Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is estimated that 1.3 billion people worldwide are either overweight or obese, making this a global epidemic. An effective weight-loss method involves the lifestyle changes of increased physical activity and lowered energy intake. These changes are difficult to carry out and to maintain. As a result, there is a soaring demand for weight-loss aids, including dietary supplements, which exploit consumers’ eagerness to find an effortless weight-loss solution. These supplements are easily accessible, require no prescription and are heavily marketed to suggest that weight loss is achievable without exercise and dieting. One such dietary supplement, Bioslim, is tested in this study. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Bioslim results in greater weight loss than a placebo, and whether the marketing of the Bioslim brand has an influence on the placebo response. Overweight adults residing in Cape Town (n = 87) were recruited by advertising in community newspapers and setting up stands at shopping centres. The subjects were randomised into one of four groups: Bioslim in Bioslim packaging (n = 26), Bioslim in unbranded packaging (n = 22), placebo in Bioslim packaging (n = 17) and placebo in unbranded packaging (n = 22). At baseline, the subjects were given one of the four products and anthropometric measurements (weight, height and skinfold thickness) were taken. After four weeks, these measurements were repeated. The subjects also had to complete a questionnaire regarding their experiences. The body mass index (BMI) for the total population was 31.90 kg/m2 (SD = 3.91) at baseline and 31.89 kg/m2 (SD = 3.92) at follow-up. None of the measured anthropometric variables had changed significantly after four weeks. When the total study group sample was analysed, based on the allocated drug treatment groups (active or placebo), neither group showed significant weight loss from baseline to follow-up. Twenty-three subjects from the Bioslim group and 21 from the unbranded group reported exercising during the trial. The total group’s exercise time correlated significantly with fat-mass reduction (r = -0.31, p = 0.004). Furthermore, when data was analysed separately for the active and placebo groups, the active group showed a significant correlation (r = -0.45, p = 0.0012), while the placebo group showed an insignificant correlation (r = -0.05, p = 0.77). The same was not reflected in weight loss (r = -0.007, p = 0.95). It is concluded that Bioslim is an ineffective weight-loss supplement: subjects receiving active pills evidenced no significant beneficial changes in weight, waist circumference or body composition. More than half of the subjects attempted dieting and exercising, but these efforts were insufficient to impact on weight loss. The marketing and packaging of Bioslim did not enhance the placebo effect. One subject from the active group withdrew from the study, complaining of severe headaches and heart palpitations. There was no difference in adverse events reported by the remaining active and placebo group subjects. In conclusion, this study emphasises the need for better regulation of the efficacy and safety of dietary supplements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word geskat dat 1.3 biljoen mense wêreldwyd oorgewig of vetsugtig is, wat dit ‘n globale problem maak. ‘n Effektiewe gewigsverlies metode inkorporeer leefstyl veranderinge soos verhoogde fisiese aktiwiteit en ‘n laer energie inname. Hierdie veranderinge is moeilik om uit te voer en vol te hou. Die gevolg is ‘n stygende aanvraag vir gewigsverliesprodukte en supplemente, wat verbruikers se gretigheid om ‘n maklike gewigsverlies oplossing te kry, uitbuit. Hierdie supplemente is maklik verkrygbaar sonder ‘n voorskrif en word aggressief bemark met bewering dat gewigsverlies moontlik is sonder oefening en dieetaanpassing. Een van die beskikbare produkte, Bioslim, is getoets in die studie. Die doel van die studie was om te ondersoek of die gewigsverlies produk, Bioslim, lei tot ‘n groter gewigsverlies as ‘n plasebo produk en of die bemarking van die Bioslim handelsmerk ‘n invloed op die plasebo-effek het. Oorgewig volwassenes woonagtig in Kaapstad (n = 87) is gewerf deur advertering in gemeenskapskoerante en deur stalletjies by inkopiesentrums. Die proefpersone is ewekansig in vier groepe ingedeel: Bioslim in Bioslim verpakking (n = 26); Bioslim in verpakking sonder ‘n handelsmerk (n = 22); ‘n plasebo produk in Bioslim verpakking (n = 17) en ‘n plasebo produk in verpakking sonder ‘n handelsmerk (n = 17). Met aanvang van die studie is een van die vier produkte aan die proefpersone gegee en antropometriese metings (gewig, lengte en velvoudikte) is gemeet. Metings is na vier weke herhaal. Die proefpersone moes ook ‘n vraelys oor hul ervarings voltooi. Die liggaamsmassa indeks (LMI) van die totale populasie was 31,90 kg/m2 (SD = 3.91) by basislyn en 31.89 kg/m2 (SD = 3.92) met opvolg. Geen van die antropometriese veranderlikes het betekenisvol verander na vier weke nie. Met ontleding van die totale studie polulasie, gebasseer op die toegekende behandeling (aktiewe of plasebo bestanddele), is gevind dat geen groep ‘n betekenisvolle gewigsverlies getoon het van basislyn tot opvolg nie. Drie-en-twintig proefpersone uit die Bioslim groep en 21 uit die geen-handelsmerk-groep het gerapporteer dat hul geoefen het gedurende die studie. Die totale groep se oefenings tydsduur het betekenisvol gekorreleer met ‘n verlaging in vetmassa (r = -0.31, p = 0.004). Met verdere analiese van die data in die aktiewe en plasebo groepe, is gevind dat die aktiewe groep ‘n betekenisvolle korrelasie getoon het (r = -0.45, p = 0.0012), maar die plasebo groep nie (r = -0.05, p = 0.77). Hierdie bevinding is nie gevind in die gewigsverlies nie (r = -0.007, p = 0.95). Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat Bioslim ‘n oneffektiewe gewigsverlies supplement is, aangesien proefpersone wat die aktiewe pille geneem het, geen betekenisvolle voordelige veranderinge in hul gewig, middelomtrek of liggaamsamestelling getoon het nie. Alhoewel ‘n betekenisvolle korrelasie gevind is tussen oefeningsduur en verlies aan vetmassa in meer as die helfte van die proefpersone, was die omvang daarvan onvoldoende om ‘n impak op hul gewigsverlies te hê. Die bemarking en Bioslim handelsmerk het nie die placebo-effek versterk nie. Een persoon uit die aktiewe groep het van die studie onttrek as gevolg van erge hoofpyn en hartkloppings. Daar was geen verskil in die nadelige effekte gerapporteer deur die oorblywende proefpersone in die aktiewe en plasebo groepe nie. Ten slotte beklemtoon die studie die behoefte aan beter regulering van die effektiwiteit en veiligheid van dieetsupplemente.

Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of a new micronutrient, glutamine, pre- and probiotic enriched liquid nutritional supplement on the nutritional status and immunity of adults living with HIV/AIDS. The study was designed as a prospective randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were HIV-infected male and female adult volunteers (n = 47) from a community-based hospice centre in a peri-urban area in a resource-poor setting and were included irrespective of duration or clinical stage of HIV/AIDS. None of the subjects received antiretroviral therapy. METHOD: The intervention involved the daily ingestion of 40g (200 ml reconstituted) of either the enriched test product or an lsocalorie carbohydrate placebo for a period of 12 weeks. Anthropometric assessment (weight, height and triceps skinfold thickness; mid-upper arm, waist and hip circumferences) was performed at baseline and thereafter every 4 weeks (4 times). Biochemical (serum total protein, serum albumin and C-reactive protein) and haematological (full blood count and immunophenotyping) assessment was performed at baseline and again after week 12. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of baseline values was performed with Wilcoxon two-sample tests for comparison between the supplemented and placebo groups. Outcomes were evaluated using analysis of variance with Shapiro-Wilk tests and thereafter either pair-wise t-tests or sign tests (for nonparametric data) were used. Thirty-two subjects completed the trial, 14 in the supplemented group and 18 in the placebo group. Weight increased significantly in the supplemented group (2.73 ± 3.53 kg, P = 0.013). Triceps skinfold thickness increased significantly in both the supplemented (p = 0.047) and placebo group (p = 0.001). No other significant anthropometric change was observed. Serum albumin increased significantly in the supplemented group (p = 0.003) and was associated with a significant decline in C-reactive protein (p = 0.028). Haemoglobin decreased significantly in both groups. A significant decline in CD4+ count was observed in the placebo group while the decline in the supplemented group did not reach significance. CONCLUSION: Oral nutritional supplementation in limited quantities was well tolerated for a period of 3 months. This study demonstrated that an enriched nutritional supplement was able to promote weight gain and ameliorate hypoalbuminaemia and possibly inflammation in adults living with HIV/AIDS in the short to medium term. The enriched nutritional supplement does not appear to have an effect on the immunity of people with HIV/AIDS. The small sample is a limitation of the study and the conclusions pertain to the test product as a whole and not to any of its respective ingredients. Although further studies are required to evaluate long-term feasibility, these findings suggest that the use of an enriched nutritional supplement has a role in the management of weight loss in persons with HIV/AIDS. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING: Die doel van hierdie loodsstudie was om die uitwerking van 'n nuwe mikronutriënt, glutamien, pre- en probiotika verrykte voedingsaanvulling in vloeistof vorm te ondersoek. Die studie is ontwerp as 'n prospektiewe ewekansige dubbelblinde plasebogekontroleerde toets. Proefpersone was MIV-geïnfekteerde manlike and vroulike vrywilligers (n = 47) van 'n gemeenskapsgebaseerde hospitium in a semi-stedelike gebied in 'n hulpbron-arme omgewing. Proefpersone is ingesluit ongeag die duur of kliniese graad van MIVNIGS. Geen proefpersoon het antiretrovirale behandeling ontvang nie. METODE: Die intervensie het die daaglikse inname van 40g (200 ml gerekonstitueer) van óf die toetsproduk óf 'n isokaloriese koolhidraatplasebo gedurende 'n 12 week periode behels. Antropometriese evaluering (gewig, lengte en trisepsvelvoudikte; midbo-arm-, middel- en heupomtrekke) is uitgevoer met aanvang en daarna weer elke 4 weke (4 keer). Biochemiese (serum totale protein, serumalbumien en C-reaktiewe protein) en hematologiese (volbloedtelling en immunofenotipering) evaluering is uitgevoer met aanvang en weer na 12 weke. RESULTATE: Statistiese verwerking van basislyndata is gedoen deur middel van Wilcoxon twee-steekproef toetse waarmee vergelyking tussen die aangevulde en plasebogroep uitgevoer is. Studiegevolge is geëvalueer deur verspeidingsanalise met behulp van Shapiro-Wilk toetse waarna óf paargewyse t-toetse óf tekentoetse (vir nie-parametriese data) gebruik is. Twee-en-dertig proefpersone het die studietydperk voltooi, 14 in die aangevulde groep en 18 in die plasebogroep. Gewig het betekenisvol toegeneem in die aangevulde groep (2.73 ± 3.53 kg, p = 0.013). Triseps velvoudikte het betekenisvol toegeneem in beide die aangevulde (p = 0.047) en die plasebogroep (p = 0.001). Geen ander betekenisvolle antropometriese veranderinge is waargeneem nie. Serumalbumien het betekenisvol gestyg in die aangevulde groep (p = 0.003) en het gepaard gegaan met 'n betekenisvolle daling in C-reaktiewe protein (p = 0.028). Hemoglobienwaardes het in beide groepe betekenisvol gedaal. 'n Betekenisvolle daling in CD4+ telling is waargeneem in die plasebogroep terwyl die daling in die aangevulde groep nie betekenisvol was nie. GEVOLGTREKKING: Mondelingse voedingsaanvulling van 'n beperkte hoeveelheid was goed aanvaar en verdra oor 'n 3-maande tydperk. Hierdie studie toon dat 'n verrykte voedingsaanvulling in staat is om gewigstoename te bevorder en om hipoalbumienemie en moontlik ook inflammasie te verlig in volwassenes met MIVNIGS oor 'n kort tot medium tydperk. Die verrykte voedingsaanvulling blyk nie 'n effek op die immuniteit van mense met MIVNIGS te hê nie. Die klein steekproef is 'n beperking van die studie en die gevolgtrekkinge is slegs van toepassing op die toetsproduk as 'n geheel en nie op enige van die onderskeie bestanddele daarvan nie. Hoewel verdere studies nodig geag word om langtermyn uitvoerbaarheid te ondersoek, dui hierdie bevindinge daarop dat die gebruik van 'n verrykte voedingsaanvulling 'n rol speel in die beheer van gewigverlies in persone met MIVNIGS.

