Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-13T14:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 851323 bytes, checksum: 599a5da8bbbe70ff2f4ba121890878e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T14:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 851323 bytes, checksum: 599a5da8bbbe70ff2f4ba121890878e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this cool thesis, we consider an approach to Brans-Dicke theory of gravity in which the scalar eld has a geometrical nature. By postulating the Palatini variation, we nd out that the role played by the scalar eld consists in turning the space-time geometry into a Weyl integrable manifold. This procedure leads to a scalar-tensor theory that di ers from the original Brans-Dicke theory in many aspects and presents some new features. We also consider the Weyl integrable geometry to investigate gravity in (2+1)-dimensions. We show that, in addition to leading to a Newtonian limit, WIST in (2+1) dimensions presents some interesting properties that are not shared by Einstein theory, such as geodesic deviation between particles in a dust distribution. Finally, taking advantage of the duality between the geometrical scalar-tensor theory and general relativity coupled with a massless scalar eld we study naked singularities and wormholes. / Esta tese trata de tópicos relacionados às teorias escalares-tensoriais e a geometria de Weyl integrável. Nossa abordagem será no sentido de indicar a geometria de Weyl integr ável como sendo um ambiente natural para a introdução de teorias escalares-tensorias. Nossa discussão será em torno da teoria de Brans-Dicke, considerada o protótipo das teorias escalares tensoriais, no entanto a discussão é facilmente estendida para essas versões mais gerais. Fazemos isso em dois momentos. Primeiro, indicando, no âmbito da teoria de Brans-Dicke, que na estrutura geométrica e de campos adotadas pela teoria existe uma relação estreita com a geometria de Weyl, inclusive associando o efeito descrito na literatura como "quinta força"(que violaria o princípio de equivalência) com o movimento geodésico da geometria de Weyl integrável, reformulando o postulado geodésico. E, num segundo momento, usando o método variacional de Palatini, acabamos por formular uma nova teoria escalar-tensorial, agora com ingredientes completamente geométricos, ambientada numa geometria de Weyl integrável. Estudamos ainda soluções no vazio do problema estático de uma distribuição de massa esfericamente simétrica, onde surgem objetos de interesse astrofísico como singularidades nuas e buracos de minhoca. Também formulamos a teoria conhecida por WIST (Weyl Integrable Spacetimes) em (2 + 1)D, o que resulta numa teoria consistente, não sofrendo das falhas associadas à teoria da relatividade geral nessa dimensionalidade

General relativity (GR) has stood as the most accurate description of gravity for the last 100 years, weathering a barrage of rigorous tests. However, attempts to derive GR from a more fundamental theory or to capture further physical principles at high energies has led to a vast number of alternative gravity theories. The individual examination of each gravity theory is infeasible and as such a systematic method of examining modified gravity theories is a necessity. Studying generic classes of gravity theories allows for general statements about observables to be made independent of explicit models. Take, for example, those models described by the Horndeski action, the most general class of scalar-tensor theory with at most second-order derivatives in the equations of motion, satisfying theoretical constraints. But these constraints alone are not enough for a given modified gravity model to be physically viable and hence worth studying. In particular, observations place incredibly tight constraints on the size of any deviation in the solar system. Hence, any modified gravity would have to mimic GR in such a situation. To accommodate this requirement, many models invoke screening mechanisms which suppress deviations from GR in regions of high density. But these mechanisms really upon non-linear effects and so studying them in complex models is mathematically complex. To constrain the space of actions of Horndeski type to those which pass solar-system tests, a set of conditions on the four free functions of the Horndeski action are derived which indicate whether a specific model embedded in the action possesses a GR limit. For this purpose, a new and surprisingly simple scaling method is developed, identifying dominant terms in the equations of motion by considering formal limits of the couplings that enter through the new terms in the modified gravity action. Solutions to the dominant terms identify regimes where nonlinear terms dominate and Einstein's field equations are recovered to leading order. Together with an efficient approximation of the scalar field profile, one can determine whether the recovery of Einstein's field equations can be attributed to a genuine screening effect. The parameterised post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism has enabled stringent tests of static weak-field gravity in a theory-independent manner. This is