals. The writers of the short stories have shown to be largely influenced by feminism and erroneously blame male deviants for the problems faced by women instead of explaining men`s behaviour in the context colonialism and neo-colonialism which brought various challenges related to gender relations in Africa not experienced hitherto. The direction in terms of qualitative development which Shona literature is taking in post-independence era is positive as the writers are shown to be tackling sensitive political, social and economic issues and their impact on the human condition. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.

This thesis is an exegesis of the portrayal of deviance in selected post-independence Shona fictional works. The analysis is done within the context of moralisation in Shona literature. The forms of deviant behaviour discussed include prostitution, homosexuality, crime and violence and negligence of duty within families. The fictional works are Mapenzi (1999), Totanga Patsva (2003), Ndozviudza Aniko? (2006), Ndafa Here? (2008), and Makaitei? (2008). All the fictional works are set during the period of the Zimbabwe Crisis and this becomes the context of the criticism of the manner in which deviance is handled by the writers. Particular attention is paid on the causes and solutions to deviance, images of deviants and the implications of such images in attempting to understand the realities of deviant behaviour. The research adopts an eclectic approach through a combination of literary and sociological theories to unpack issues concerning the litigious subject of deviance. The research fully acknowledges that deviance is a fluid and controversial concept as it varies with cultural frameworks and historical periods of certain societies. Thus the research has endeavoured to locate deviance with the ambit of Shona existential philosophy and the period of the Zimbabwe crisis. The research advances the argument that no human being is inherently deviant but there are certain circumstances and eventualities that are responsible for the development of such a personality. Therefore deviance herein is viewed as a response to the situation and in the case of this research it is the crisis which then is responsible for nurturing the people into deviance. In most of the situations, deviance is shown to be essentially a survival strategy by those who engage in it. Prostitution, homosexuality and crime have been shown to be largely economic necessities as the collapsing economy during the period of the crisis came with amorphous challenges and people resorted to anti-social behaviour in an attempt to live contenting lives. With regards to prostitution, homosexuality and crime, the writers have to a larger extent been able to contextualise deviance in terms of the crisis although Mabasa has been shown to display some ambivalence in his treatment of prostitutes in Mapenzi and Ndafa Here? There are instances he castigates prostitutes as social renegades which somehow weakens his vision. Apart from this, it has also been argued that deviant behaviour can be a result of the frustrations people face as they battle the vagaries of life. Violence and negligence of duty within families is argued to be a consequence of the frustrations from the poverty brought by the crisis and the movement into the diaspora as this has its own challenges that disempower people to carry out their duties as sanctioned by culture. Also, the research advances the argument that oral literature continues to impact on written literature and one such area is that of moralisation which continues to be a major priority of the writers. Except for the authors of the short stories in Totanga Patsva, moralisation on issues to do with deviance has been done in an enlightening way as the writers unearth the underlying causes of deviant behaviour and these are found in society and not individuals. The writers of the short stories have shown to be largely influenced by feminism and erroneously blame male deviants for the problems faced by women instead of explaining men`s behaviour in the context colonialism and neo-colonialism which brought various challenges related to gender relations in Africa not experienced hitherto. The direction in terms of qualitative development which Shona literature is taking in post-independence era is positive as the writers are shown to be tackling sensitive political, social and economic issues and their impact on the human condition. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.

