Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 59-65.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第12968号 / 論医博第2101号 / 新制||医||1012(附属図書館) / 32406 / 新制||医||1012 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 福原 俊一, 教授 川口 義弥 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Background: Type 1 Diabetes is a disease that is present in all ages. A treatment with carbohydrate counting and flexible insulin dosing provides a freer diet and is used today in much of the world. Carbohydrate counting with flexible insulin dosing can improve the quality of life in people with diabetes. With support and training the nurse has an important role to support people in their self-care. Aim: To describe how adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus rated and felt their quality of life when using carbohydrate calculated insulin dose and to describe included studies' data collection methods. Method: Descriptive literature review of 13 articles. Literature searches were made in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Main results: After participating in a structured training regarding carbohydrate counting with flexible insulin dosing rated and experienced the adults with type 1 diabetes, an increased quality of life with greater freedom to customize their diet according to their life situation. Their knowledge of diabetes increased, which gave them a better self-control and self-esteem leading to better self-care. The number of severe hypoglycemia and the fear of them decreased with a carbohydrate calculated insulin dose. Articles used validated questionnaires as data collection methods. Conclusion: Adults with type 1 diabetes, who participated in a structured education in carbohydrate counting with flexible insulin dosing increased their quality of life in both the short and long term and got a better understanding of the disease that gave better self-control and self-esteem leading to better self-care. / Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 1 är en sjukdom som finns i alla åldrar. En behandlingsmetod med kolhydraträkning och flexibel insulindosering ger en friare kosthållning och används idag i en stor del av världen. Kolhydraträkning med flexibel insulindosering kan förbättra livskvaliteten hos personer med diabetes. Med stöd och utbildning inom området har sjuksköterskan en viktig uppgift att stötta personerna i deras egenvård. Syfte: Att beskriva hur vuxna med diabetes mellitus typ 1 skattade och upplevde sin livskvalitet vid kolhydratberäknad insulindosering samt att beskriva inkluderade studiers datainsamlingsmetoder. Metod: Deskriptiv litteraturstudie av 13 artiklar. Litteratursökningar gjordes i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Huvudresultat: Efter deltagande i en strukturerad utbildning i kolhydraträkning med flexibel insulindosering skattade och upplevde vuxna med diabetes mellitus typ 1 en ökad livskvalitet med en ökad frihet att anpassa sin kost efter sin livssituation. Deras kunskaper om diabetessjukdomen ökade vilket gav dem en bättre självkontroll och självkänsla vilket ledde till bättre egenvård. Antalet svåra hypoglykemier och rädslan för dessa minskade med en kolhydratberäknad insulindosering. Artiklarna använde validerade frågeformulär som datainsamlingsmetod. Slutsats: Vuxna med diabetes mellitus typ 1 som deltagit i en strukturerad utbildning i kolhydraträkning med flexibel insulindosering ökade sin livskvalitet både på kort och lång sikt samt fick bättre kunskap om sjukdomen som gav bättre självkontroll och självkänsla vilket ledde till bättre egenvård.

