Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4204961 bytes, checksum: 04b03cee1fd917ea7d3352dc63e749b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to investigate the characteristics and trends of internal migration of people with high education in Brazil, trying specifically to identify regional patterns of skilled migration, its main determinants and the behavior of the "hourly wage" earned by migrants and non-migrants. Using the Census IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) population for the years 2000 and 2010, the present research was divided in two trials. The first one evaluates routes performed by skilled migrants amid different territorial areas (regional, state, and meso-regional micro-regional) between the five-year periods 1995-2000 and 2005-2010. From it, the evidence shows that, in all areas analyzed, the South and Southeast regions have a higher amount of qualified people among its residents, as well as recorded the highest reception and issuing qualified in Brazil in both periods considered. Regarding the routes investigated, it has been established that most of the skilled returnees to their places of origin left the Northeast and Southeast regions, having as main target the Southeast. Also noteworthy agglomerations type high-high amid the North and Northeast to conduct a spatial analysis of Brazilian micro-regions during 2010, as agglomerations of type low-low are observed between the South and Southeast regions. The second essay, in turn, aims to analyze the joint determination of the decision to migrate and wages earned by workers with high education in Brazil. In this regard, it was noted that the skilled migrant is positively selected in unobserved productive attributes. Furthermore, when analyzing the group of migrants, it appears that men earn, on average, more than women (omitted category), those who declared themselves to black and brown have lower income compared to those reported color white (omitted category), the worker with a post-graduate degree has a higher "hourly wage" than the worker with a graduate degree and that unregistered workers as well as those of their own, have a lower yield than that acquired by the employee with formal contract. As variables considered location, one can ascertain that those living in urban areas earn an average "hourly wage" higher than those living in rural areas (omitted category). Just as those who reside in the metropolitan area and the North region states have higher income than those who live in non-metropolitan area (omitted category) and the state of São Paulo (omitted category), respectively. Now regarding the probability to migrate, it was observed that a man who holds graduate, live in the North and Southeast of the country and which has got a social networks, increase the chances of effecting skilled migration. In addition, there was a counterfactual exercise on income earned by migrants and non-migrants qualified in order to verify the rationality of the decisions of both groups. Thus, the results indicate that conferred the migrant has positive selectivity, since skilled workers who migrated recorded a higher hourly wage than those who did not migrate. Moreover, based on counterfactual exercise performed, ascertained that the choices made by both groups were rational, given that the income received was larger when considering the factual decisions (migrants - migrant and not migrated - not migrated) than observed when the counterfactual analysis (migrant - not migrated and non-migrant - migrated). Finally, one can still see that skilled workers who decided to migrate typically have the following characteristics: male, white, 36-years-old (on average), employed with contract, who lives in metropolitan urban areas and in the Southeast. / Esta dissertação tem por finalidade investigar as características e tendências das migrações internas de pessoas com alta instrução no Brasil, buscando-se especificamente identificar os padrões regionais da migração qualificada, seus principais determinantes e o comportamento do salário-hora auferido pelos migrantes e não migrantes. Utilizando o Censo Demográfico do IBGE para os anos de 2000 e 2010, a pesquisa em questão foi distribuída em dois ensaios. O primeiro avalia as rotas realizadas pelos migrantes qualificados em meio a diferentes âmbitos territoriais (regional, estadual, mesorregional e microrregional) entre os quinquênios de 1995-2000 e 2005-2010. A partir dele, as evidências mostram que, em todos os âmbitos analisados, as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentam maior quantidade de qualificados em meio aos seus residentes, assim como também registraram maior recepção e emissão de qualificados no território brasileiro em ambos os períodos considerados. No tocante as rotas averiguadas, ainda foi possível apurar que grande parte dos qualificados que retornaram aos seus locais de origem saíram das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste e teve como principal destino a região Sudeste. Destacam-se também aglomerações do tipo alto-alto em meio às regiões Norte e Nordeste ao realizar uma análise espacial das microrregiões brasileiras no período de 2010, à medida que aglomerações do tipo baixo-baixo são observadas entre as regiões Sul e Sudeste. O segundo ensaio, por sua vez, tem por objetivo analisar a determinação conjunta da decisão de migrar e dos salários auferidos por trabalhadores de alta instrução no Brasil. Nesse sentido, notou-se que o migrante qualificado é positivamente selecionado em atributos produtivos não observados. Ademais, ao analisar o grupo de migrantes, verifica-se que homens ganham, em média, mais que as mulheres (categoria omitida), que aqueles que se declararam de cor preta e parda possuem rendimento inferior quando comparado com os que se declararam de cor branca (categoria omitida), que o trabalhador com pós-graduação possui um salário-hora maior quando confrontado ao trabalhador graduado e que os empregados sem carteira assinada, assim como os de conta própria, possui um rendimento inferior ao que é adquirido pelo empregado com carteira assinada. Quanto as variáveis de localização consideradas, pode-se averiguar que aqueles que residem na zona urbana ganham, em média, um salário-hora maior que os que residem na zona rural (categoria omitida). Assim como os que residem na zona metropolitana e nos estados da região Norte possuem um rendimento maior que os que moram em zona não metropolitana (categoria omitida) e no estado de São Paulo (categoria omitida), respectivamente. Já no que tange a probabilidade de migrar, observou-se que ser homem, detentor de pós-graduação, residentes nos estados do Norte e Sudeste do país e possuidor de redes sociais aumentam as chances de trabalhadores qualificados efetuarem a migração. Além disso, realizou-se um exercício contrafatual sobre o rendimento auferido pelos migrantes e não migrantes qualificados, de modo a averiguar a racionalidade das decisões de ambos os grupos. Com isso, os resultados conferidos apontam que o migrante possui seletividade positiva, uma vez que os trabalhadores qualificados que migraram registraram um salário-hora maior do que aqueles que não migraram. Ainda com base no exercício contrafatual realizado, averiguou-se que as escolhas tomadas por ambos os grupos foram racionais, haja vista que o rendimento auferido se mostrou maior ao considerar as decisões fatuais (migrante migrou e não migrante não migrou) do que quando observado as análises contrafatuais (migrante não migrou e não migrante migrou). Por fim, ainda se pode verificar que os trabalhadores qualificados que decidiram migrar possuem tipicamente as seguintes características: homens, branco, com 36 anos de idade (em média), empregado com carteira assinada, residente na zona urbana, em área metropolitana e na região sudeste.