本研究使用「臺灣青少年成長歷程研究」2000年國三樣本第一波學生和家長問卷的資料，探討親子知覺教養方式的差異性，同時了解親子知覺的教養方式與國中生偏差行為之關係，並以子女知覺的教養方式為中介變項。 　　本研究之分析方法為描述性統計、相依樣本變異數分析、結構方程模式等，研究結果顯示：一、最常出現的教養方式為監督教養，最少出現的教養方式則為嚴厲教養；而國中生偏差行為的發生情形不高；二、親子雙方的教養知覺有顯著差異；三、本研究提出親子知覺的教養方式與偏差行為之結構關係模式皆獲得支持，(一)親子知覺監督教養的程度愈高，子女發生偏差行為的情形愈低，而子女知覺的監督教養也具有中介效果；(二)子女知覺嚴厲教養的程度愈高，其發生偏差行為的情形也愈高，而父母知覺的嚴厲教養則完全透過子女知覺的嚴厲教養之中介效果，而影響子女的偏差行為；(三)母子知覺引導式教養的程度愈高，子女發生偏差行為的情形愈低，同時子女知覺的引導式教養也具有中介效果，然而父子部分則皆無顯著影響；(四)親子知覺的一致性教養皆對偏差行為沒有顯著的預測力。據此，本研究提出相關討論與建議。 / This study explored the differences between parental and adolescent perceptions of parenting styles, and examined the relationships between these perceptions and adolescent deviant behaviors. Adolescent perception of parenting styles also played a role of mediated variable. The data come from questionnaires filled out by ninth-grade students and their parents from the Taiwan Youth Project in 2000. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA of paired samples, and structural equation modeling. The results showed that : 1. The frequency of deviant behavior of junior high school students was low. 2. The frequency of monitoring was the highest, and the frequency of harsh disciplines was the lowest. 3. The differences between parental and adolescent perceptions of parenting styles were significant. 4. The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretical model of parental and adolescent perceptions of parenting styles and adolescent deviant behaviors. (1) When parents and adolescents perceived more monitoring, the adolescents had less opportunity to engage in deviant behavior. Adolescent perception of monitoring also played an important mediating role. (2) When adolescents perceived more harsh disciplines, they had more opportunity to engage in deviant behavior. Through the mediating effect of adolescent perception of harsh disciplines, parental perception of harsh disciplines had significant effects on adolescent deviant behaviors. (3) When mothers and adolescents perceived more inductive reasoning, the adolescents had less opportunity to engage in deviant behavior. Adolescent perception of inductive reasoning also played an important mediating role. However, paternal and adolescent perceptions of inductive reasoning had no significant effects on adolescent deviant behaviors. (4) Parental and adolescent perceptions of consistency had no significant effects on adolescent deviant behaviors. This study also proposed some relevant suggestions.

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Forskning visar att flera faktorer i individens miljö och karaktär har mycket stor betydelse när det gäller att sluta med missbruk. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur f.d. missbrukande kvinnor agerade för att ta sig ur tungt missbruk och hur de upplevde det sociala stödet ur ett genusperspektiv. För att fokusera på detta har författaren intervjuat personal om stödet som erbjuds inom frivård, socialtjänst och behandlingshem. Dessutom har författaren studerat vilken sorts stöd som personalen och kvinnorna i studien anser vara viktigast och hur samverkan mellan olika delar av den sociala sektorn fungerar. I arbetet har den kvalitativa metoden och narrativt och fenomenologiskt perspektiv använts. Studien har grundats på de f.d. missbrukande kvinnornas livshistorier. Undersökningen baseras på sex intervjuer och underlaget tolkades och jämfördes med tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar att det finns olika positiva faktorer som gjorde att kvinnorna lämnade sitt missbruk. Goda relationer till betydelsefulla människor i nätverket var en mycket viktig faktor för att de f.d. missbrukande kvinnorna skulle ta sig ur missbruket, liksom deras egen vilja. De har fått ett nytt synsätt på livet som bidrog till en inre förändring som var essentiell. / Research shows that several factors in an individual's environment and character are very important in the process of quitting and overcoming addiction. The study focuses on the former addicted women's life stories. The purpose of this study is to examine how previous addicted women managed to survive and overcome heavy addictions and as well as how they perceived social support from a gender perspective. The author of this thesis interviewed employees working within the probation office, social services and rehabilitation institution on the kind of support is offered to addicted women. In addition, the author also studied what kind of support was found most appropriate and important for women with substance of drug abuse problems and how effective the support treatment helps these women and as well as the interaction between different parts of the social sector works. This research is qualitative and it includes primary as well as secondary data applied from narrative and phenomenological perspective. The study is based on six interviews and documents were interpreted and compared with previous research. The results show that there were several positive factors that made the women leave their abusive addiction. A good relation with important people in their lives and network was a major factor for these former addicted women. Their contribution has helped them in many ways to overcome abusive addiction. They have also achieved a new outlook on life which in a way has contributed to an inner change. / La recherche prouve qu´il y a plusieurs éléments très importants dans l´environnement et le caractère d´un individu pour qu´il quitte son abus des stupéfiants. Le but de cette étude est d´examiner comment les anciennes toxicomanes ont agi pour terminer son abus des drogues dures et comment elles ont éprouvé le soutien social d´une perspective feminine. L´écrivain a interviewé le personnel de la mise à l´épreuve, du service d´aide sociale et de la maison du traitement sur leur avis et aussi les avis qu´avaient les anciennes toxicomanes du soutien offert. En outre, l´écrivain a étudié quelle espèce de soutien qu´était la plus importante pour les femmes, et comment a fonctionné la cooperation entre les différentes parties du secteur social. Dans cette étude, l´écrivain s´est servi de la méthode qualitative, d´une perspective narrative et phénoménologique. L´étude est basée sur les experience de la vie des anciennes toxicomanes. L´examen s´appuie sur six interviews, et la documentation a été interprétée et comparée avec la recherche déjà existante. Le resultat montre qu´il y avait des differents facteurs positifs qui ont invité aux femmes droguées de quitter son abus des stupéfiants. Des bonnes relations avec des gens importants dans le réseau, comme la volonté des femmes droguées, étaient des éléments trés essentiels pour que les anciennes toxicomanes puissent se libérer de la toxicomanie. Ells onts obtenu une nouvelle conception de vie qui leur a donner une change essentielle dans leur for intérieur. / <p>2013-10-01</p>