Thesis (MNutr)-- Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of a number of conditions including amongst others cancer, arthritic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Pycnogenol is a herbal dietary supplement derived from French maritime pine bark extract. Pycnogenol is standardised to contain 70 ± 5% procyanidin which is a powerful antioxidant. Pycnogenol is marketed as a supplement for preventing or treating a wide range of chronic conditions. Although several randomised controlled trials of Pycnogenol have been conducted to date, this evidence has not yet been systematically reviewed. Objectives: The aim was to carry out a systematic review in order to assess the efficacy and safety of Pycnogenol for the treatment of chronic disorders. Search methods The electronic databases CENTRAL (until 18 September 2010), MEDLINE (until 18 September 2010) and EMBASE (until 13 October 2010) were searched, as well as three trial registries. Furthermore the manufacturer of Pycnogenol was contacted and bibliographies of included studies were hand-searched. Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of Pycnogenol in adults or children with any chronic disorder were included. The primary outcomes were any clinical outcomes directly related to the disorder (stratified as participant- and investigator-reported) as well as all-cause mortality. Adverse events and biomarkers of oxidative stress were also assessed. Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility, extracted all data and judged methodological quality. A third author additionally extracted information on outcomes and results. With two exceptions, results for outcomes across studies could not be pooled mainly due to poor quality reporting. Study authors were contacted for additional information. Results: This review includes 15 RCTs with a total of 791 participants that have evaluated Pycnogenol for the treatment of seven different chronic disorders. The disorders included asthma (2 studies; N = 86), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (1 study; N = 61), chronic venous insufficiency (2 studies; N = 60), diabetes mellitus (4 studies; N = 201), erectile dysfunction (1 study; N = 21), hypertension (2 studies; N = 69) and osteoarthritis of the knee (3 studies; N = 293). Two of the studies were conducted exclusively in children; the others involved adults. Due to small sample size, limited numbers of trials per condition, variation in selected outcomes and outcomes measures and the risk of bias no definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy or safety of Pycnogenol are possible. Authors’ conclusions: Current evidence is insufficient to support Pycnogenol use for the treatment of any chronic disorder. Well designed, adequately powered trials are recommended to establish the value of this treatment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Oksidatiewe stres blyk ’n rol te speel in die ontwikkeling van ’n verskeidenheid siektes onder andere kanker, artritis en kardiovaskulêre siektes. Pycnogenol, ‘n kruie-bevattende dieetaanvulling wat uit Franse denneboombas vervaardig word, is gestandaardiseer om 70 ± 5% prosianidien – ’n kragtige anti-oksidant – te bevat. Die produk word bemark om ‘n wye reeks chroniese siektes te voorkom of te behandel. Alhoewel daar tot op hede verskeie kliniese proewe op Pycnogenol uitgevoer is, is die uitkomstes nog nie met behulp van ‘n stelselmatiese oorsig geëvalueer nie. Doelwitte: Die doel van hierdie studie was om met behulp van ‘n stelselmatiese oorsig die doeltreffendheid en veiligheid van Pycnogenol ten opsigte van die behandeling van chroniese siektes te evalueer. Soektogstrategie: Die elektroniese databasisse CENTRAL (tot 18 September 2010), MEDLINE (tot 18 September 2010) en EMBASE (tot 13 Oktober 2010) is deursoek, asook drie registers met kliniese proewe. Verder is die vervaardiger van Pycnogenol gekontak en is daar met die hand deur bibliografieë van ingeslote studies gesif. Keuringskriteria: Ewekansige gekontroleerde proewe (RCT’s) is ingesluit waarin die effektiwiteit van Pycnogenol in volwassenes of kinders met enige chroniese siekte geëvalueer is. Enige kliniese uitkomste wat direk aan die chroniese siekte verwant is (gesorteer as deelnemer- of ondersoeker-gerapporteerde uitkomstes) asook mortaliteit (enige oorsake) is as die primêre uitkomstes ondersoek. Dataversameling en -ontleding: Twee navorsers het onafhanklik van mekaar proewe gekeur, alle relevante data onttrek en gehalte van die metodiek beoordeel. ‘n Derde navorser het die resultate van die uitkomstes bykomend onttrek. Met twee uitsonderings, kon resultate van uitkomstes van die verskillende ingeslote studies kon nie statisties saamgevoeg word nie, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van swak rapportering. Skrywers van die ingeslote studies is in verband met die verlangde inligting gekontak. Resultate: Vyftien RCT’s met ‘n totaal van 791 deelnemers is ingesluit. In hierdie studies is Pycnogenol vir die behandeling van sewe verskillende chroniese siektes geëvalueer: asma (2 studies; N = 86), aandagafleibaarheid-hiperaktiwiteitsgebreksindroom (1 studie; N = 61), chroniese veneuse ontoereikendheid (2 studies; N = 60), diabetes mellitus (4 studies; N = 201), erektiele disfunksie (1 studie; N = 21), hipertensie (2 studies; N = 69) en osteo-artritis van die knie (3 studies; N = 293). Twee van hierdie studies is uitsluitlik met kinders gedoen; die res was volwassenes. As gevolg van klein steekproewe, ‘n beperkte aantal studies per siekte, wisseling in uitkomstes en die risiko vir sydigheid kan geen definitiewe gevolgtrekking oor die doeltreffendheid en veiligheid van Pycnogenol gemaak word nie. Skrywers se gevolgtrekking: Tans is daar nie voldoende wetenskaplike bewyse om Pycnogenol-gebruik vir die behandeling van enige chroniese siekte aan te beveel nie. Goed ontwerpte proewe met ‘n voldoende aantal deelnemers word aanbeveel om die waarde van hierdie behandeling onomwonde vas te stel.