Trata-se de um estudo ecológico exploratório tipo comparação de múltiplos grupos. Objetivo: descrever o padrão de mortalidade da população a partir de estratos homogêneos de vulnerabilidade social dos municípios no Estado de São Paulo de 2003 a 2005. Método: Construção de estratos homogêneos, através de indicador composto por variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas e comparação dos padrões de mortalidade através de taxas padronizadas. Resultados: Construção de cinco estratos homogêneos de vulnerabilidade social (Muito Fraca, Fraca, Intermediária, Intensa e Muito Intensa). Estimativas de risco mais elevadas para mortes maternas (27,82 a 56,22 %000 nascidos vivos), mortes infantis (12,48 a 16,20%0 nascidos vivos) e acidentes de transporte (14,68 a 24,06%000 hab.) foram mostradas nos estratos de maior vulnerabilidade declinando para os de menor vulnerabilidade. Para as Neoplasias (80,85 a 104,96 %000 hab.) e D. Infecciosas e Parasitárias (23,21 a 27,52 a %000 hab.) as mais elevadas ocorreram nos estratos de menor vulnerabilidade, declinando para os de maior vulnerabilidade. Para Diabetes Mellitus (17,36 a 23,57%000 hab.), D. Circulatórias (174,03 a 206,87%000 hab.), Homicídios (11,50 a 21,24%000 hab.) e, D. Respiratórias (62,58 a 75,54 %000 hab.), as mais elevadas situaram-se no estrato de vulnerabilidade social intermediária, declinando para os de maior vulnerabilidade, à exceção da Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusões: Foram evidenciadas desigualdades de mortalidade, apontando para grupos humanos com maiores necessidades de saúde, estratificação do risco epidemiológico e identificação de áreas críticas que indicam para a necessidade do desenvolvimento de políticas de saúde mais equitativas. / This is an ecologic exploratory study employing multiple group comparison. Objective: to describe mortality patterns of the population from homogeneous social vulnerable strata of the cities in the State of São Paulo, from 2003 to 2005. Method: Construction of homogeneous strata employing an indicator composed of socioeconomic and demographic variables and comparison of mortality patters through standardized rates. Results: Construction of five homogeneous social vulnerability strata (Very Weak, Weak, Intermediate, Intense and Very Intense). Risk estimates higher for maternal deaths (27,82 to 56,22 %000 live births), children deaths (12,48 to 16,20%0 live births) and transportation accidents (14,68 to 24,06%000 inhabitants) were shown in the strata of higher vulnerability, declining for those in lower vulnerability. For Neoplasias (80,85 to 104,96 %000 inhabitants) and Infectious and Parasitic diseases (23,21 a 27,52 a %000 inhabitants) higher rates corresponded to lower vulnerability strata, declining for those in higher vulnerability. Diabetes Mellitus (17,36 a 23,57%000 inhabitants), Homicides (11,50 a 21,24%000 inhabitants) and Respiratory Diseases (62,58 a 75,54 %000 inhabitants) higher rates were found at the intermediate social vulnerability stratum, declining for those in higher vulnerability, except for Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusions: Mortality inequalities became evident, pointing to human groups in higher health needs, stratification of the epidemiologic risk and identification of critical areas that show the need to develop more equitable health policies.