The police activity presents various possibilities of interpretation and a variety of points of view is therefore necessary to develop a series of research that contributes to your understanding as a sociological category. Thus, this research sought to focus its analysis on how police car police Battalion of the Military Police of Alagoas understand the fundamental concepts of force and violence seeking to notice if they are able to differentiate these concepts considering the possibility that the police are developing an action of violence applying to this an understanding of action guided by the force. Likewise , for those who sought to understand the police action is being directed and how they build their social representations based on the stigma of the enemy that must be fought and how effective is the relationship of these stigmas with the application of the label of deviant to a stigmatized subject . The subjective construction of police comprising the "Mala" as the executioner and the periphery of its territory as belonging promoted the understanding police strategies and ways to combat and hunting of this supposed enemy. To that end, we developed a relationship between the theoretical foundations of Howard Becker and Erving Golfman. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A atividade policial apresenta diversas possibilidades de interpretação e uma variedade de pontos de vista sendo, portanto, necessário o desenvolvimento de uma série de pesquisas que contribuam para sua compreensão como categoria sociológica. Desta forma, esta pesquisa procurou focar sua análise na forma como os policiais do Batalhão de Radiopatrulha da Policia Militar de Alagoas compreendem os conceitos fundamentais de força e violência procurando perceber se eles são capazes de diferenciar esses conceitos considerando a possibilidade dos policiais estarem desenvolvendo uma ação de violência aplicando a esta uma compreensão de ação pautada na força. Da mesma forma, procurou compreender para quem a ação policial está sendo direcionada e como eles constroem suas representações sociais fundadas nos estigmas do inimigo que precisa ser combatido e como se efetiva a relação desses estigmas com a aplicação do rotulo de desviante ao sujeito estigmatizado. A construção subjetiva do policial compreendendo o "Mala" como o algoz e a periferia como seu território de pertencimento possibilitaram entender as estratégias da policia e as formas de combate e caça a este suposto inimigo. Para tanto, foi elaborado uma relação entre os fundamentos teóricos de Erving Golfman e Howard Becker.

The phenomenon of aggression has been of interest to psychologists for many years, and has resulted in a variety of theories which-attempt to explain its existence in man. Aggression is prevalent in our primary schools today and it was this observation which initiated the research project. The Relationship Theory was applied in order to gain insight into the life-world of the aggressive child and to explore possible causes which may originate from changes in our society. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling (Psychology of Education)

This research explores whether women offenders who committed property crimes suffer from feminization of poverty, and social deprivations as asserted by the economic marginalization theory. Social deprivations include being a single parent with dependent children at home, being the main financial supporter of a household and being primary caretaker to minor children.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe perceptions and strategies of social studies teachers regarding students' norm-breaking behaviors during the teacher's teaching. The study's basic approach was based on a qualitative method with semi-structured questions that were designed according to the survey's theoretical framework, deviant behaviors and value pedagogy. The interviews were conducted by six teachers who teach the subject of social studies, both at primary- and high school, where they had the opportunity to contribute with their life experience, thoughts and experiences within school operations.All respondents in the study feel that they have at least once come across students who exhibit norm-breaking behavior in their working time as teachers. In addition, all participants feel that they have a greater obligation, because they are trained teachers with the subject of social studies, to educate and nurture students according to the mission of democracy. This in turn leads to the teacher reflecting on her/his role as leader and role model, which is based on ethics and morality, what is right and wrong, how one should behave and act.The school's values and mission are highlighted in the curriculum, where it is stated that all education must be based on democratic working methods and preparation for students to develop personal responsibility. According to the respondents, there are different types of norm-breaking behavior among students, which in this study are finally characterized as physical and verbal norm violations. All teachers relate to basic value issues continuously, through hidden or direct teaching methods. It can be anything from deliberately provoking students by highlighting the importance of democracy, to using different tools such as signs of various kinds. Respondents felt that the majority of students' attitudes were temporary and others could be long-lasting. The result was that teachers considered that these provocative norm-breaking behavior of the students need varying efforts more individually, than collectively ie. in a whole group of students, from teachers and the school activities part. Which, among other things, can be effectively counteracted by the teacher self-reflectively analyzing her-/himself and her/his role as a leader, in order to then reflect her/his behavior and actions on the students.