In conclusion, the studies reported in this thesis suggested that the CHO amount, whether provided by a pre-exercise CHO meal or short-time, i.e., 3-day, CHO loading, plays a pivotal role in regulating the immune responses before, during, and after endurance exercise. Although GI and GL independently affect the exercise performance and immune responses, the amount of CHO consumed remains a determining factor. The potential benefits on immune system and endurance performance after the low GI and low GL diet (L-L) should be noted and warrant further investigation. Although the HGI and LGI meals demonstrated similar effects on endurance performance when large amount of CHO-electrolyte solution consumed during the exercise, pre-exercise LGI meal can hasten the IL-6 responses during the recovery. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / The aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) meal(s) with different glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on endurance running performance, physiological, and immune responses. / The first study (Chapter 4) examined the influence of a pre-exercise meal with different GI and GL on subsequent endurance running performance, physiological, and immune responses. Eight endurance-trained male runners completed three trials in a randomized order, separated by at least seven days. These responses were characterized by a lower CHO oxidation with a concomitant higher glycerol and FFA in the H-L trial. Consumption of a pre-exercise high CHO meal, i.e., H-H and L-L, resulted in less perturbation of circulating numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils, and T lymphocyte subsets, decreased elevation of plasma IL-6 concentrations immediately after exercise and during the 2 h recovery period when compared to the H-L trial. These responses were accompanied by an attenuated increase in plasma IL-10 concentrations and plasma cortisol concentrations at the end of 2 h recovery. It was concluded that the amount of CHO consumed 2 h before endurance exercise appears to be the main influencing factor on immune responses irrespective of its GI and GL value. / The second study (Chapter 5) examined the influence of a 3-day CHO loading with different GI and GL meals on the supercompensation status, running performance, physiological and immune responses. Nine endurance-trained male runners were recruited in this study. The procedures basically involved a 3-day CHO loading with different GI and GL meal [CHO intake (% of energy intake), GI, and GL per day are 73%, 80, and 553 for the high-GI and high-GL (H-H); 73%, 42, and 249 for the low-GI and low-GL (L-L); 31%, 78.5, and 227 for the high-GI and low-GL (H-L) respectively] after a glycogen-lowering exercise. Two hours after the breakfast on day 4, participants performed the running protocol as described in the first study. There was no difference in time to complete the 10-km TT between the two trials with high-CHO loading, i.e., H-H and L-L (51.3 +/- 5.3 min vs 48.6 +/- 1.3 min, NS). These results suggested that 3-day CHO loading with low GI and low GL (L-L) is more effective in improving endurance performance when compared to a high GI but low GL diet (H-L). It appears that the amount of CHO consumed during the 3-day CHO loading remains the key influencing factor on immune responses despite of the differences in the GI and GL value. / The third study (Chapter 6) investigated the influence of pre-exercise meal with different GI on subsequent endurance running performance and immune responses when CHO-electrolyte solution was consumed during exercise. Pre-exercise LGI meal attenuated the increases of cortisol when compared with CON and hastened the recovery of the IL-6 value to baseline when compared to that in HGI and CON trials during the first hour of the recovery. The results suggested that beside of CHO quantity (CHO content), the role of CHO quality (GI) in the diet consumed 2 h before exercise should be considered when investigating the influence of CHO supplementation on the exercise-induced transitory immunosuppressive effects. / Chen Yajun. / "August 2006." / Adviser: Stephen Wong Heung-Sang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1597. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 199-225). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Esse estudo objetivou determinar as exigências dietéticas e a relação carboidratos:lipídios ideal para juvenis de dourado em ensaios de desempenho e digestibilidade. Os ensaios foram realizados em sistema de recirculação com controle de temperatura (25,5 ± 0,5 °C), oxigênio dissolvido (6,2 ± 0,4 mg L-1), pH (7,68 ± 0,12) e amônia total (< 0,25 mg L-1). Para determinação da curva glicêmica, 700 juvenis de dourado (57,37 ± 11,57 g) foram distribuídos em 14 tanques de polietileno (330 L) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (n=5) e alimentados com dietas extrudadas ou peletizadas contendo 85% de uma ração basal (43% de proteína bruta - PB; 4440 kcal kg-1 energia bruta - EB) e 15% das fontes de carboidrato: glicose, dextrina, amido de milho, quirera de arroz, milho moído, fécula de mandioca ou celulose. Para determinar a variação na concentração de glicose sanguínea, cinco peixes por tratamento foram coletados aleatoriamente e anestesiados nos seguintes intervalos após alimentação: 30 minutos, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 15 h e 24 h. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas por punção caudal e a leitura da glicose sanguínea realizada imediatamente. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade foram formuladas quatorze rações experimentais, extrudadas ou peletizadas, contendo 69,9% da ração basal, 30% da fonte de carboidrato testada (milho moído, farinha de mandioca torrada, farinha de trigo, quirera de arroz, fécula de mandioca e amido de milho) e 0,1% de óxido de crômio. Juvenis de dourado foram alojados em gaiolas (80 L; 40 peixes; 73,97 ± 12,00 g) e alimentados até saciedade aparente em duas refeições diárias em um ensaio em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso (n=3). Após a segunda alimentação, as gaiolas eram transferidas para tanques cilíndrico-cônicos (250 L) e as fezes coletadas por sedimentação em intervalos de 6 h e 12 h. Estas foram congeladas e liofilizadas para conservação até análise e consequente cálculo dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, amido e energia dos ingredientes. No ensaio de desempenho, foram formuladas oito rações extrudadas com diferentes relações amido:lipídios (C:L): 0:1, 0,3:1, 0,7:1, 1,0:1, 1,4:1, 2,0:1, 2,3:1 e 3,3:1. Juvenis de dourado (3,34 ± 0,16 g) foram distribuídos em 32 tanques de polietileno (330 L; 30 peixes por tanque) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (n=3) e alimentados duas vezes ao dia (10h00min e 15h30min) até a saciedade aparente, por 95 dias. O processo de extrusão aumentou a digestibilidade das fontes de carboidrato testadas, ao mesmo tempo melhorando o aproveitamento da energia da dieta na forma de carboidrato, mas elevando os valores de glicemia do dourado, o que pode ser prejudicial ao ritmo de crescimento da espécie em longo prazo. A relação carboidrato:lipídio de 0,7:1 foi a que propiciou melhores índices de desempenho e utilização dos nutrientes pela espécie. O perfil enzimático dos peixes foi afetado pelas dietas. O dourado não utiliza bem carboidratos da dieta e, consequentemente, o uso de menores quantidades ou fontes menos digestíveis de carboidratos pode resultar em melhor crescimento durante a produção comercial dessa espécie. / This study aimed at determining dietary requirements and the ideal dietary carbohydrates to lipids ratio for juvenile dourado based on performance and digestibility trials. All assays were performed in a recirculation system under controled temperature (25.5 ± 0.5 ° C), dissolved oxygen (6.2 ± 0.4 mg L-1), pH (7.68 ± 0.12 ) and total ammonia (<0.25 mg L-1). To determine the glycemic curve, 700 juvenile dourado (57.37 ± 11.57 g) were housed into 14 polyethylene tanks (330 L) in a completely randomized design (n = 5), and fed pelleted or extruded diets containing 85% of a basal diet (43% crude protein - CP, 4,440 kcal a gross energy kg - EB) and 15% of the carbohydrate souces - glucose, dextrin, maize starch, rice, corn, cassava starch or cellulose. To determine the change in blood glucose concentration, five fish from each treatment were randomly collected immediately and anesthetized at the following intervals after feeding: 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 15 h and 24 h. Blood samples were drawn by puncture of the caudal vein and glycemic levels measured immediately. For the digestibility trial, fourteen experimental diets were formulated, pelleted or extruded, containing 69.9% of the basal diet, 30% of the carbohydrate source to be tested (corn, toasted cassava meal, wheat flour, rice, cassava starch and corn starch) and 0.1% chromic oxide. The trial was set up in a completely randomized design (n=3). Juvenile dourado were housed in cages (80 L, 40 fish per cage, 73.97 ± 12.00 g) and fed ad libitum twice a day the experimental diets. After the last daily meal, cages were transferred to conical-cylinder tanks (250 L) and faeces collected by sedimentation period of 6 h and 12 h after feeding. Feces were collected, frozen and lyophilized and storage until analysis and subsequent calculation of digestibility coefficients of dry matter, starch and energy ingredients. For the performance, eight extruded diets with different ratios of carbohydrate lipids (C: L): 0:1, 0.3:1, 0.7:1, 1.0:1, 1.4:1 , 2.0:1, 2.3:1 and 3.3:1 were formulated and fed to juvenile dourado (3.34 ± 0.16 g) housed in 32 polyethylene tanks (330 L, 30 fish per tank) in a completely randomized design (n=3) and fed twice a day (10:00 and 15:30) to apparent satiation for 95 days. The extrusion processing increased digestibility of the tested dietary carbohydrate sources, improving the utilization of dietary energy in the form of carbohydrate, but increasing blood glucose levels as well; this can impair the species growth rate in the long run. The dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio 0.7:1 led to the best levels of performance and nutrient utilization by the species The enzimatic profile of fish was affected by diets. Dourado does not utilize efficiently dietary carbohydrates so using lesser amounts or less digestible sources of dietary carbohydrates can lead to better growth in the commercial production of the species.