through parameterising common perturbations of the metric found when performing a post-Newtonian expansion. The framework is adapted by introducing an effective gravitational coupling and defining the PPN parameters as functions of position. Screening mechanisms of modified gravity theories can then be incorporated into the PPN framework through further developing the scaling method into a perturbative series. The PPN functions are found through a combination of the scaling method with a post-Newtonian expansion within a screened region. For illustration, we show that both a chameleon and cubic galileon model have a limit where they recover GR. Moreover, we find the effective gravitational constant and all PPN functions for these two theories in the screened limit. To examine how the adapted formalism compares to solar-system tests, we also analyse the Shapiro time delay effect for these two models and find no deviations from GR insofar as the signal path and the perturbing mass reside in a screened region of space. As such, tests based upon the path light rays such as those done by the Cassini mission do not constrain these theories. Finally, gravitational waves have opened up a new regime where gravity can be tested. To this end, we examine how the generation of gravitational waves are affected by theories of gravity with screening to second post-Newtonian (PN) order beyond the quadrupole. This is done for a model of gravity where the black hole binary lies in a screened region, while the space between the binary's neighbourhood and the detector is described by Brans-Dicke theory. We find deviations at both 1.5 and 2 PN order. Deviations of this size can be measured by the Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detector highlighting that our calculation may allow for constraints to be placed on these theories. We model idealised data from the black hole merger signal GW150914 and perform a best fit analysis. The most likely value for the un-screened Brans-Dicke parameter is found to be ω = -1:42, implying on large scales gravity is very modified, incompatible with cosmological results.

Laser spectroscopic techniques have, during the last decades, demonstrated an extraordinary capability for sensitive detection of molecular constituents in gas phase. Since spectra from such techniques constitute unique and characteristic signatures for each type of species, these techniques enable investigations of molecular structures as well as detection of the presence of species in a gas mixture. They are therefore used for a variety of application, from fundamental studies to the assessment of gas concentrations. In fact, quantitative assessments of gas concentrations by laser-based techniques are constantly gaining in popularity, primarily due to properties such as high sensitivity and selectivity and an ability to perform non-invasive measurement. Moreover, investigations of isolated molecular transitions under different conditions provide excellent means to obtain a comprehensive understanding of spectral broadening mechanisms, which is of importance for, for example, environmental sciences and remote sensing applications. In fundamental studies, spectroscopic parameters are often retrieved from fits of a model function of the technique used, which in turn is based upon a suitable lineshape function. In order to obtain parameter values with highest possible accuracy, it is of importance to use the lineshape model that most correctly can predict the measured spectra. Even though the Voigt function is the most commonly used lineshape model when both Doppler and collision broadenings are present, it is not always suitable when spectroscopic parameters are to be assessed with high precision. This thesis represents a thorough investigation of Dicke narrowing and speed-dependent effects, which are phenomena that are not accounted for by the conventional Voigt profile. For the first time, it is demonstrated that both these effects take place not only in absorption but also in the dispersion mode of detection. Their dispersion lineshape functions are first theoretically presumed and explicitly given before they are validated experimentally by the noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectrometry (NICE-OHMS). By using the models developed, it is also shown that although the two modes of detection, absorption and dispersion, both can provide good quality of fits, they do not always provide identical spectroscopic parameters. A detailed analysis under which conditions they do so, and subsequent recommendations of their use, are presented. It also describes the instrumental implementation of a distributed-feed-back (DFB) laser-based NICE-OHMS instrumentation, which constitutes an important step towards the further development of this technique. Due to the wide tunability of the DFB laser, the setup is capable of extending the working range of NICE-OHMS into the collision broadening region, which, in turn, allows for precise spectroscopic studies. The use of a fiber-coupled DFB laser also provides a compact NICE-OHMS system. The minimum detectable on-resonance absorption was assessed to 2× 10-10 cm-1 for a 70 s integration time.