As vacas leiteiras necessitam logo após o parto ingerir grande quantidade de energia para sustentar a síntese de leite que aumenta linearmente. Com isso o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de óleo de palma na forma protegida como suplemento na alimentação de vacas leiteiras, sobre a dinâmica corporal, produção e composição do leite, perfil metabólico e reprodução. O experimento foi conduzido nos meses de julho e agosto de 2013 no município de Chopinzinho –Paraná, foram utilizadas 27 vacas da raça Holandesa com peso médio de 651 ±82,7 Kg, distribuídas conforme delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC) de acordo com a fase de lactação (0 a 90 dias) e três tratamentos de níveis de inclusão de gordura protegida Magnapac® (Madrid, Espanha). Os blocos foram formados a partir da produção média de leite, devidamente equilibrados por peso, idade, número de crias. Os tratamentos constituíram da inclusão de gordura protegida de óleo de palma na proporção de 0, 250 e 500 g/animal/dia. As pesagens de leite e coleta para análise da composição centesimal, bem com as coletas de sangue foram realizadas nos dias 07, 14 e 30 após início da suplementação. Os diagnósticos reprodutivos foram realizados nos dias 0 e 30.Os resultados da produção total de leite não apresentaram efeito significativo (P>0,05) em relação aos diferentes níveis de gordura protegida. Quanto à composição centesimal do leite os parâmetros, gordura, proteína, lactose, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado, ureia e contagem de células somáticas não tiveram efeito significativo (P>0,05). No perfil metabólico as variáveis que apresentaram aumento linear (P<0,05) foram Colesterol Total e Colesterol-LDL as demais variáveis, aspartato amino transferase, gama glutamil transferase, albumina, proteínas totais, uréia, fosfatase alcalina, colesterol hdl e triglicerídeos não foram influenciadas (P>0,05). Em relação a parte reprodutiva a suplementação com gordura promoveu aumento na taxa de prenhez e retorno ao cio nos grupos 250 e 500 gramas, bem como diminui a quantidade de vacas em anestro. A suplementação de gordura protegida de óleo de palma na dieta de vacas leiteiras se mostrou eficiente no aumento dos níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total e colesterol – LDL, promovendo melhorias na reprodução, porém não altera significativamente a produção de leite bem como sua composição. / Dairy cows need to eat right after childbirth lot of energy to support milk synthesis increases linearly. With the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of palm oil in protected form as a supplement in the diet of dairy cows on body dynamics, production and milk composition, metabolic profile and reproduction. The experiment was conducted in the months of July and August 2013 in the city of Paraná, Chopinzinho, 27 Holstein cows were used with an average weight of 651 ± 82.7 kg, distributed according to a randomized block design (RBD) according to lactation (0-90 days) and three treatments inclusion levels of protected fat Magnapac ® (Madrid, Spain). The blocks were formed from the average milk production, properly balanced for weight, age, number of offspring. The treatments included the Protected fat of palm oil in the proportion of 0, 250 and 500 g / animal / day. The weight of milk and collection for analysis of chemical composition, as well as blood samples were taken on days 07, 14 and 30 after starting supplementation. Reproductive diagnoses were made on days 0 and 30.Os results of total milk production showed no significant effect (P> 0.05) in relation to different levels of protected fat. On proximate composition of milk parameters, fat, protein, lactose, total solids, nonfat dry extract, urea and somatic cell count had no significant effect (P> 0.05). The metabolic profile variables that showed a linear increase (P <0.05) Total Cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol other variables, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, albumin, total protein, urea, alkaline phosphatase, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides did not were affected (P> 0.05). Regarding reproductive part supplementation with fat promoted an increase in pregnancy rate and return to estrus in groups 250 and 500 grams, as well as decreases the amount of cows in anestrus. The supplementation of protected fat of palm oil in the diet of dairy cows proved effective in increasing plasma levels of total cholesterol and LDL - cholesterol, promoting improvements in reproduction, but does not significantly alter milk production and its composition. / 5000