Esse estudo objetivou determinar as exigências dietéticas e a relação carboidratos:lipídios ideal para juvenis de dourado em ensaios de desempenho e digestibilidade. Os ensaios foram realizados em sistema de recirculação com controle de temperatura (25,5 ± 0,5 °C), oxigênio dissolvido (6,2 ± 0,4 mg L-1), pH (7,68 ± 0,12) e amônia total (< 0,25 mg L-1). Para determinação da curva glicêmica, 700 juvenis de dourado (57,37 ± 11,57 g) foram distribuídos em 14 tanques de polietileno (330 L) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (n=5) e alimentados com dietas extrudadas ou peletizadas contendo 85% de uma ração basal (43% de proteína bruta - PB; 4440 kcal kg-1 energia bruta - EB) e 15% das fontes de carboidrato: glicose, dextrina, amido de milho, quirera de arroz, milho moído, fécula de mandioca ou celulose. Para determinar a variação na concentração de glicose sanguínea, cinco peixes por tratamento foram coletados aleatoriamente e anestesiados nos seguintes intervalos após alimentação: 30 minutos, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 15 h e 24 h. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas por punção caudal e a leitura da glicose sanguínea realizada imediatamente. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade foram formuladas quatorze rações experimentais, extrudadas ou peletizadas, contendo 69,9% da ração basal, 30% da fonte de carboidrato testada (milho moído, farinha de mandioca torrada, farinha de trigo, quirera de arroz, fécula de mandioca e amido de milho) e 0,1% de óxido de crômio. Juvenis de dourado foram alojados em gaiolas (80 L; 40 peixes; 73,97 ± 12,00 g) e alimentados até saciedade aparente em duas refeições diárias em um ensaio em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso (n=3). Após a segunda alimentação, as gaiolas eram transferidas para tanques cilíndrico-cônicos (250 L) e as fezes coletadas por sedimentação em intervalos de 6 h e 12 h. Estas foram congeladas e liofilizadas para conservação até análise e consequente cálculo dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, amido e energia dos ingredientes. No ensaio de desempenho, foram formuladas oito rações extrudadas com diferentes relações amido:lipídios (C:L): 0:1, 0,3:1, 0,7:1, 1,0:1, 1,4:1, 2,0:1, 2,3:1 e 3,3:1. Juvenis de dourado (3,34 ± 0,16 g) foram distribuídos em 32 tanques de polietileno (330 L; 30 peixes por tanque) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (n=3) e alimentados duas vezes ao dia (10h00min e 15h30min) até a saciedade aparente, por 95 dias. O processo de extrusão aumentou a digestibilidade das fontes de carboidrato testadas, ao mesmo tempo melhorando o aproveitamento da energia da dieta na forma de carboidrato, mas elevando os valores de glicemia do dourado, o que pode ser prejudicial ao ritmo de crescimento da espécie em longo prazo. A relação carboidrato:lipídio de 0,7:1 foi a que propiciou melhores índices de desempenho e utilização dos nutrientes pela espécie. O perfil enzimático dos peixes foi afetado pelas dietas. O dourado não utiliza bem carboidratos da dieta e, consequentemente, o uso de menores quantidades ou fontes menos digestíveis de carboidratos pode resultar em melhor crescimento durante a produção comercial dessa espécie. / This study aimed at determining dietary requirements and the ideal dietary carbohydrates to lipids ratio for juvenile dourado based on performance and digestibility trials. All assays were performed in a recirculation system under controled temperature (25.5 ± 0.5 ° C), dissolved oxygen (6.2 ± 0.4 mg L-1), pH (7.68 ± 0.12 ) and total ammonia (<0.25 mg L-1). To determine the glycemic curve, 700 juvenile dourado (57.37 ± 11.57 g) were housed into 14 polyethylene tanks (330 L) in a completely randomized design (n = 5), and fed pelleted or extruded diets containing 85% of a basal diet (43% crude protein - CP, 4,440 kcal a gross energy kg - EB) and 15% of the carbohydrate souces - glucose, dextrin, maize starch, rice, corn, cassava starch or cellulose. To determine the change in blood glucose concentration, five fish from each treatment were randomly collected immediately and anesthetized at the following intervals after feeding: 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 15 h and 24 h. Blood samples were drawn by puncture of the caudal vein and glycemic levels measured immediately. For the digestibility trial, fourteen experimental diets were formulated, pelleted or extruded, containing 69.9% of the basal diet, 30% of the carbohydrate source to be tested (corn, toasted cassava meal, wheat flour, rice, cassava starch and corn starch) and 0.1% chromic oxide. The trial was set up in a completely randomized design (n=3). Juvenile dourado were housed in cages (80 L, 40 fish per cage, 73.97 ± 12.00 g) and fed ad libitum twice a day the experimental diets. After the last daily meal, cages were transferred