O objetivo desta dissertação é retomar a controvérsia em torno dos efeitos da liberalização comercial sobre o mercado de trabalho brasileiro, em especial os diferenciais de salários entre trabalhadores qualificados e não qualificados na indústria de transformação em 1995 e 1999. Após uma adaptação da decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder (OB), encontramos evidências, para o Brasil como um todo e para a região metropolitana de São Paulo, de que o diferencial de salário aumentou, em benefício dos trabalhadores qualificados. Considerando a hipótese de que o Brasil é um país com abundância de trabalho não qualificado e intensivo neste fator, este resultado é oposto à premissa teórica do modelo Heckscher-Ohlin e Stolper-Samuelson (HOS) e suas variantes, de que a abertura de um país em desenvolvimento, ou intensivo em trabalho não qualificado, tende a diminuir a desigualdade. Do outro lado, encontramos evidências para a região metropolitana de Recife, de que o diferencial salarial entre trabalhadores qualificados e não qualificados diminuiu após a liberalização comercial, corroborando com a premissa teórica do modelo HOS e suas variantes. Entretanto, este resultado não deve, evidentemente, ser estendido para o Brasil, ilustrando assim diferenças regionais e estruturais não negligenciáveis do mercado de trabalho por região da Federação. / The objective of this MA Dissertation was to take up again the controversy of the effects of trade liberalization in Brazilian labor market, specially the wage differentials between skilled and unskilled workers in the industry in 1995 and 1999. After an adaptation of Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition (OB), it was found evidence in Brazil as a whole and in Sao Paulo metropolitan area, that wage differential increased for the benefit of skilled workers. On one hand, supposing that Brazil is an economy characterized by unskilled workers abundance which are intensively used, this result is contrary to the premise theory of Heckscher-Ohlin and Stolper-Samuelson (HOS) model and their variants that defends that trade liberalization in developing country, or unskilled worker intensive countries, has a tendency to reduce inequality. On the other hand, it was found evidence in Recife metropolitan area that wage differential between skilled and unskilled workers has reduced after trade liberalization, corroborating with the theory premise of HOS model and their variants. However, this result cannot be extended to Brazil, illustrating, therefore, its labor markets regional and structural differences.

This dissertation examines how firm-specific behavior concerning factors of production is shaped by institutional constraints in development countries. The initial two chapters analyze how firms in Brazil compensate workers for their labor: the first centers on the role of the collective bargaining framework, and the second quantifies the impact of firms on the racial wage gap. The final chapter focuses on firms' use of credit for working capital in response to disruptive periods of violence during Mexico's Drug War. Firms compensate workers not only with wages, but also with other job characteristics that the labor literature broadly refers to as amenities. However, it is hard to study amenity compensation because we rarely observe variation in amenities across establishments in some systematic way. One exception is the comprehensive set of amenities codified in the text of collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) that unions negotiate with employers. In chapter 1, I leverage a reform that automatically extended all existing CBAs in Brazil to analyze the impact of this new collective bargaining framework on firm compensation, as measured by wages and amenities, as well as subsequent selection effects in the workforce. To quantify the value workers place on amenities secured by unions, I measure how textual elements in CBAs influence an establishment's ability to poach workers from other employers, conditional on wages, using data on the universe of CBAs merged with an administrative linked employer-employee dataset. I find that automatic extensions increase compensation by 1.6-3.8% when unions are strong---an effect that is driven by additional amenities whose value more than offsets foregone wage gains. These changes in compensation lead to an increase in hiring concentrated among low-skill workers, implying an elasticity of labor supply to the affected firms of around 2. Further evidence suggest that unions reduce compensation inequality within establishments. While union-driven changes to firm compensation can lead to an influx of low skill workers, how firms select and pay workers can have important consequences for wage disparities between groups. In Chapter 2 (work co-authored with François Gerard, Edson Severnini, and David Card), we measure the effects of firms' employment and wage setting policies on racial pay differences in Brazil. We find that nonwhites are less likely to work at firms that pay more to all race groups. This sorting pattern explains about 20% of the white-nonwhite wage gap for both genders. Moreover, the pay premiums offered by different employers are also compressed for nonwhites relative to whites. This within-firm differential wage setting contributes another 5% of the overall gap. We then explore to what extent the under-representation of nonwhites at higher-paying firms is due to the selective skill mix at these workplaces. Using a counterfactual based on the observed skill distribution at each firm and the nonwhite shares in different skill groups in the local labor market, we conclude that assortative matching accounts for about two- thirds of the underrepresentation gap for both men and women. The remainder reflects an unexplained preference for white workers at higher-paying firms. Interestingly, the wage losses associated with unexplained sorting and differential wage setting are largest for nonwhites with the highest levels of general skills. This suggests that the allocative costs of race-based preferences may be relatively large in Brazil. The first two chapters reveal that firms exercise some discretion over compensation and hiring within the context of institutions such as collective bargaining and nondiscrimination laws. But firms are also constrained by other institutions in how they carry out their day-to-day activities. In particular, the capacity of the State to exercise control over the legitimate use of force promotes the fundamental trust required between agents to make welfare-enhancing transactions. In Chapter 3, I analyze how drug-related violence affects credit use by micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Leveraging administrative data on working capital credit lines issued to MSEs in Mexico, I exploit geographic variation in homicide rates as well as exogenous kingpin captures to identify the causal effects of violence on credit use. I find that firms significantly increase the amounts drawn from their credit lines after experiencing violence shocks. More credit use could be motivated by rising short-term liquidity needs (distress story) or increasing risk of holding cash (substitution story). Rising default probabilities indicate signs of distress, although heterogeneity analyses reveal cash-for-credit substitution among non-revolving borrowers. I also find evidence that rising liquidity needs among distressed MSEs are likely driven by decreased economic activity rather than theft or extortion. As such, this paper highlights the important role that financial products play in terms of helping firms absorb violence shocks as well as providing safe alternatives to cash holdings under insecure environments.

Three major socio-demographic aspects of community life were examined in nonmetropolitan Utah within the context of the post 1970's population turnaround. They are: differentials by migrant status and housing type, patterns of community satisfaction, and migration expectations and migration. Findings indicate that groups of residents with different migrant status and/or housing type have unique patterns in socio-economic status, social integration and community attachment, and potential contributions to the community. It was argued that these phenomena can be largely explained by the exchange theory. With respect to the pattern of community satisfaction, it was found that the mobile home dwellers' level of satisfaction is mainly affected by their assessment of the interpersonal relations and the local government of their residence community whereas the conventional-home residents' level of satisfaction is affected by multiple sources: interpersonal relations, community facilities and services, community physical appearance and local government. The major difference between the recent migrants and the established residents was properly reflected by the findings that community physical appearance is a significant cause of satisfaction among the former versus community facilities and services among the latter. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the processes of the rural revival. Migration intention was found to be less constrained by the respondents' background characteristics and even the objective community conditions. However, when intention is transformed into action, the respondents' ability and flexibility to move, their social and economic bonds, and the objective conditions of the community, all come into effect. Housing type was also found to be interacting with migration intention in influencing migration.