Ce travail de thèse présente une étude numérique et théorique de l'influence des effets coopératifs sur la localisation de la lumière dans des vapeurs atomiques, suivie d'une étude expérimentale de ces effets coopératifs dans le régime de diffusion multiple dans des nuages d'atomes froids dilués. Le premier chapitre décrit le modèle que nous utilisons, basé sur l'Hamiltonien effectif d'interaction matière rayonnement, afin d'étudier numériquement la localisation de la lumière et les effets coopératifs. Nous discutons également des différences fondamentales existant entre la situation réelle où la lumière est assimilée à une onde vectorielle et l'approximation scalaire plus facile à traiter analytiquement. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la présentation des résultats numériques complétée d'une comparaison systématique entre les cas scalaire et vectoriel. Nous remarquons dans cette partie que l'approximation scalaire, valable dans la limite des milieux spatialement dilués, présente des différences drastiques avec le cas vectoriel lorsque nous considérons des milieux spatialement denses. Nous n'observons pas également d'indications suffisantes nous permettant de discriminer le fait que les effets coopératifs ne soient pas à la base des mécanismes de localisation de la lumière. Dans la dernière partie nous nous intéressons expérimentalement aux signatures des effets coopératifs dans le régime de diffusion multiple en confrontant à nos résultats expérimentaux plusieurs approches théoriques tenant compte ou pas des effets d'interférences.

Mit dieser Arbeit wird ein Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung der akustischen lasermesstechnischen Verfahren zur Ermittlung von mechanischen und elastischen Eigenschaften von mikromechanischen Mehrschichtsystemen geleistet. Zu diesen Eigenschaften zählen das E-Modul, die Dichte, die Dicke sowie die Poissonzahl. Die meisten akustischen lasermesstechnischen Verfahren basieren auf der optischen Erzeugung von breitbandigen akustischen Wellen in einem Schichtsystem und der Ermittlung der Geschwindigkeit dieser Wellen durch eine Zweipunkte-Messung. Durch die spektrale Analyse des Wellenzuges an den zwei Messpunkten wird die Dispersionskurve als Relation zwischen Geschwindigkeit und Frequenz der Welle ermittelt. Ausgehend von geeigneten Modellen des Schichtsystems werden die mechanischen und elastischen Eigenschaften des Schichtsystems so lange variiert, bis eine Übereinstimmung zwischen modellierter und gemessener Dispersionskurve stattfindet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die optische Erzeugung der akustischen Wellen schmalbandig realisiert. Dadurch wurde die Zweipunkte-Messung durch eine Einpunktmessung ersetzt und damit die Ungenauigkeit der Wegmessung eliminiert. Außerdem wird die spektrale Analyse des Wellenzuges auf eine einfachere FFT-Berechnung reduziert. Bei der Modellierung wurde ein bestehendes Randelementenmodell auf eine unbegrenzte Zahl von Schichten innerhalb vom Schichtsystem erweitert. In diesem erweiterten Modell ist es möglich, beliebige Kombinationen von Eigenschaften unterschiedlicher Schichten gleichzeitig zu ermitteln. Außerdem können Mehrschichtsysteme mit beliebiger kristalliner Orientierung der Schichten untersucht werden. Um die Grenzen des entwickelten Verfahrens zu zeigen, wurden verschiedene Mehrschichtsysteme untersucht. Darunter ist z.B. ein Schichtsystem mit einer hexagonal angeordneten AIN-Schicht. Weiterhin wurde ein Schichtsystem mit einem sehr niedrigen messbaren Dispersionseffekt von weniger als 1% (polykristalline Siliziumschicht auf einem Siliziumsubstrat) untersucht. Außerdem wurde ein Schichtsystem mit einer Silizium-Germanium-Mischschicht untersucht und aus den Parametern E-Modul, Dichte und Poissonzahl die Germaniumkonzentration in der Schicht ermittelt. / This thesis represents a further