Abstract ! The buccal mucosal route offers several advantages but the delivery of certain drugs can be limited by low membrane permeability. This study investigated the buccal permeability properties of didanosine (ddI) and assessed the potential of Aloe vera gel (AVgel) as a novel buccal permeation enhancer. Permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells, and the drug was quantified by UV spectroscopy. Histomorphological evaluations were undertaken using light and transmission electron microscopy. The permeability of ddI was concentration-dependent, and it did not have any adverse effects on the buccal mucosae. A linear relationship (R2 = 0.9557) between the concentrations and flux indicated passive diffusion as the mechanism of drug transport. AVgel at concentrations of 0.25 to 2%w/v enhanced ddI permeability with enhancement ratios from 5.09 (0.25%w/v) to 11.78 (2%w/v) but decreased permeability at 4 and 6%w/v. Ultrastructural analysis of the buccal mucosae treated with phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 (PBS), ddI/ PBS, and ddI/PBS/AVgel 0.5%w/v showed cells with normal plasmalemma, well-developed cristae, and nuclei with regular nuclear envelopes. However, cells from 1, 2, and 6%w/v AVgel-treated mucosae showed irregular nuclear outlines, increased intercellular spacing, and plasmalemma crenulations. This study demonstrates the potential of AVgel as a buccal permeation enhancer for ddI to improve anti-HIV and AIDS therapy.

No description available.

Copies of author's previously published works inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 230-282. / 291 leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Covers clinical data relating to trials with two antiretroviral agents, didanosine and foscarnet, conducted at St Stephen's clinic, London, discussing aspects of their therapetic efficacy, effect on survival, clinical and laboratory tolerability. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 1995

Orientadores: Maria Helena Andrade Santana, Fernanda Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T15:12:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ClassiusFerreirada_D.pdf: 15174117 bytes, checksum: 1d0a388b753a7b8fff7375f0a6b603d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um processo escalonável de produção de grânulos gastrorresistentes compostos de microesferas de quitosana contendo didanosina (ddI) incorporada. O processo global foi composto de três etapas, cujas condições operacionais foram otimizadas buscando-se preservar a forma ativa do fármaco, sensível ao pH ácido, e obter um produto de liberação modificada, mucoadesivo e gastrorresistente. A primeira etapa foi a incorporação da ddI, feita através da técnica da gelificação ionotrópica, utilizando tripolifosfato de sódio (TPP) como agente de reticulação e hidróxido de magnésio (Mg(OH)2) para assegurar a estabilidade do fármaco. As condições operacionais foram otimizadas pelo método do planejamento estatístico e análise de superfícies de resposta para as variáveis estatisticamente importantes: concentrações iniciais de quitosana, TPP e ddI. O máximo carregamento de ddI nas microesferas, 1433 mg de ddI/g de quitosana, foi obtido com 2,00 % de quitosana e 10,00 % de TPP. As microesferas obtidas apresentaram diâmetro médio de 11,42 µm, e a ddI incorporada foi liberada gradualmente em 2 h em suco entérico simulado. Na segunda etapa foram produzidos os grânulos contendo as microesferas, para os quais foram testados como excipientes: a própria quitosana, amido pré-gelificado e carboximetilcelulose. Os grânulos foram preparados por extrusão seguida de esferonização, e os mais promissores foram caracterizados quanto à mucoadesividade in vitro através da isoterma de adsorção da mucina e quanto à permeação ex vivo através do modelo de permeação pelo segmento intestinal invertido. Os resultados mostraram que os grânulos contendo 4,8 % de quitosana apresentaram maior afinidade pela mucina além de promover o aumento de 18 % na permeação da ddI pelo segmento duodenal comparado ao fármaco livre comercial. Os grânulos contendo as microesferas liberaram a ddI em 2 h, mais lentamente que os grânulos compostos pela mistura física de ddI e excipientes (10 min). Finalmente foi feito o revestimento entérico dos grânulos pela técnica da película, utilizando Eudragit® L30-D55 como polímero gastrorresistente. Por limitações de processo, o revestimento não produziu retenção total da ddI no meio ácido (77 %), porém em meio básico, os grânulos contendo as microesferas apresentaram liberação da ddI mais lenta que o medicamento gastrorresistente comercial. Esses resultados mostram a factibilidade da