No description available.

The gender inequality in the labor market has long been a discussed and studied topic, and today it is acknowledged that women are discriminated against and face disadvantages in earnings compared to men. This study aims to further investigate if immigrant women face additional earnings differentials due to their ethnicity, more specifically in the Norwegian labor market. By using census data on incomes from a 2019 wave in Norway, this dissertation runs two separate regressions including variables based on diverse socio-demographic characteristics to estimate the regression. Results show that there are evident differences in wages for being a woman and being an immigrant, as the first regression gives statistically significant evidence of negative correlations between logarithmic income and the variables gender and immigrational status. In order to answer the research question an interaction variable is added. The interaction variable, female*immigr, gives statistically significant results in the second regression. The positive estimate of the interaction variable between being a female and being an immigrant implies that immigrant women actually have a smaller disadvantage than native women regarding the gender wage gap of wage earnings. This estimate proves the opposite of our hypothesis and previous research. Furthermore, male immigrants tend to show a greater wage disadvantage than immigrant women. When separating the regression by gender and adding new variables, the outcome implies that men’s wages are more positively affected by being married compared to women. Women on the other hand are more positively affected by educational level. However, women face a larger disadvantage if also being immigrants when moving up the educational ladder, while men practically keep a constant correlation regardless of educational level. The findings from this dissertation moreover provides support for the notion of discrimination on wages as an important factor behind gender differentials in the Norwegian labor market.

Thesis advisor: Dawei Chen / We investigate the count of meromorphic differentials on the Riemann sphere pos-sessing a single zero, multiple poles with prescribed orders, and fixed residues at each pole. Gendron and Tahar previously examined this problem with respect to general residues using flat geometry, while Sugiyama approached it from the perspective of fixed-point multipliers of polynomial maps in the case of simple poles. In our study, we employ intersection theory on compactified moduli spaces of differentials, enabling us to handle arbitrary residues and pole orders, which provides a complete solution to this problem. We also determine interesting combinatorial properties of the solution formula. This thesis is organized as follows: In Chapter 1 we give an introduction to the problem and summarize the main results obtained. In Chapter 2 we review the compactification of moduli spaces of differentials and introduce various divisor classes. In Section 2.3 we explain how to identify the universal line bundle class with the divisor class of the locus of differentials satisfying a general given residue tuple and prove Theorem 1.0.1 (i). In Section 2.4 we impose exactly one independent partial sum vanishing condition to the residues and prove Theorem 1.0.1 (ii). In Section 2.5 we give a polynomial expression in terms of the zero order for the degree of mixed products between powers of the dual tautological class and the psi-class of the zero. Finally in Chapter 3 we prove Theorem 1.0.2 for arbitrary residues and investigate combinatorial properties of the solution formula. We have also verified our formula numerically for a number of cases by using the software package [CMZ2]. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Mathematics.

Kung Ching-yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-191). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Data --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- The Gender Wage Differential: A First Look --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Returns to Schooling --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Decomposition of Gender Wage Differential --- p.140 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Change of the Gender Wage Differentials from 1988through1999 --- p.163 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.178 / Appendix: Alternative Treatments of Schooling Years and Potential Experience --- p.181 / References --- p.187

Univ., Diss.--Göteborg, 2008. / Enth. 4 Beitr. Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. Trade liberalization and wage inequality--empirical evidence from Bangladesh / by Dick Durevall and Farzana Munshi -- Does openness reduce wage inequality in developing countries? Panel data evidence from Bangladesh / by Farzana Munshi -- Globalization and inter-occupational inequality in a panel of countries, 1983-2003 / by Farzana Munshi -- Offshoring and occupational wages--some empirical evidence / by Arne Bigsten, Dick Durevall, and Farzana Munshi.