to conical-cylinder tanks (250 L) and faeces collected by sedimentation period of 6 h and 12 h after feeding. Feces were collected, frozen and lyophilized and storage until analysis and subsequent calculation of digestibility coefficients of dry matter, starch and energy ingredients. For the performance, eight extruded diets with different ratios of carbohydrate lipids (C: L): 0:1, 0.3:1, 0.7:1, 1.0:1, 1.4:1 , 2.0:1, 2.3:1 and 3.3:1 were formulated and fed to juvenile dourado (3.34 ± 0.16 g) housed in 32 polyethylene tanks (330 L, 30 fish per tank) in a completely randomized design (n=3) and fed twice a day (10:00 and 15:30) to apparent satiation for 95 days. The extrusion processing increased digestibility of the tested dietary carbohydrate sources, improving the utilization of dietary energy in the form of carbohydrate, but increasing blood glucose levels as well; this can impair the species growth rate in the long run. The dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio 0.7:1 led to the best levels of performance and nutrient utilization by the species The enzimatic profile of fish was affected by diets. Dourado does not utilize efficiently dietary carbohydrates so using lesser amounts or less digestible sources of dietary carbohydrates can lead to better growth in the commercial production of the species.

Orientador: Jaime Aparecido Cury / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T16:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Botelho_JulianaNunes_D.pdf: 1920977 bytes, checksum: 99c53e9c14bfc15c6b8859cce1fe5dec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Sacarose é o carboidrato mais cariogênico da dieta e o amido é considerado não cariogênico para esmalte e moderadamente cariogênico para dentina. Por outro lado, a combinação de amido e sacarose (amido+sacarose) tem sido considerada mais cariogênica que apenas sacarose, mas esse ainda é um assunto em debate. Além do mais, o efeito do dentifrício fluoretado na cariogenicidade dessa combinação é desconhecido. Assim, com o objetivo de estudar esse assunto três experimentos foram conduzidos: (i) o primeiro avaliou efeito de amido+sacarose na desmineralização de esmalte e dentina, usando um modelo de biofilme de S. mutans modificado pela adição de saliva para simular a ação da amilase, (ii) o segundo avaliou in situ o efeito do dentifrício contendo 1.100 µg F/g (DF) na progressão da desmineralização da dentina radicular, e o terceiro (iii) avaliou in situ o efeito do fluoreto no potencial cariogênico de amido+sacarose na desmineralização de esmalte e dentina. In vitro, biofilmes de S. mutans foram formados sobre blocos de esmalte e dentina radicular, por 5 e 4 dias respectivamente, em meio de cultura contendo saliva e expostos a um dos seguintes tratamentos: amido a 1%, sacarose a 10% ou de sua combinação (8x/dia). Os biofilmes foram analisados quanto às suas composições bioquímicas e microbiológicas, e a desmineralização dos blocos foi avaliada. Biofilmes expostos à combinação foram mais acidogênicos (p<0,0001) e provocaram maior desmineralização (p<0,0001) no esmalte e dentina que o efeito dos carboidratos isolados. In situ, o efeito do DF foi testado em um estudo piloto, cruzado no qual sacarose a 10% foi aplicada extraoralmente 8x/dia em 2 fases de 14 dias. Após 10 e 14 dias em cada fase, a desmineralização da dentina foi avaliada. O efeito do dentifrício foi significativo (p<0,0001), mas o efeito do tempo não (p>0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que o DF com 1.100 µg F/g é capaz de diminuir a cárie dentinária mesmo sob alto desafio cariogênico de acúmulo de biofilme e exposição à sacarose. In situ, o efeito dos tratamentos (água, amido a 2%, sacarose a 10% e amido+sacarose) e o efeito do dentifrício (não fluoretado e fluoretado) foram testados em um estudo cruzado, cego, boca-dividida em 4 fases de 14 dias. Os voluntários usaram dois dos tratamentos 8x/dia e um dos dentifrícios 3x/dia. O efeito dos fatores (dentifrício e tratamentos) foram significativos (p<0,05) para esmalte e dentina, mas a interação não (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem que, independente do desafio cariogênico provocado pelos diferentes carboidratos da dieta testados, o dentifrício fluoretado é efetivo na redução da desmineralização de esmalte e dentina. Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que amido deve aumentar o potencial cariogênico da sacarose mas que fluoreto de dentifrício é capaz de reduzir a desmineralização tanto do esmalte quanto da dentina provocada pela combinação desses carboidratos / Abstract: Sucrose is the most cariogenic dietary carbohydrate while starch is considered non-cariogenic for enamel and slightly cariogenic for dentine. The combination starch and sucrose (starch+sucrose) has been considered more cariogenic than sucrose alone but this subject remains debatable. Also, the effect of fluoride toothpaste on the cariogenicity of this combination is unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate: (i) the effect of starch+sucrose on enamel and dentine demineralization using an S. mutans biofilm model modified by adding human saliva to simulate amylase action; (ii) the in situ effect of fluoride toothpaste (FT) containing 1100 µg F/g on dentine demineralization progression; and (iii) the in situ effect of fluoride on the cariogenic potential of starch+sucrose on enamel and dentine demineralization. In vitro, S. mutans biofilms were grown on enamel and root dentine slabs for 5 and 4 days, respectively, in a saliva-containing medium and exposed to the following treatment: 1% starch; 10% sucrose; or starch+sucrose (8x/day). Biofilms were then analyzed for their biochemical and microbiological compositions, and dental demineralization was evaluated. Biofilms exposed to starch+sucrose were more acidogenic (p < 0.0001) and caused higher demineralization (p < 0.0001) on either enamel or dentine than those exposed to each carbohydrate alone. The in situ effect of FT on dentine demineralization was tested in a pilot crossover study, in which 10% sucrose was applied extra-orally to the slabs 8x/day in 2 phases of 14 days each. At days 10 and 14 of each phase, dentine demineralization was evaluated. The effect of toothpaste was significant (p<0.0001), but the effect of time was not (p>0.05). The results suggest that FT at 1100 µg F/g can reduce dentine demineralization even under high cariogenic challenges - biofilm accumulation and sugar exposure. The in situ effect of the treatments (water, 2% starch, 10% sucrose and starch+sucrose) and that of the toothpastes (non-FT and FT) were tested in a crossover, single-blind and split-mouth study conducted in 4 phases of 14 days each. The volunteers used two of the treatments 8 times/day and one of the toothpastes 3 times/day. The effect of the factors (toothpaste and treatments) was significant (p<0.05) for enamel and dentine, but not (p>0.05) for the interaction. The findings suggest that, regardless of the cariogenic challenge provoked by the different sources of the dietary sugars tested, fluoride toothpaste is effective in reducing enamel and dentine demineralization. In conclusion, the results suggest that starch may enhance the cariogenic potential of sucrose and fluoride from toothpaste reduces enamel and dentine demineralization caused by the combination of these carbohydrates / Doutorado / Cariologia / Doutora em Odontologia

Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-73). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter CHAPTER1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of Study --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- Review of Literature --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Energy Metabolism in Humans / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Amount of Energy Stores in Body / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Substrates Utilization during Prolonged Exercise / Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Pre-exercise Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pre-exercise CHO Supplementation / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Timing of CHO and Transient Hypoglycemia / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Type of CHO / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Nutrients / Chapter 2.3 --- Application of the Glycemic Index to Pre-exercise Nutrition --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Glycemic Index (GI) / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Ingestion of GI Foods Before Exercise / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Summary of the Previous Findings / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- Methodology --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Participants --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Design --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4 --- Procedures --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Prescribed Glycemic Index Meals --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6 --- Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER4 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Running Performance --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3 --- Physiological Changes At Rest and During Exercise --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- Changes in Perceptual Variables and Heart Rates At Rest and During Exercise --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER5 --- Discussion --- p.56 / Recommendation and Applications --- p.61 / References --- p.62 / Appendices --- p.74

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 126 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-115).