produção de grânulos de quitosana contendo microesferas incorporando fármaco sensível ao pH, em processo passível de escalonamento. Além disso, apresentam a ddI como um novo medicamento de liberação modificada para administração oral, com benefícios potenciais para a terapia da AIDS e conforto do paciente / Abstract: In this work a scalable process was developed for the production of gastroresistent granules containing chitosan microspheres, loaded with the drug didanosine (ddl). The global process included three stages, and the operational conditions were optimized in order to maintain the active form of the drug didanosine, which is sensitive to acidic pH conditions, and to obtain a final product with modified release, mucoadhesive and gastroresistent properties. The first stage included the encapsulation of ddl with the use of the ionotropic gelation technique with sodium tripoliphosphate (TPP) as the crosslinking agent and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) to ensure the stability of ddl. The optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the important statistical variables: chitosan, TPP and ddl concentrations. The maximum ddl loading in microspheres of 1433 mg of ddl/g of chitosan, was obtained with 2.00% (w/v) chitosan and 10.00% TPP. The microspheres where observed to have an average diameter of 11.42 µm, and ddl was gradually released during a 2 h period in a simulated enteric fluid. In the second stage, the granules with microspheres were produced with different excipients: chitosan, pre-gelified starch and carboximethylcelullose. The granules were prepared by extrusion-spheronization and the most promising ones were characterized according to the in vitro granule mucoadhesiveness, determined through the adsorption isotherm of mucin, and the ex vivo granule absorption, determined using the everted gut sac technique. The results showed that the granules with 4.8 % (w/w) chitosan presented greater affinity for the mucin as well as promoting an increase of 18 % in the ddI absorption through the duodenal segment compared with commercial free drug. The granules containing the chitosan microspheres released ddl in a 2 h period, a longer release period compared to the granules composed of the mixture of the drug and excipients, where the drug was released in approximately 10 minutes. Finally the granules were coated by the film technique, using Eudragit® L30-D55 as the gastroresistent polymer. Due to the process limitations, the polymer coating did not retain the total amount of the drug in the simulated gastric fluid (77 %). However, in the simulated enteric fluid, the granules containing chitosan microspheres showed a slower release of ddI compared to the commercial gastroresistent granules. These results demonstrate that it is possible to produce granules with microspheres that encapsulate a drug sensitive to acidic pH conditions, in a process that is easily scaled up. The process also shows a new formulation of the drug ddl, with modified release kinetics for oral administration, with potential benefits for AIDS therapy, as well as providing more comfort to the patient / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Maria Helena Andrade Santana, Teresa Cristina Tavares Dalla Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T21:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Severino_Patricia_M.pdf: 4524710 bytes, checksum: fdcb20a724ed2aef9bf5d176f8e8540f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram estudados a produção e farmacocinética de uma nova formulação do fármaco didanosina (ddI), composta de grânulos de quitosana contendo a ddI incorporada em micropartículas, para administração por via oral no tratamento da AIDS. As vantagens dessa nova forma farmacêutica são: assegurar a estabilidade da ddI no meio gastrintestinal, produzir adesão à membrana intestinal proporcionando assim melhor absorção através do aumento da permeação e liberação controlada, facilitar o manuseio (fracionamento de comprimidos e ajuste da dose) e deglutição em relação à forma farmacêutica convencional (compridos ou cápsulas revestidas), principalmente para idosos e crianças. O estudo abrangeu os seguintes aspectos: otimização do carregamento da ddI em micropartículas de quitosana previamente desenvolvidas por Silva, 2006; produção dos grânulos em leito fluidizado e por extrusão/esferonização; revestimento polimérico gastrorresistente em leito fluidizado; e obtenção dos perfis farmacocinéticos plasmáticos em cães através da administração oral dos grânulos produzidos. A otimização do carregamento da ddI foi realizada através de modificações nas condições fluidodinâmicas do processo de produção das micropartículas. A produção e o revestimento dos grânulos foram realizados em leito fluidizado, avaliando as variáveis do processo e utilizando a suspensão polimérica Kollicoat® MAE 100 P para o revestimento gastroressistente, já que a ddI sofre desacetilação e torna-se ineficaz farmacologicamente quando exposta ao pH gástrico. Os perfis farmacocinéticos plasmáticos em cães foram analisados por modelo não-compartimental. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que através das modificações das condições fluidodinâmicas conseguimos aumentar a encapsulação da ddI em micropartículas em 13,3%, em relação a formulação inicialmente desenvolvida por SILVA, 2006. O revestimento entérico dos grânulos mostrou-se adequado em estudos in vitro, como preconizado pela farmacopéia. A metodologia analítica por CLAE acoplada a extração em fase sólida desenvolvida mostrou-se adequada para a quantificação do ddI e foi validada para determinação simultânea de ddI e ACL (padrão interno), em amostras de plasma de cão. Os perfis cinéticos mostraram que a nova formulação apresenta-se estatisticamente diferente das distribuídas no SUS, devido a sua liberação modificada de 36 horas. Estes resultados contribuem para o desenvolvimento de novas formas farmacêuticas de administração oral, liberação modificado, requerendo menor frequência de administração, proporcionando maior adesão ao tratamento em várias patologias / Abstract: This work studied the production and pharmacokinetic of a new pharmaceutical formulation of the didanosine (ddI) drug ,composed by chitosan granules containing ddI incorporated in microparticles, for oral administration in the AIDS therapy. The advantages of this new pharmaceutical formulation compared to the conventional one are: to assure ddI stability in gastrointestinal medium, to produce adhesion to intestinal membrane, enhancing absorption through the increasing of permeation and controlled release and to facilitate the handling and deglutition especially to elderly and children. The approach included the following aspects: optimization of the ddI amount in the chitosan microparticles previously developed by Silva, 2006; production of granules in fluidized bed and by extrusion/spheronization; polymeric gastroresistent coating in fluidized bed and acquiring of the plasmatic pharmacokinetic profiles in dogs through oral administration of the produced granules. The optimization of ddI amount in granules was carried out through modifications on the fluid-dynamic conditions of the process for production of the microparticles. The production and coating were carried out in fluidized bed, evaluating the variables of the process. A polymeric suspension of Kollicoat® MAE 100 P for coated enteric coating was used, because the ddI suffers desacetilation and losses its pharmacological efficacy when exposed to the gastric pH. The plasmatic pharmacokinetic profiles in dogs were analyzed by non-compartimental models. The experimental results shown that the encapsulation of ddI in microparticles was increased 13.3% compared to the previous formulation developed by Silva 2006, when modified fluid-dynamic conditions were introduced in the production process. The enteric coating of the granules was suitable as evaluated in vitro according to pharmacopeia. The analytical CLAE methodology associated to extraction in solid phase was adequated for the quantification of ddI. This methodology was validated to determine simultaneously ddI and ACL (internal standard) in samples of dog's plasma. The kinetic profiles shown that the new formulation is statistically different of the formulations distributed by SUS due to its controlled delivery along 36 hours. These results contribute for development new pharmaceutical form for oral administration. That possibility controlled liberation, requiring lower administration frequency, promoting treatment adhesion in a lot of diseases / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The research undertaken in these studies aimed to investigate the feasibility of developing and manufacturing innovative solid lipid carriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and/or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) using a hot high pressure homogenization method, for didanosine(DDI). In addition, studies using in vitro differential protein adsorption were undertaken to establish whether the SLN and/or NLC have the potential to deliver DDI to the central nervous system (CNS). Prior to initiating pre-formulation, formulation development and optimization studies of DDI-Ioaded SLN and/or NLC, it was necessary to develop and validate an analytical