A 1,3-dimetilamilamina (DMAA) é um estimulante que passou a ser adicionada aos suplementos alimentares e compostos emagrecedores a partir de 2006, sendo amplamente consumida por atletas e militares americanos. No entanto, após relatos de toxicidade a DMAA foi proibida por agências regulatórias do Brasil e Estados Unidos. Porém, mesmo após a sua proibição, a DMAA ainda pode ser encontrada em suplementos alimentares. A sua origem foi relacionada ao óleo essencial de Pelargonium graveolens, e, no entanto, inúmeros autores questionaram os resultados originais e a sua origem natural. Adicionalmente, os óleos essenciais de espécies de Pelargonium tiveram a sua atividade antimicrobiana reportada frente a bactérias e fungos. Assim, considerando os aspectos abordados, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a presença de DMAA nos óleos essenciais de Pelargonium spp. por GC-MS, DART-MS/MS e LC-MS/MS; assim como nas folhas das mesmas espécies, utilizando a extração por headspace, previamente otimizada, seguida de análise por GC-MS. Também se propôs a investigar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de P. graveolens de diferentes origens e desenvolver uma formulação contendo uma nanoemulsão do óleo para o tratamento de candidíase vaginal. Por fim, teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia de screening para avaliar a presença de DMAA e outros estimulantes em suplementos alimentares apreendidos, através de DART-MS/MS. Os resultados revelaram que a DMAA não está presente nos óleos essenciais de diferentes espécies de Pelargonium spp. obtidos por hidrodestilação, do Rio Grande do Sul. Após a otimização através de desenho experimental, a técnica de headspace provou ser eficaz na extração dos constituintes voláteis presentes nas folhas e, no entanto, a DMAA não foi detectada, assim como nos óleos essenciais comerciais de P. graveolens do Brasil, China, Egito, África do Sul, Albânia e Ilhas Reunião. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram atividade antifúngica frente às cinco espécies de Candida. Ainda, este efeito antifúngico apresentou melhores resultados com a nanoformulação contendo o óleo essencial. A análise de screening por DART-MS/MS se mostrou eficaz na detecção de DMAA, efedrina, sinefrina, cafeína, sibutramina e metilfenidato, em amostras de suplementos alimentares apreendidos, apresentando resultados positivos para todos os estimulantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nos objetivos propostos, verificou-se que mesmo após a 12 utilização de três técnicas analíticas distintas e uma nova alternativa para extração dos constituintes voláteis, a DMAA não foi econtrada nos óleos essenciais e nas folhas das espécies de Pelargonium, corroborando com outros estudos realizados, e indicando que a sua origem não é natural nestas espécies. A formulação final contendo a nanoemulsão com o óleo essencial apresentou atividade antifúngica superior a do óleo essencial livre. As análises das amostras apreendidas mostraram que mesmo após a sua proibição pelas agências regulatórias, os suplementos contendo DMAA e outros estimulantes ainda são comercializados, representando um grande risco para a saúde dos seus usuários. / 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a stimulant that started to be added in dietary supplements and weight loss compounds since 2006 and is widely consumed by athletes and the USA army. However, after reports of toxicity DMAA has been banned by regulatory agencies in Brazil and United States. However, even after its prohibition, DMAA still can be found in dietary supplements. Its origin was related to the essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens, and, however, many authors questioned the results and its natural origin. In addition, the essential oils of species of Pelargonium, had their antimicrobial activity reported against bacteria and fungi. Considering the aspects mentioned, this work aimed to determine the presence of DMAA in the essential oils by GC-MS, DART-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS; as well as in the leaves of the same species using the headspace extraction, previously optimized, followed by analysis through GC-MS. It has also been proposed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils of P. graveolens from different origins and develop a formulation containing an oil nanoemulsion for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Finally, it aimed to develop a screening method to evaluate the presence of DMAA and other stimulants in seized dietary supplements by DART-MS/MS. The results showed that DMAA is not present in the Rio Grande do Sul’s essential oils of Pelargonium spp. obtained by hydrodistillation. After optimization through experimental design, the headspace technique proved to be effective in extracting volatile constituents present in the leaves and, however, DMAA was not detected, as well as in commercial essential oils of P. graveolens from Brazil, China, Egypt, South Africa, Albania and Reunion Islands. The essential oils presented antifungal activity against five Candida species. Furthermore, this antifungal effect presented better results with the nanoformulation containing essential oil. DART-MS/MS screening was effective in detection of DMAA, ephedrine, synephrine, caffeine, sibutramine and methylphenidate in seized dietary supplements, showing positive results for all stimulants. Based on the results obtained and proposed objectives, it was verified that even after using three different analytical techniques and a new alternative for volatile constituents extraction, DMAA was not found in essential oils and leaves of Pelargonium spp., corroborating with other studies carried out, and indicating that its origin is not natural in these species. The final formulation containing the nanoemulsion with the essential oil had antifungal activity superior compared to 14 dispersed essential oil. The analysis of seized samples showed that even after its prohibition by regulatory agencies, supplements containing DMAA and other stimulants are still commercialized, representing a major health risk for their users.