development of the existing laser acoustic techniques for the measurement of mechanical and elastic properties of micromechanical multi layer systems. Most of the existing laser acoustic techniques are based on the optothermal generation of broadband surface acoustic waves in a layer system. To measure the velocity of the generated waves, a two points measurement of the wave train is typically performed. From the analysis of the spectrum of the wave trains at the two points, a dispersion curve (velocity of the surface acoustic wave against frequency) can be determined experimentally for the layer system. The dispersion relation is also determined through an appropriate model for the layer system. When the mechanical and elastic properties of the layer system are changed in the model, until the modeled and the experimental dispersion curves match in a least square sense, then the mechanical and elastic properties are found. In the present thesis, the optothermal generation of the surface acoustic waves is performed in a narrowband setup. A second point for the measurement of the acoustic wave train is not needed. The use of only one measurement point instead of two ameliorates the accuracy of the measurement (no distance measurement between two points is needed). Further, no spectrum analysis of the wave train is replaced with a simpler FFT. From the frequency of the wave train and the given wavelength from the generation mask, the velocity for each frequency can be determined easily. For the modeling of the dispersion curve, an existing BEM model is expanded to consider an unlimited number of layers. In this new model, any combination of properties can be determined for layers and substrates with any cristalline orientation given. The developed method is used to determine the properties of many challenging multi layer systems.One layer system has an AIN layer with a hexagonal structure. Another layer system has a very low dispersion effect of less than 1% velocity difference over the frequency range (polycristalline silicon on a silicon substrate). Another layer system contains a Silicon-Germanium layer. From the measured properties Young's modules, density and Poisson ration of this layer, the germanium concentration is determined.

We present a colloidal synthesis of quaternary Cu–Zn–In–S (CZIS) nanoplatelets (NPLs) by means of partial cation exchange. Starting with the synthesis of highly monodisperse binary CuS NPLs with lateral dimensions of ∼64 nm and thickness of ∼5 nm, we further performed a cation exchange reaction in which copper was partly replaced by indium, leading to Cu–In–S NPLs. To enhance the stability of the resulting NPLs and to improve their optical properties, we carried out the ZnS shell growth via both the heterogeneous nucleation of ZnS on the NPLs and via partial cation exchange on the surface of the particles. The latter reaction resulted, however, in rather an alloyed than the core/shell structure, whereas the reaction between zinc and sulfur precursors yielded unusual cookie-like hexagonal shaped structure, in which ZnS trigonal extensions grew only on one of the basal planes of the plates along the thickness direction. Upon ZnS growth, the lateral dimensions of the resulting core/shell CZIS/ZnS and alloyed CZIS NPLs distinctly increased to ∼80 and ∼75 nm, respectively. The analysis of the optical properties of the alloyed CZIS NPLs showed photoluminescence (PL) in the range from 780 to 820 nm depending on the reaction time and temperature. This PL signal originated mainly from small nanoparticles formed as a byproduct in the synthesis. In contrast to the alloyed NPLs, PL measurements of the core/shell CZIS/ZnS platelets showed a weak emission in the near-infrared region (PL maximum at approx. 1110 nm), which so far has rarely been reported for the copper chalcogenide-based two-dimensional structures.