method for the in vitro quantitation and analysis of DDI. An accurate, precise and sensitive RP-HPLC method with UV detection set at 248 nm was developed, optimized and validated for the quantitative in vitro analysis of DDI in formulations. Pre-formulation studies were designed to evaluate the thermal stability of DDI and to select and characterize lipid excipients that may be used for the manufacture of the nanocarriers. It was established that DDI is thermostable at temperatures not exceeding 163°C and therefore a hot high pressure homogenization technique could be used to manufacture DDI-loaded SLN and/or NLC. Lipid screening studies revealed that DDI is poorly soluble in both solid and liquid lipids. A combination of Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP was found to have the best solubilizing-potential for DDI of all lipids investigated. The inclusion of Transcutol® HP into Precirol® ATO 5 changed the polymorphic form of the solid lipid from the stable 13-modification to a material that exhibited the co-existence between α- and β-polymorphic forms. The relatively high solubility of DDI in Transcutol® HP compared to Precirol® ATO 5 was an indication that a solid lipid matrix prepared from a binary mixture of Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP was likely to have a higher loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency for DDI than a matrix consisting of Precirol® ATO 5 alone. Furthermore, the potential for the solid lipid matrix to exist in the α- and/or β-modifications when Transcutol® HP was added to Precirol® ATO 5 suggested that expulsion of DDI from a solid lipid matrix during prolonged storage periods was likely to be minimal. Therefore it was considered logical to investigate the feasibility of incorporating DDI into NLC and not in SLN. However, due to the limited solubility of DDI in lipids, formulation development of DDI-loaded NLC commenced using small quantities of DDI. Formulation development and optimization studies of DDI-loaded NLC were initially aimed at selecting a surfactant system that was capable of stabilizing NLC in an aqueous environment. Solutol® HS alone or a ternary mixture consisting of Solutol® HS, Tween® 80 and Lutrol® F68 was found to stabilize the nanoparticles in terms of particle size and the polydispersity index. The use of the ternary mixture as the surfactant system was preferred to using Solutol® HS alone as Lutrol® F68 and especially Tween® 80 have been successfully used to target the delivery of API to the brain. Aqueous DDI-free and DDI-Ioaded NLC containing increasing amounts of DDI were manufactured using hot high pressure homogenization at 800 bar for three cycles. The NLC formulations were characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and polymorphism, degree of crystallinity, encapsulation efficiency (EE), shape and surface morphology. The mean particle size for all formulations was below 250 nm with narrow polydispersity indices, indicating that narrow particle size distribution had been achieved. The d99% values for all formulations tested, were generated using laser diffractometry, and were below 400 nm, with span values ranging from 0.84 - 1.19 also suggesting that a narrow particle size distribution had been achieved. The zeta potential values measured in double distilled water with the conductivity adjusted to 50 μS/cm ranged from -18.4 to -11.4 mV. In addition, all the formulations showed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity as compared to the bulk lipid material and WAXS shows that the formulations existed in a single β-modification form. Furthermore DDI that had been incorporated into the NLC appeared to be molecularly dispersed in the lipid matrices. These parameters remained unaffected for most formulations following storage for two months at 25°C. In addition these formulations contained a mixture of spherical and non-spherical particles irrespective of the amount of DDI that was added during the manufacture of the formulations. These studies showed that it was feasible to develop and incorporate small amounts of DDI into NLC. However in order to use these delivery systems for oral administration of DDI to paediatric patients, strategies to improve the amount of DDI that could be loaded into the particles and to achieve high encapsulation efficiencies had to be developed. The limited solubility of DDI in lipid media was identified as a major factor that affected the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of DDI in the NLC. Therefore, a novel strategy aimed at increasing the saturation solubility of DDI in the lipid by attempting to increase the dissolution