A 1,3-dimetilamilamina (DMAA) é um estimulante que passou a ser adicionada aos suplementos alimentares e compostos emagrecedores a partir de 2006, sendo amplamente consumida por atletas e militares americanos. No entanto, após relatos de toxicidade a DMAA foi proibida por agências regulatórias do Brasil e Estados Unidos. Porém, mesmo após a sua proibição, a DMAA ainda pode ser encontrada em suplementos alimentares. A sua origem foi relacionada ao óleo essencial de Pelargonium graveolens, e, no entanto, inúmeros autores questionaram os resultados originais e a sua origem natural. Adicionalmente, os óleos essenciais de espécies de Pelargonium tiveram a sua atividade antimicrobiana reportada frente a bactérias e fungos. Assim, considerando os aspectos abordados, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a presença de DMAA nos óleos essenciais de Pelargonium spp. por GC-MS, DART-MS/MS e LC-MS/MS; assim como nas folhas das mesmas espécies, utilizando a extração por headspace, previamente otimizada, seguida de análise por GC-MS. Também se propôs a investigar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de P. graveolens de diferentes origens e desenvolver uma formulação contendo uma nanoemulsão do óleo para o tratamento de candidíase vaginal. Por fim, teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia de screening para avaliar a presença de DMAA e outros estimulantes em suplementos alimentares apreendidos, através de DART-MS/MS. Os resultados revelaram que a DMAA não está presente nos óleos essenciais de diferentes espécies de Pelargonium spp. obtidos por hidrodestilação, do Rio Grande do Sul. Após a otimização através de desenho experimental, a técnica de headspace provou ser eficaz na extração dos constituintes voláteis presentes nas folhas e, no entanto, a DMAA não foi detectada, assim como nos óleos essenciais comerciais de P. graveolens do Brasil, China, Egito, África do Sul, Albânia e Ilhas Reunião. Os óleos essenciais apresentaram atividade antifúngica frente às cinco espécies de Candida. Ainda, este efeito antifúngico apresentou melhores resultados com a nanoformulação contendo o óleo essencial. A análise de screening por DART-MS/MS se mostrou eficaz na detecção de DMAA, efedrina, sinefrina, cafeína, sibutramina e metilfenidato, em amostras de suplementos alimentares apreendidos, apresentando resultados positivos para todos os estimulantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos e nos objetivos propostos, verificou-se que mesmo após a 12 utilização de três técnicas analíticas distintas e uma nova alternativa para extração dos constituintes voláteis, a DMAA não foi econtrada nos óleos essenciais e nas folhas das espécies de Pelargonium, corroborando com outros estudos realizados, e indicando que a sua origem não é natural nestas espécies. A formulação final contendo a nanoemulsão com o óleo essencial apresentou atividade antifúngica superior a do óleo essencial livre. As análises das amostras apreendidas mostraram que mesmo após a sua proibição pelas agências regulatórias, os suplementos contendo DMAA e outros estimulantes ainda são comercializados, representando um grande risco para a saúde dos seus usuários. / 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a stimulant that started to be added in dietary supplements and weight loss compounds since 2006 and is widely consumed by athletes and the USA army. However, after reports of toxicity DMAA has been banned by regulatory agencies in Brazil and United States. However, even after its prohibition, DMAA still can be found in dietary supplements. Its origin was related to the essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens, and, however, many authors questioned the results and its natural origin. In addition, the essential oils of species of Pelargonium, had their antimicrobial activity reported against bacteria and fungi. Considering the aspects mentioned, this work aimed to determine the presence of DMAA in the essential oils by GC-MS, DART-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS; as well as in the leaves of the same species using the headspace extraction, previously optimized, followed by analysis through GC-MS. It has also been proposed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oils of P. graveolens from different origins and develop a formulation containing an oil nanoemulsion for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Finally, it aimed to develop a screening method to evaluate the presence of DMAA and other stimulants in seized dietary supplements by DART-MS/MS. The results showed that DMAA is not present in the Rio Grande do Sul’s essential oils of Pelargonium spp. obtained by hydrodistillation. After optimization through experimental design, the headspace technique proved to be effective in extracting volatile constituents present in the leaves and, however, DMAA was not detected, as well as in commercial essential oils of P. graveolens from Brazil, China, Egypt, South Africa, Albania and Reunion Islands. The essential oils presented antifungal activity against five Candida species. Furthermore, this antifungal effect presented better results with the nanoformulation containing essential oil. DART-MS/MS screening was effective in detection of DMAA, ephedrine, synephrine, caffeine, sibutramine and methylphenidate in seized dietary supplements, showing positive results for all stimulants. Based on the results obtained and proposed objectives, it was verified that even after using three different analytical techniques and a new alternative for volatile constituents extraction, DMAA was not found in essential oils and leaves of Pelargonium spp., corroborating with other studies carried out, and indicating that its origin is not natural in these species. The final formulation containing the nanoemulsion with the essential oil had antifungal activity superior compared to 14 dispersed essential oil. The analysis of seized samples showed that even after its prohibition by regulatory agencies, supplements containing DMAA and other stimulants are still commercialized, representing a major health risk for their users.