No description available.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans un projet visant à réaliser un étalon de fréquence optique à ion unique de calcium confiné dans un piège de Paul. Après avoir passé en revue les différents types d'étalons de fréquence dans le domaine optique actuellement développés (atomes neutres en piège magnéto-optique, atomes neutres dans un réseau optique et ions piégés), l'accent est mis sur le concept d'horloge a ion unique confiné dans une piège radiofréquence. Les notions de piégeage des ions, de refroidissement laser, d'effet systématique et les techniques d'asservissement laser y sont étudiées en détail. Les aspect expérimentaux sont ensuite présentés, en insistant particulièrement sur les deux pièges utilisés au cours des expériences ainsi que sur le protocole expérimental qui détermine le cahier des charges du laser d'horloge. Afin de réaliser un étalon de fréquence optique il faut posséder une source laser dont les propriétés spectrales soient meilleures ou identiques à celle de la transition atomique afin de tirer pleinement profit du facteur de qualité de la transition atomique. L'ensemble des systèmes d'asservissement du laser, lui permettant d'atteindre ces performances, sont décrits. Dans une première partie, l'asservissement du laser sur une cavité Invar de pré-stabilisation est présenté. On peut ainsi atteindre une largeur de raie du laser de l'ordre de 1 kHz. Dans une seconde partie la réalisation et le montage de l'asservissement sur une cavité ULE de haute finesse est détaillé. En utilisant ce dernier étage nous avons estimé la largeur de raie du laser à 120 mHz. Enfin le dernier chapitre est consacré à l'utilisation d'une technique d'optique adaptative afin d'améliorer la qualité des faisceaux laser et ainsi réduire le bruit de fond du système de détection des ions, qui a pour conséquence de dégrader la stabilité du système.

Ce mémoire rapporte diverses expériences de spectroscopie visant à étudier le comportement d'une vapeur atomique soumise à un confinement tridimensionnel sub-micrométrique. Nous présentons notamment les spectres expérimentaux de réflexion (raies D1 et D2) réalisées sur des cellules macroscopiques contenant une vapeur de césium et une opale constituée d'un nombre contrôlé de couches de nano-billes de silice (déposé par la technique Langmuir-Blodgett). En fonction de l'angle incidence du faisceau illuminant l'opale, deux types de signaux sub-Doppler sont observés via une détection par modulation de fréquence : l'un observable à des angles d'incidence faibles, rappelant les formes de raies habituelles d'une réflexion sélective sur une interface plane de verre, et l'autre, superposé à un signal de fond large, pour des angles d'incidence importants. Cette structure, inédite pour des expériences de réflexion sélective, peut être isolée par une expérience pompe-sonde ou une détection 2f. Elle pourrait être la signature d'un rétrécissement Dicke, conséquence du confinement des atomes sur une distance équivalente à une fraction de longueur d'onde.

This dissertation introduces some new properties of both superfluid phases of fermions with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and superradiant phases of photons in an optical cavity. The effects of SOC on the phase transition between normal and superfluid phase are revealed; an unconventional crossover driven by SOC from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state to the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) state is verified in three different systems; and two kinds of excitations, a Goldstone mode and a Higgs mode, are demonstrated to occur in a quantum optical system. We investigate the BCS superfluid state of two-component atomic Fermi gases in the presence of three kinds of SOCs. We find that SOC drives a class of BCS to BEC crossover that is different from the conventional one without SOC. Here, we extend the concepts of the coherence length and Cooper-pair size in the absence of SOC to Fermi systems with SOC. We study the dependence of chemical potential, coherence length, and Cooper-pair size on the SOC strength and the scattering length in three dimensions (3D) (or the twobody binding energy in two dimensions (2D)) for three attractively interacting Fermi gases with 3D Rashba, 3D Weyl, and 2D Rashba SOC respectively. By adding a population imbalance to a Fermi gas with Rashba-type SOC, we also map out the finite-temperature phase diagram. Due to a competition between SOC and population imbalance, the finite-temperature phase diagram reveals a large variety of new features, including the expanding of the superfluid state regime and the shrinking of both the phase separation and the normal regimes. We find that the tricritical point moves toward a regime of low temperature, high magnetic field, and high polarization as the SOC strength increases. Besides Fermi fluids, this dissertation also gives a new angle of view on the superradiant phase in the Dicke model. Here, we demonstrate that Goldstone and Higgs modes can be observed in an optical system with only a few atoms inside a cavity. The model we study is the U(1)/Z2 Dicke model with N qubits (two-level atoms) coupled to a single photon mode.