velocity of the drug in the lipid using a particle size reduction approach, was designed and investigated. DDI was dispersed in Transcutol® HP and the particle size of DDI in the liquid lipid medium was reduced gradually using hot high pressure homogenization and the product obtained from these studies was used to manufacture DDI-loaded NLC using a cold high pressure homogenization procedure. Although the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading following use of this approach was relatively high, the particles were large and showed a tendency to grow in size leading to the formation of microparticles after storage for two months at 25°C. In addition, the degree of crystallinity of the nanoparticles increased rapidly over the same storage period which led to expulsion of DDI nanoparticles for the NLC, despite the DDI loading in NLC being unaffected. It was clearly evident that this new approach of manufacturing solid lipid nanocarriers could be used as a platform not only for enhancing the loading capacity of DDI in solid lipid nanocarriers but also for other hydrophilic drugs. Differential protein adsorption patterns of DDI-loaded NLC were generated in vitro using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) in order to establish the potential for these systems to deliver DDI to the CNS. NLC formulations containing small amounts of DDI were used as these formulations showed a better stability profile than the formulation with a higher encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of DDI were considered sufficient for use in 2-D PAGE studies. Data obtained from 2-D PAGE analysis reveal that DDI-loaded NLC preferentially adsorb proteins in vitro that are responsible for specific brain targeting in vivo. More importantly, these studies reveal that in addition to Tween® 80 that has already been shown to have the potential to target CDDS to the brain, Solutol® HS 15 has the potential to achieve a similar objective. Consequently, DDI-loaded NLC have the potential to deliver DDI to the brain and these results may be used as a platform for conducting in vivo studies to establish whether DDI can cross the blood brain barrier and enter the CNS when administered in NLC which may in turn lead to a major breakthrough in the management of HIV/AIDS and Aids Dementia Complex (ADC).

The population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of nevirapine (NVP), zidovudine (ZDV), and didanosine (ddI) were evaluated in 432 pediatric patients with HIV, randomized to receive either a double-therapy of ZDV + ddI or NVP + ddI; or triple-therapy of NVP + ZDV + ddI as a substudy of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 245 in 2 phases. In phase 1, nonlinear mixed-effect modeling (NONMEM) analysis was employed for population pharmacokinetics (PPK) study for ZDV, ddI and NVP. One-compartment model with first-order input and first-order elimination was fitted to the NVP, ZDV and ddI data. Final PPK models were as follows: ZDV; CL (1/hr, without nevirapine coadministration) = 52.4 × BSA, CL (1/hr, with nevirapine coadministration) = 65.0 × BSA, Vd/F(1) = 116 × BSA, ddI; CL (1/hr) = 73.4 × BSA + 69.9, Vd/F(1) = 132, and NVP; CL (1/hr) = 2.30 × BSA, Vd/F(1) = 120. In phase 2, the relationship between the predicted serum concentrations of ZDV, ddI, and NVP and pharmacodynamic responses were evaluated via S-Plus ® exploratory data analysis. No apparent relationship between average steady-state serum concentrations and pharmacodynamic variables, such as HIV-1 RNA(RNA) levels, CD4 + count was found. However, the responses of RNA level and CD4 + count to the double therapy (ddI/NVP) versus triple therapy (ddI/NVP/ZDV) were significantly different after 4 weeks of therapy ( P = 0.0014 for RNA level at week 4, P = 0.0454 for CD4 + count at week 12). No significantly different responses were found in weight changes ( P > 0.25 at all weeks). Also, the maximum drop of RNA level throughout the treatment period had a strong relationship to the decline slope of RNA at week 4 as follows: Maximum drop of RNA = 3.1139 × RNA decline slope at week 4 - 0.411. Nevirapine dosing regimens were compared using simulation via Trial Simulator™. Both ACTG regimen (body surface area based) and manufacture's regimen (age and weight based) produced similar concentrations at lower end concentration but manufacture's regimen produce higher concentration at upper end with 1000 simulated patients (ACTG regimen; 2150, 3827, and 4992 ng/ml, manufacturer's regimen; 2066, 4130, and 6568 ng/ml, for 10 th , 50 th , and 96 th percentile, respectively). It is suggested to use body surface area based dosing regimen for NVP.

Les protéines accessoires du VIH-1 Vif et Vpr jouent un rôle indirect dans la variabilité génétique virale. La protéine Vpr limite le taux d'erreurs induites par la TI en interagissant avec l'UNG2. La protéine Vif intervient en prévenant l'apparition de mutations résultant de l'activité des cytidines désaminases APOBEC3 sur l'ADN viral. La variabilité génétique induite par ces protéines pourrait jouer un rôle dans la résistance aux antirétroviraux. Dans une première partie de la thèse, nous avons identifié la mutation K22H dans vif chez des patients en échec. Cette mutation favorise l'apparition de mutations G-vers-A dans le génome viral (par perte partielle d'interaction avec la désaminase cellulaire APOBEC3G) et participe à l'apparition de mutations de résistance (M184I dans la TI) pouvant expliquer l'échec virologique chez ces patients. Dans un autre travail, nous montrons que deux mutations de résistance (E138K et M184I dans TI) fréquemment retrouvées en cas d'échec virologique à la combinaison emtricitabine-ténofovir et rilpirivine apparaissent de façon concomitante sous l'action d'APOBEC3 en dehors de tout traitement. Enfin, dans la dernière partie de ce travail, nous avons identifié la mutation E17A dans vpr associée aux " thymidin analog mutations " ou TAMs (M41L, L210W, et T215Y) dans la TI et à la prise de didanosine chez des patients en échec virologique. Des études phénotypiques ont montré que le virus E17A+TAMs confère une résistance à la didanosine supérieure à celle conférée par les TAMs seules ou le virus E17A seul. Ce travail met en évidence un nouveau rôle de Vpr dans les mécanismes de résistance aux antirétroviraux.

A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) é uma doença de amplo espectro de manifestações, sendo razão de preocupação para qualquer autoridade sanitária. A terapêutica da AIDS é complexa sendo utilizados vários medicamentos, diversas vezes ao dia. Deste modo, objetivou-se o desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas sólidas como comprimidos tamponados mastigáveis (CTM), comprimidos com revestimento gastro-resistentes (CRGR) e pellets (PEL) para a veiculação de didanosina (ddl). Seis especialidades farmacêuticas na forma de CTM foram estudadas quanto ao perfil de dissolução, pH do meio e capacidade neutralizante ácida (CNA). Formulações teste de CTM foram propostas visando obter CNAs e perfis de dissolução adequados. Também foram testadas formulações de comprimidos e de pellets para posterior revestimento com filme gastro-resistente derivado do ácido metacrílico. Os ensaios de dissolução das amostras de CTM revelaram diferenças nas características de liberação do fármaco. Também foram observadas diferenças relacionadas a CNA. As formulações de CTM propostas apresentaram, na maioria dos casos, adequados perfis de dissolução e CNA. As formulações CRGR que receberam revestimento gastro-resistente apresentaram perfis de dissolução de ddl adequados, entretanto os comprimidos testados intumesceram em meio ácido, indicando descontinuidade do filme polimérico sobre os comprimidos. Testes para a produção de pellets veiculando ddl mostraram-se adequados quanto à morfologia e dissolução do fármaco, o mesmo sendo observado após o revestimento com filme gastro-resistente. / The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that manifests itself in a myriad of ways. Because of this, the condition has been subject of concern to all sanitary authorities. The treatment of AIDS is complex and many types of medicine are used, many times a day. The objective of the present study was to develop solid pharmaceutical dosage forms such as buffered chewable tablets (CTM), gastro-resistant coating tablets (CRGR) and pellets (PEL) for the loading of didanosine (ddl). Six pharmaceutical specialties in the form of CTM were studied so as to identify the profile of the dissolution, the pH of the environment, and the neutralizing acid capacity (CNA). The use of CTM tests formulations was proposed with the objective of obtaining adequate CNA and dissolution profiles. Different compositions of tablets and pellets were tested for a later addition of gastro-resistant film derived from the methacrylic acid. The experiments on the dissolution of the sample of CTM showed differences in the characteristic of the release of the substance. Differences related to the CNA were also observed. The formulations of the CTM proposed showed to have, in the most number of the cases, both adequate dissolution behavior and CNA. The formulations of the CRGR that had received the gastro-resistant coating showed adequate profile of ddl dissolution; the tested tablets, however, swelled in the acid environment, therefore indicating a lack of continuity of the polymeric film over the tablets. The tests for the production of pellets showed adequate results as to its morphology and dissolution of ddl. The same was observed after coating the pellets with gastro-resistant film.

A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) é uma doença de amplo espectro de manifestações, sendo razão de preocupação para qualquer autoridade sanitária. A terapêutica da AIDS é complexa sendo utilizados vários medicamentos, diversas vezes ao dia. Deste modo, objetivou-se o desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas sólidas como comprimidos tamponados mastigáveis (CTM), comprimidos com revestimento gastro-resistentes (CRGR) e pellets (PEL) para a veiculação de didanosina (ddl). Seis especialidades farmacêuticas na forma de CTM foram estudadas quanto ao perfil de dissolução, pH do meio e capacidade neutralizante ácida (CNA). Formulações teste de CTM foram propostas visando obter CNAs e perfis de dissolução adequados. Também foram testadas formulações de comprimidos e de pellets para posterior revestimento com filme gastro-resistente derivado do ácido metacrílico. Os ensaios de dissolução das amostras de CTM revelaram diferenças nas características de liberação do fármaco. Também foram observadas diferenças relacionadas a CNA. As formulações de CTM propostas apresentaram, na maioria dos casos, adequados perfis de dissolução e CNA. As formulações CRGR que receberam revestimento gastro-resistente apresentaram perfis de dissolução de ddl adequados, entretanto os comprimidos testados intumesceram em meio ácido, indicando descontinuidade do filme polimérico sobre os comprimidos. Testes para a produção de pellets veiculando ddl mostraram-se adequados quanto à morfologia e dissolução do fármaco, o mesmo sendo observado após o revestimento com filme gastro-resistente. / The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that manifests itself in a myriad of ways. Because of this, the condition has been subject of concern to all sanitary authorities. The treatment of AIDS is complex and many types of medicine are used, many times a day. The objective of the present study was to develop solid pharmaceutical dosage forms such as buffered chewable tablets (CTM), gastro-resistant coating tablets (CRGR) and pellets (PEL) for the loading of didanosine (ddl). Six pharmaceutical specialties in the form of CTM were studied so as to identify the profile of the dissolution, the pH of the environment, and the neutralizing acid capacity (CNA). The use of CTM tests formulations was proposed with the objective of obtaining adequate CNA and dissolution profiles. Different compositions of tablets and pellets were tested for a later addition of gastro-resistant film derived from the methacrylic acid. The experiments on the dissolution of the sample of CTM showed differences in the characteristic of the release of the substance. Differences related to the CNA were also observed. The formulations of the CTM proposed showed to have, in the most number of the cases, both adequate dissolution behavior and CNA. The formulations of the CRGR that had received the gastro-resistant coating showed adequate profile of ddl dissolution; the tested tablets, however, swelled in the acid environment, therefore indicating a lack of continuity of the polymeric film over the tablets. The tests for the production of pellets showed adequate results as to its morphology and dissolution of ddl. The same was observed after coating the pellets with gastro-resistant film.