abstract: Dietary supplement (DS) use among adults is on the rise. This growing trend in DS use mirrors the quick and exponential growth of the fitness industry. The fitness industry focuses on the “appearance of health”, although some individuals focus on their appearance over and above their health. As a result of this focus on appearance, certain aspects of this unregulated industry promote unhealthy standards of beauty and an increase in negative body image, and influences at-risk youth to engage in dangerous practices such as extreme diet and exercise routines, or the misuse of dietary supplements. All of these factors have been linked to appearance and performance enhancing drug use, which is associated with substance use in athletes and non-athletes. This study sought to explore the role of gender as it pertained to dietary supplement use, specifically how gender differences amongst predictors of DS use (including BMI, physical activity, and body image) were associated with overall substance use in college students. The relationship between current DS use and other substance use was also examined. Students recruited from ASU fitness centers completed a survey which included questions on demographics, height and weight to calculate BMI, and several published, standardized questionnaires used to measure drug use, physical activity, body image, steroid and ephedrine use and attitudes, and dietary supplement use. There were significant gender differences in DS use as well as predictors or DS use. Controlling for demographic information, energy enhancing DS use and knowing someone who used steroids increased the likelihood an individual intended on using steroids in the future. Body image was not related to substance use in males, and physical activity mediated the relationship between DS use and substance use in males. While body image was associated with substance use in females, neither physical activity nor body image mediated the relationship between DS use and substance use in females. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2017

O colágeno hidrolisado é usado como suplemento alimentar, com intuito de suprir a perda de colágeno que ocorre com a idade. Com cadeia polipeptídica longa e peso molecular de aproximadamente 300 kDa, o colágeno em sua forma nativa possui baixa absorção pelo organismo humano. Para se obter um produto de fácil absorção é necessário hidrolisar o colágeno pela ação de enzimas, onde a matéria prima utilizada tem sido o colágeno obtido de fontes diversas, como couro do peixe, pele de frango, entre outras. Este trabalho teve como objetivo tratar colágeno de raspas de couro bovino com diferentes enzimas para se obter colágeno com frações peptídicas que o tornem facilmente absorvíveis pelo organismo. O colágeno isolado foi submetido à digestão por 6 diferentes enzimas (pepsina, colagenase, neutrase, tripsina, papaína e alcalase) nas concentrações de 0,5 e 1 g/100g de enzima sobre substrato (E/S) por 1, 2 e 4 horas de tratamento. Após o tratamento os produtos oriundos das digestões foram submetidos à eletroforese Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate - Polyacrilamide Gel Eletrophoresis para avaliação da massa molecular obtidas. Independentemente do tempo e concentração de enzima utilizadas, os tratamentos com pepsina e colagenase apresentaram frações peptídicas acima de 40 kDa. Já os tratamentos com neutrase e tripsina apresentaram amplo intervalo de fracionamento, sendo que os produtos obtidos variamram de 10 a 120 kDa. As menores frações peptídicas foram obtidas com as enzimas papaína e alcalase. A papaína não produziu bandas definidas e seu fracionamento se mostrou dependente do tempo e concentração de enzima, onde produziu todas as frações abaixo de 25 kDa somente após 4 horas de tratamento contendo 1 g/100g E/S. No entanto o tratamento contendo 0,5 g/100g de alcalase por 4 horas, e os tratamentos contendo 1 g/100g desta enzima foram capazes de fracionar todo o colágeno em bandas abaixo de 25 kDa. A papaína apesar de ter frações abaixo de 25 kDa se mostrou menos eficiente quando comparado com a alcalase, que atingiu o objetivo em um menor tempo e concentração. Desta forma as enzimas papaína e alcalase mostraram potencial na produção de colágeno hidrolisado. Estudos mais aprofundados devem ser realizados com ambas as enzimas, para caracterizar o hidrolisado produzido e determinar suas aplicações comerciais. / Hydrolyzed collagen is used as food supplement, with intention to supply the collagen loss that occurs by aging. With long polypeptide chain and molecular weight of about 300 kDa, the native form of collagen presents low absorption by the human body. To obtain an easy absorbable product, hydrolysis of collagen by enzymes action is necessary, whereas collagen from variables fonts has been used as raw material as fish leather, chicken leather, and others. The aim of this work was to treat collagen from bovine hide splits by deferent enzymes to obtain collagen peptides fractions easy absorbable by the human body. The isolated collagen was digested by 6 deferent enzymes (pepsin, collagenase, neutrase, trypsin, papain and alcalase) in concentrations of 0,5 e 1 g/100g E/S by 1, 2 and 4 hours treatment. After treatments, the products from digestions were submitted to electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for evaluation of molecular weight obtained. Independent of time and concentration of enzymes used, the treatment with pepsin and collagenase showed peptidic fraction over 40 kDa. Treatments with neutrase and trypsin showed wide interval of peptidic fraction, being that the products obtained ranged from 10 to 120 kDa. The best peptidic fractions were obtained by treatments with the enzymes papain and alcalase. The papain did not produced defined band and the fractioning showed dependent of time and concentration of enzyme, whereas produced only fractions lower than 25 kDa after 4 hours treatment with 1 g/100g E/S. however the treatment containing 0,5 g/100g of alcalase by 4 hours, and the ones with 1 g/100g of this enzyme were capable to fractionate all the collagen content in band lower than 25 kDa. The papain although has produced fraction lower than 25 kDa, showed lower efficiency when compared to alcalase, that reached the goal in a shorter time and concentration. In this way papain and alcalase showed potential on hydrolyzed collagen production. Further studies involving booth enzymes should be made, to characterize the hydrolysate produced and the commercial application.

Orientadores: Maria Marluce dos Santos Vilela, Marcos Tadeu Nolasco da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T23:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreno_YaraMariaFranco_D.pdf: 3992363 bytes, checksum: 27e3ae89f5883d30e1a390c0adcbdaae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As crianças infectadas pelo HIV-1 despertam preocupações especiais em relação à nutrição e ao estado de saúde, pois os efeitos imunossupressores da infecção as colocam em situação de grande risco para complicações infecciosas e déficits no estado nutricional. O desenvolvimento de estratégias que visem a recuperação do estado nutricional e o estímulo da resposta imunológica é de grande interesse para indivíduos que se encontram imunodeprimidos. A suplementação alimentar com as proteínas do soro de leite bovino é reconhecida como efetiva em estimular o sistema imunológico, pelo aumento da síntese de glutationa. Esse antioxidante se encontra reduzido nos indivíduos infectados pelo HIV-1 e correlaciona-se com a progressão da AIDS. Com o objetivo de conhecer a influência da suplementação alimentar oral com suplementos contendo proteínas de soro de leite bovino, nativas, hidrolisadas ou enriquecidas com pré-bióticos, sobre o estado nutricional, composição corporal e sistema imune inato e adaptativo em crianças infectadas pelo HIV-1, foi realizado ensaio clínico, prospectivo, duplo-cego, com crianças, entre 2 a 16 anos de idade que receberam suplemento nutricional oral contendo proteínas do soro de leite bovino hidrolisadas, nativas ou enriquecidas com pré-bioticos ao longo de três meses. O estado nutricional foi determinado pelo ganho de peso, crescimento e ingestão alimentar; a composição corporal, através do perímetro braquial e pregas cutâneas. A avaliação do sistema imune compreendeu a caracterização da imunidade celular, avaliada pela fenotipagem dos linfócitos T (CD4+, CD8+ e gama-delta), proliferação linfocitária específica para o BCG e, produção de citocinas (TNF-a, IFN-?, IL-10 e IL-4) em sobrenadantes de cultura além da determinação de glutationa nos eritrócitos. O grupo de comparação, para a avaliação imunológica, foi composto por crianças expostas mas não infectadas pelo HIV-1 com idade entre 2 a 10 anos. Não foi observada influência da suplementação alimentar sobre o estado nutricional ou sobre a composição corporal. Em relação a imunidade celular, observou-se aumento da proliferação específica para o BCG no grupo que recebeu o suplemento enriquecido com pré-bióticos e, aumento da proliferação linfocitária e produção de IFN-? específicos para o BCG no grupo que recebeu o suplemento com proteínas nativas. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que a suplementação alimentar com proteínas do soro de leite bovino ou pré-bióticos podem ter ação moduladora do sistema imune / Abstract: Special concerns have arisen in regard to HIV-1 infected children about their nutritional and health status due to the immunosuppressive effects. The development of strategies for improvement in the nutritional status and immune response is of great interest for immunocompromised patients. Nutritional supplementation with whey proteins is recognized as stimulating the immune system to increase glutathione synthesis. The levels of this antioxidant are reduced in HIV-1 infected individuals and are correlated with disease progression. With the objective of investigating the influence of oral supplementation with bovine whey proteins (native, hydrolyzed or enriched with prebiotics) on nutritional status, body composition, and innate and adaptative immune system in a group of HIV-1 infected children, between 2 and 16 years old, a prospective, double-blind clinical trial was conducted. During the experiment, children received oral whey proteins supplement for 3 months. The nutritional status was assessed by weight gain, growth and food intake while midarm circumference and skinfold thickness were used to determine body composition. The immune system was evaluated by the percentual of CD4+, CD8+ and gamma-delta T lymphocytes, BCG-specific lymphoproliferation and cytokine (TNF-a, IFN-?, IL-10 e IL-4) production on supernatant cultures and glutathione levels. Data were submitted to statistical analysis. The control group was composed of HIV-exposed but non-infected children. Oral supplementation did not influence nutritional status or body composition, but BCG-specific lymphoproliferation was enhanced in the group that received prebiotic enriched supplement. An increase of BCG-specific lymphoproliferation and IFN-? production was observed in the native whey protein supplemented group. These data suggest that nutritional supplementation with native or prebiotic enriched bovine whey proteins increase the BCG memory response in HIV-infected children / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Orientador: Everardo Magalhães Carneiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:09:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_RosaneAparecida_D.pdf: 2339564 bytes, checksum: 146ea5a2123d76628db5f4758417e020 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste estudo, investigamos os efeitos da suplementação com taurina (TAU; 2% adicionada à água de beber) sobre a tolerância à glicose e a secreção de insulina frente a diferentes secretagogos em camundongos adultos. Camundongos suplementados apresentaram aumento da tolerância à glicose e da sensibilidade à insulina. Ilhotas isoladas destes animais secretaram mais insulina em resposta à glicose e L-leucina. A oxidação da L-leucina foi maior no grupo TAU, não havendo diferenças quanto ao consumo de glicose, concentrações de ATP e expressão do transportador da glicose (GLUT) 2 e da glicoquinase (GCK). A captação de Ca2+, na presença de glicose, e a expressão protéica da subunidade ß2 do canal de Ca2+ sensível à voltagem foi maior no grupo TAU comparado ao controle (CTL). Ainda, a expressão protéica da PL (fosfolipase) C ß 2 e da PK (proteína quinase) Aa, bem como a secreção de insulina em resposta a agentes potencializadores tais como carbacol (Cch) e IBMX, foi maior nas ilhotas TAU. A mobilização intracelular de Ca2+ induzida por Cch foi também maior em ilhotas deste grupo, e observamos que a inibição da PKA reduziu a captação de Ca2+ em resposta à glicose no grupo suplementado. Além disso, ilhotas TAU secretaram mais glucagon em relação a ilhotas CTL, quando em presença de baixa concentração de glicose. Concluindo, a suplementação com TAU melhora a homeostase glicêmica e aumenta a secreção de insulina de ilhotas isoladas e incubadas na presença de nutrientes e agentes potencializadores da secreção. Os efeitos sobre a secreção estão relacionados ao melhor manejo dos íons Ca2+ pelas células insulares provenientes dos animais suplementados com TAU. / Abstract: In this study, we investigated the effects of taurine (TAU)-supplementation (2% in the drinking water) on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion stimulated by different secretagogues in adult mice. TAU-supplemented mice showed enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when compared to controls (CTL). In addition, their islets secreted more insulin in response to high concentrations of glucose and L-leucine. L-[U-14C]leucine oxidation was higher in TAU islets compared with CTL islets, whereas D-[U-14C]glucose oxidation, ATP levels, and the protein expression of the glucose transporter (GLUT) 2 and of glucokinase (GCK) were similar. 45Ca uptake induced by high glucose concentrations was increased in TAU islets as well as the expression of the ß2 subunit of the L-type Ca2+ channel. In addition, the insulin secretion induced by carbachol (Cch) and IBMX, but not, by forskolin and PMA was higher in TAU-supplemented compared with CTL islets. The higher insulin secretion in the presence of Cch is accompanied by an increase in the expression of PL (phospholipase) C ß 2 protein and a higher intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Besides, TAU-supplemented islets showed increased PK (protein kinase) Aa expression. Since the increase in Ca2+ uptake induced by glucose in TAU islets was minimized by the presence of the PKA inhibitor, H89, this kinase seems to be important for the better Ca2+ handling in these islets. TAUsupplementation also turns the a-cells more sensitivity since these cells secreted more glucagons compared with CTL islets. In conclusion, TAU supplementation enhances glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice and turns the islets more sensitive to nutrients and to potentiators of secretion. The effect on insulin secretion seems to be linked to a better Ca2+ handling by ß-cells. / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular